Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Brain
Central Cranial
nervous nerves Peripheral
system Spinal nervous
cord Spinal system
nerves
2. The structure of neurone and the function of each part of the neurone:
Dendrites
Dendron Axon
Structure Function
Axon Conducts nerve impulses away from the cell body
Dendron Conducts nerve impulses towards the cell body
Dendrites Receive or transmit impulses
Myelin sheath Serves as an insulating layer
Node of Ranvier Helps to speed up the transmission of impulses
3. Characteristics and function of neurones
Relay neurone
Otak
Sistem Saraf
saraf kranium Sistem
pusat Saraf saraf
tunjang Saraf periferi
spina
Dendrit
Dendron Akson
Struktur Fungsi
Akson Mengalirkan impuls saraf keluar dari badan sel
Dendron Mengalirkan impuls saraf masuk ke badan sel
Dendrit Menerima atau memindahkan impuls
Salut mielin Melindungi gentian saraf
Nodus Ranvier Membantu mempercepatkan penghantaran impuls
3. Ciri-ciri dan fungsi neuron:
Neuron perantaraan
2. What is the name of the neurone that carries impulses away from the central nervous
system to the muscles or glands?
Apakah nama neuron yang membawa impuls keluar dari sistem saraf pusat ke otot atau
kelenjar?
A. a motor neurone B. a sensory neurone
neuron motor neuron deria
C. a relay neurone D. a sensory and motor neurone
neuron perantaraan neuron deria dan motor
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
What is labelled X?
Apakah label X?
A. Axon B. Dendrite
Akson Dendrit
C. Dendron D. Myelin sheath
Dendron Salut mielin
Skin
Kulit
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
Structure Question:
Soalan Struktur:
Axon
Akson
Cell body Y
Badan sel
X
Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1
(a) Based on the Diagram 1.1, mark ( √ ) the type of neurone in the box provided.
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1, tandakan ( √ ) jenis neuron dalam petak yang disediakan.
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
(b) (i) Name X
Namakan X
……………………………………………………………………………………
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
(ii) State two functions of X.
Nyatakan dua fungsi X.
1. ……………………………………………………………………………….
2. ……………………………………………………………………………….
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
(c) Name Y
Namakan Y
…………………………………………………………………………………….......
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
Receptor Effector
Reseptor Central nervous Efektor
system
Sistem saraf pusat
Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2
Mark ( √ ) the location of neurone in Diagram 1.1 (in the box provided above).
Tandakan ( √ ) kedudukan neuron di Rajah 1.1 (dalam petak yang disediakan di atas).
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
2.3 Nervous Coordination
1. Body coordination is the action in our body to coordinate body’s responses towards any
stimuli
2. The pathway of impulses in nervous coordination:
Sensory neurone
Stimulus Receptor
Central
nervous
system
Notes:
a) Receptors are the cells that detect changes in the internal and external environment
(stimuli). Examples: skin, nose, ear, eye and tongue.
b) Effectors are the organs that respond to stimuli sent by central nervous system.
Examples: muscles and glands.
3. Reflex action is the automatic and fast response of the body towards external stimuli without
the involvement of thinking.
Examples: knee jerk, withdrawal of hand from a hot abject, etc.
4. Reflex actions help us to avoid injuries and dangers.
5. The pathway of the impulse in a reflex action is called reflex arc.
6. Reflex actions are controlled by the spinal cord or the brain.
2.3 Koordinasi Saraf
1. Koordinasi badan ialah tindakan badan untuk menyelaras gerakbalas badan terhadap
sebarang rangsangan.
2. Laluan impuls dalam koordinasi saraf:
Sistem
saraf pusat
Nota:
a) Reseptor ialah sel-sel yang mengesan perubahan di dalam dan luar badan (rangsangan).
Contoh: kulit, hidung, telinga, mata dan lidah.
b) Efektor ialah organ-organ yang bergerakbalas terhadap rangsangan yang dihantar oleh
sistem saraf pusat. Contoh: otot dan kelenjar.
3. Tindakan refleks ialah gerakbalas badan secara automatik dan cepat terhadap rangsangan
luar tanpa perlu berfikir.
Contoh: lentingan lutut, menarik tangan daripada onjek panas, dll.
4. Tindakan refleks membantu kita mengelakkan kecederaan dan bahaya.
5. Laluan impuls dalam tindakan refleks dipanggil arka refleks.
6. Tindakan refleks dikawal oleh saraf tunjang atau otak.
Objective Questions:
Soalan Objektif:
Impulse
Receptor Impuls P Q R Effector
Reseptor Efektor
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
Spinal cord
Saraf tunjang
Motor neurone
Muscle Neuron motor
otot
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
Structure Question:
Soalan Struktur:
1. Diagram 1 shows an impulse pathway when a student accidentally touches a hot pot.
Rajah 1 menunjukkan satu laluan impuls apabila seorang pelajar secara tidak sengaja
menyentuh satu periuk panas.
Synapse
Sinaps
Motor neurone
Neuron motor Sensory neurone
Neuron deria
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
Cerebrum
(controls voluntary actions ,
memory and reasoning)
Cerebellum
Medulla oblongata (maintains balance and
(controls involuntary actions) posture)
Taste Vision
Speech
Smell Hearing
2.5 Otak Manusia
Serebrum
(mengawal tindakan terkawal,
ingatan dan penaakulan)
Serebelum
Medula oblongata (mengekalkan keseimbangan
(mengawal tindakan luar kawal) dan postur badan)
Rasa Penglihatan
Percakapan
Bau Pendengaran
Objective Questions:
Soalan Objektif:
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
What is X ?
Apakah X?
A Cerebrum B Cerebellum
Serebrum Serebelum
C Spinal cord D Medulla oblongata
Saraf tunjang Medula oblongata
4. Diagram 2 shows the structure of a human brain. Which of the parts A, B, C or D, controls
the body equilibrium?
Rajah 2 menunjukkan struktur otak manusia. Antara bahagian A. B. C dan D, yang
manakah mengawal keseimbangan badan?
A
C
D
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
Structure Question:
Soalan Struktur:
P: ...........................................
R:
...........................................
Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1
(a) Based on Diagram 1.1, name parts P and R in the box provided using the following
information.
Berdasarkan Rajah 1.1, namakan bahagian P dan R di dalam kotak yang disediakan
dengan menggