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https://doi.org/10.1007/s42835-019-00093-1
ORIGINAL ARTICLE
Abstract
This paper investigates transient phenomenon of electrical stresses caused by capacitor bank switching, damaging HV equip-
ment in substation. The system of aged air-insulated 115 kV substation is modeled by using Alternative Transients Program-
Electromagnetic Transients Program. The failed current transformer (CT) was comprehensively modeled and investigated.
The comprehensive model for electrical transient simulation has been developed by using actual data and derived data from
real physical dimension of equipment. The simulated results are challenged by comparison of the results from theoretical
calculation according to international standard and the results from simulation including on-site measurement. The compari-
son results to verify the accuracy of the developed model are satisfactory. The results show that electrical stresses affecting
CT by voltage stress exceeds CT’s 123 kV rating together with the frequent switching operations as hundreds of times per
year. These lead to degradation of CT insulation, especially at the top insulation portion close to HV terminal due to non-
linear voltage distribution. Consequently, CT explosion finally occurred. This developed model is used as an effective tool
for switching transient investigation to determine electrical stresses caused by various switching operations. With the known
electrical stresses, the proper rating of equipment in HV substation can be selected.
Keywords ATP-EMTP · Capacitor bank switching · Electrical transient · Inrush current · Restriking voltage · Transient
recovery voltage
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Fig. 4 Equivalent circuit of de-energization capacitor bank Fig. 5 Successive time of RV after current interruption
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VphB 20
Current (A)
C-bank at 115 kV, 22 kV 13.2, 6.3 MVAR, 2.43 μF
0 0 Current limiting reactor 0.1 Ω and 250 mH
VphC
Current zero VphA -20 Busbar resistance and inductance 9.776 μΩ/m, 0.506 μH/m
-200
Overhead conductor resistance and 52.2 μΩ/m and 0.6130 μH/m
Arcing -40
time inductance
-400 Complete interruption
-60 Two power transformers 115/22 kV, LTC/HV, 25 MVA
Contacts opened
Restriking voltage
-600 -80 Power circuit breaker, 115 kV 3150 A, 40 kA, SF6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (ms) Transmission incoming line 56.25 km, 115 kV tower
Equivalent circuit model for simulation was performed by To investigate electrical stresses, the voltage along the axial
using an ATP-EMTP program. A selected case study was a length of winding insulation must be observed. The CT model
conventional air-insulated 115 kV substation in Thailand, is developed and inserted into the exact equivalent circuit in
which damages of CT during the capacitor bank switching Fig. 9. The CT technical specification [17] used with a capaci-
was used to investigate electrical stresses as shown in Fig. 7. tor bank is shown in Table 2.
The technical data, the bus structure plan, and the substation The equipment model and its behavior under transient state
schematic diagram were required. [18] can be performed to investigate the non-linear voltage
In Fig. 7, a 115 kV substation in Thailand with a main distribution along winding length shown in Fig. 10.
and transfer bus scheme and an incoming line is presented. The CT model consists of a capacitive network with capaci-
Two transformers and a capacitor bank are connected to a tance from end to end of the winding (Cs) and capacitances to
115 kV side of the main bus. This substation is supplied by ground of the entire winding (Cg) [13, 14] equal to 0.2 nF and
another substation through a single circuit ACSR transmis- 250 pF respectively according to IEEE working group [19].
sion line of 56.25 km long. Size of the busbar is 5 inches To study winding responses due to the transient condition,
aluminum tube modeled as resistor and inductor. the limped layer winding is considered and an analysis is per-
formed by using ATP/EMTP program. The non-linear volt-
age distribution along the winding (U) is calculated by using
Eq. (8) [18],
( )
V cosh 𝛼xl
U= , (8)
cosh (𝛼)
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CT model 2.4312 uF
CS C-Bank
13.2 MVAR
Cg
Vs=115 kV
U
U
Cs
Current Limiting Vs
V
U
U
Reactor 250mH Zs Isc = 6.7227kA
U
U
X1
V
U
U
GROUP
ct model CT model V
Other Substation
115kV busbar
U
U
Other
6m
X2
V
U
LCC
-
v
+
UI
U
X3
18.5 m
U
LCC
I
MB
V
Cs
Transmission Line 115kV
25.75 m
to Distribution Network
25.75 m
Reignation model of CB
Ls,Rs,Cs Power Transformer Power Transformer
SAT
SAT
KT1A
SW.2 115/22kV, 25MVA KT2A
115/22kV, 25MVA
Y
Y
SW.1
KT2A KT2A
UI
UI
9m 9m
5m 5m 7m 2x22kV Line 7m 5m 5m
to Distribution Network
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Voltage ( kV )
100 50
Current (A)
C
Cigre' Cg Cg Cg Cg Cg Cg Cg Cg Cg Cg 0 0
Source
-100 -50
-200 -100
Fig. 10 CT winding with distributed model in program 108.23 kV
-300 -150
-302.47 A
-400 -200
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Time ( ms )
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Table 4 Simulated inrush Voltage phase angle Results of inrush current measurement (A)
current from energization
of capacitor bank at various A&B (°) C (°) On-site test Simulation result
switching angles
Phase A Phase B Phase C Phase A Phase B Phase C
800 200
Simulation result
600 150
VphB
400 100
200 50
Voltage (kV)
Current (A)
0 0
-200 -50
IphA IphC
-400 -100
IphB (-301.2 A)
-600 -150
IphA IphB IphC VphB
-800 -200
0 10 20 30 40 50
Time (ms)
Fig. 14 Measured waveforms of inrush current
Fig. 13 Simulated waveforms of inrush current
150
Simulation result VphA VphB VphC
100
energization were shown in Table 4. In the closing opera- 7.6 kHz
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Fig. 16 Measured phase voltage at H1 to ground during capacitor Fig. 18 Phase voltage at H1 of CT when disconnecting the
bank energization ungrounded capacitor bank from on-site
200
Simulation result 200
VphC (157.75 kV) VphA
150 VphB
VphA VphB VphC 100
VphC
100
Voltage (kV)
0
Voltage (kV)
50
-100
0 RRRV = 0.025
kV/us
-200
-50
TRV =250 kV
-300
dt = 10 ms
-100
CB Swithcing (48 ms) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
-150 Time (ms)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Time (ms)
Fig. 19 Simulated voltage across opening contact of CB
Fig. 17 Simulated phase voltage at H1 of CT when disconnecting
ungrounded capacitor bank closed. Therefore, after the first phase is opened, the voltages
of remaining two phases affect the first phase by raising the
highest frequency occurred on phase C is equal to 7.6 kHz voltage up to 1.5 p.u. Thereafter, it remained constant. As
for the simulation and is equal to 5 kHz for the on-site shown in Figs. 17 and 18 for both simulation and on-site
measurement. measurement results, the VphC of capacitor bank that was
The highest overvoltage magnitude measured from the firstly interrupted and that continues increasing from 1 p.u.
on-site test was 124 kV as shown in Fig. 16. Although it (93.897 kV) to 1.68 p.u. (157.75 kV) within 5 ms before the
was almost equal to the highest nominal voltage rating of remaining phases were interrupted. This overvoltage always
CT (123 kV) in substation, the value was still lower than occurs with the ungrounded capacitor bank.
the rated power–frequency together with lightning impulse It is concluded that the highest overvoltage (157.75 kV)
withstand voltage rating as 230 and 550 kV respectively. was over the nominal voltage rating of CT (123 kV), but it
was still lower than the power–frequency withstand voltage
5.2 Simulation Results during Capacitor Bank as well as lightning impulse withstand voltage rating as of
De‑energization 230 and 550 kV.
Investigation on TRV and RRRV: For disconnecting the
During capacitor bank de-energization, voltages from the capacitor bank, the voltage across opened contacts of CB
simulation and on-site measurement performed at the ter- (VCB) after the current interruption is presented in Fig. 19.
minal H1 of the CT to ground are illustrated in Fig. 8. In The phase C recovery voltage across the opening contact
Fig. 17, the simulation result shows that the highest voltage of CB reached the peak of 250 kV or about 2.6 p.u. of the
occurred at phase C (VphC) is 158 kV. It was comparable to nominal voltage. After the interruption when current is equal
the on-site measurement result of the V phC that was nearly to zero, the power–frequency voltage at busbar, oscillating
158 kV as shown in Fig. 18. with the TRV frequency, appears across opening contacts of
Practically, all three poles of CB in Fig. 8 do not open the CB in half a cycle later [1, 5]. Similarly, phase A and
simultaneously. In this case, the first phase of the ungrounded phase B recovery voltages of the CB reached the peak value
capacitor bank is opened whereas the other phases are still of 1.9 p.u.(180 kV). The RRRV was calculated from the
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maximum ( rise ) of TRV within half a cycle as pole to open consists of trapped charges on the capacitors
RRRV = ΔTRV equal to (250 kV)/(10 ms) = 0.025 kV/ because of ungrounded capacitor bank and the variation in
Δt max the 50 Hz system voltage. This overvoltage across open-
µs as shown in Fig. 19. The result showed that the RRRV of
ing CB contact causes residual current flow maintained in
0.025 kV/μs was much lower than the limit of equipment
form of an arc voltage as presented in Fig. 19. When the
capability of 2 kV/µs according to IEEE C37.06-2010 stand-
switching model is switched to simulate under arc extin-
ard [12].
guishing stage of CB, it is found that the highest restriking
Investigation of restriking voltage: To investigate restrik-
voltage of 525.5 kV (peak of phase to neutral) as given in
ing voltages in the simulation, the CB is opened to discon-
Fig. 21 or 5.59 p.u. occurred on the voltage of phase A
necting the capacitor bank. The switching device model rep-
measured at the CT terminal on the capacitor side.
resenting of a CB was developed for simulation by using two
Like those of measured voltage from on-site in Table 5,
switches. Two switches is connected in parallel with each
the highest restriking voltage also occurred at the peak
other, and incorporates four main stages of CB’ operating
voltage of phase A as 526.83 kV or 5.61 p.u.
processes [20, 21]. Firstly, the contact of the first switch was
From this result, the simulation results of investigation
closed as a closed stage of a CB. Then, it is opened at its nat-
on the restriking phenomenon of switching device agree
ural current zero at 25.3 ms representing arc burning stage
well with the on-site measurement. As shown in Fig. 22,
of CB. To investigate the restriking voltages, the reignited
the restriking voltage of 398.2 kV appeared at the neutral
electrical arc considered as one of the physical phenomena
of capacitor bank. Thus, the restriking voltage and recov-
is conducted based on the second switch [21] illustrated in
ery voltage can be a critical factor for insulation damages
Fig. 8. The second switch is subsequently closed at half a
of the CT including the switching device and capacitor
cycle later [20] of the system voltage (10 ms) as 35.3 ms.
bank, especially for ungrounded installation if the insula-
The equivalent parameters of the CB opening gap during the
tion of HV equipment cannot withstand these voltages.
simulation of the burning arc in a circuit breaker referred to
[21] are Rs= 50 Ω, Ls= 50 nH and Cs= 200 pF, represent-
ing the unsuccessful arc extinguishing stage of CB. Since,
Rs is represented the arc resistance to provide the damping
of peak voltage magnitude, Ls effect to transient oscillating
voltage and Cs is propose to allow high frequency passed.
Finally, the second contact is opened at 37.3 ms, which rep- 600 80
resents the extinguishing of the restriking phenomenon. As VphA VphB VphC IphB
60
400
the result, the restriking voltages across the contacts, at the
40
instant of arc extinction until the complete interruption or 200
Current
Voltage (kV)
Current (A)
VphB 20
opened stage of CB, also appears at the CB or CT terminals
on the capacitor side. Individual stages of current interrup- 0
VphC
0
200
Vc-bank/CB terminal
40 Table 5 Measured overvoltage from on-site during de-energizing a
capacitor bank
Voltage (kV)
100 Current 20
Current (A)
zero
0 0 Day/time Switching off Phase CT voltage
Vsystem
-100 -20
No. L–N peak
Arc
Closed stage
burning
Arc extinguishig stage (kV)
-200 stage Opened stage -40
-300
Closed SW.2
(35.3 ms)
Opened SW.2 (Fully Interrupted)
(37.3 ms) -60
23-Mar-2018 20.33 155 A 158.60
Opened SW.1 (25.3 ms) 24-Mar-2018 21.41 156 B 174.29
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 25-Mar-2018 17.05 158 B 175.31
Time (ms)
25-Mar-2018 20.51 159 A − 169.14
26-Mar-2018 16.33 160 A 526.83
Fig. 20 Current interruption stages of circuit breaker
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400 80 70
VphB-System
300 VphB-CB 60 60
VphB-Neutral
200 40 50
Vsys&Vcb IphB-CB
Voltage (kV)
100 20
Current (A)
40
Voltage (kV)
0 0 30
-100 -20 20
Current zero Vsystem
-200 -40 10
-300 Contacts opening time Restriking voltage at neutral -60 0
389.2kV(Vn)
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 -10
U1 U2 U3 U4 U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 U10
Time (ms) Voltage distribution along CT winding
Fig. 22 Restriking voltage at the neutral of capacitor bank Fig. 24 Simulated voltage distribution of CT winding
20
U3
0 For energization of the capacitor bank, the highest inrush
U4
-20
current occurring in the CT when switching at 90 degree of
voltage cycle is equal to − 327.35 A lower than the rated
-40
primary current of CT as 1200 A. However, the highest over-
-60
65 kV voltage was equal to 124 kV that was slightly higher than the
-80
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 nominal voltage rating of the CT equal to 123 kV. Similarly,
Time ( ms ) for disconnecting the ungrounded capacitor bank as given in
Figs. 17 and 18, the highest overvoltage was equal to 158 kV
Fig. 23 Simulated voltage distribution along the CT winding versus above the nominal voltage rating of the CT that is equal to
time 123 kV. All of those, including occurred restriking voltage
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during CB switching, the restriking voltage of 525.5 kV was The results of investigation on the electrical stresses
measured at the CT or CB terminal on the capacitor side. affecting damages of the CT show that the occurred over
Moreover, the restriking voltage of 398.2 kV was appeared voltage stress in the simulation is greater than voltage rating
at the neutral of capacitor bank as well, which could prob- (123 kV) of the equipment. Moreover, the frequent number
ably exceed the insulation level of aged 115 kV HV equip- of capacitor bank switching, occurring multiple times per
ment. Although, the result showed the RRRV of 0.025 kV/ day and hundreds times per year was required from power
μs on the normal frequency that was much lower than the system to regulate the voltage and control reactive power as
limit of equipment capability of 2 kV/µs. well as the aging of CT after several years in service. These
These can be concluded that the equipment operating high electrical stresses could lead to the gradual degradation
under high overvoltage stress could lead to the faster ageing of the CT insulation especially at the top portion close to line
of the insulation. Finally, the HV equipment in such substa- side terminal, and finally the CT explosion can occur. This
tion could have high probability of damage. was confirmed by the actual investigation by opening the
damaged CTs caused by such severe transient overvoltage.
Therefore, the electrical transient related to currents and
6.2 Investigation of Damaged Dielectric voltages at the capacitor bank switching seems to be one
of major problems of HV equipment failures, and should
Causes of the damaged CT insulation were analyzed as be carefully considered in order to avoid the damage con-
follows: sequences. The developed model can be used as an effec-
CT operates under overvoltage resulting in faster ageing tive tool for system study to determine the critical electrical
of the CT insulation. Moreover, the actual operation for the stresses caused by various switching operation cases. The
capacitor bank switching in this substation is twice daily obtained electrical stresses are further used to consider the
with the switching voltage frequency ~ 7 kHz as shown in selection of a proper rating for the equipment in the substa-
Fig. 14. tion under severe switching operation as well as a proper
It can be concluded that the electrical stresses from selection of switching device rating to cope with capacitor
switching operations that often result in a higher rate of the bank switching in HV substation.
insulation degradation leading to a shorter lifetime of the CT
could especially appear on the top of its insulation due to Acknowledgements The authors would like to thanks the HV Testing
Department of Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT)
non-linear voltage distribution along the winding. for data support through the Rajamangala University of Technology
The real case on the CT damage was investigated by a Suvarnabhumi, Thailand for financial support to Ms. Warunee Srisong-
utility as shown in Fig. 1. Most of the damaged CT was kram during her doctoral program at TGGS, KMUTNB.
located at the top portion of paper insulation. In addition,
under the highly aged substation more than 25 years, the
insulation of the equipment is mainly deteriorated due to
its operational stresses leading to frequent damages with a References
higher failure rate than that of a new substation.
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recovery voltage for AC High-voltage circuit breakers. IEEE Std School of Engineer ing,
C37.011-2005, pp 7–10 KMUTNB, Thailand in 2014.
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PES-R16 kok, Thailand. His research
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Brochure 39 ment of Software System Engi-
20. Leung SY, et al (2005) SF6 generator circuit breaker modeling. neering at the Sirindhorn Inter-
In: The international conference on power systems transients national Thai-German Graduate
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21. Zhou Q et al (2016) Analysis of restrike overvoltage of circuit Mongkut’s University of Tech-
breakers in offshore wind farms. IEEE Trans Appl Superconduct nology North Bangkok, Bang-
26(7):1–5 kok, Thailand. His research
22. ANSI (2000) ANSI standard for AC high-voltage circuit breakers interests include power transformer, power circuit breaker, asset man-
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Cattareeya Suwanasri received
her B.Eng. from Asian Institute
Warunee Srisongkram received of Technology, Thailand, with
her B.Eng. from Rajamangala the Sandwich Program at Insti-
Institute of Technology, Thai- tute of Power System and Power
land in 1996, M.Sc. from King Economics (IAEW), RWTHA
Mongkut’s University of Tech- Aachen University, Germany, in
nology North Bangkok in 2001, 1998, 2002 and 2007, respec-
M.Eng. from Rajamangala Uni- tively. Currently she is an Assis-
versity of Technology Than- tant Professor and a lecturer at
yaburi in 2008. Currently, she is Department of Electrical and
a Ph.D. candidate at the Sirind- Computer Engineering, Faculty
horn International Thai-German of Engineering, King Mongkut’s
Graduate School of Engineering, University of Technology North
KMUTNB, Bangkok, Thailand. Bangkok, Bangkok, Thailand.
Her research interests are electri- Her research interests include
cal stress investigation and insu- electric power system management, power system analysis, power eco-
lation coordination of HV equip- nomics, asset management, and HV engineering.
ment in substations.
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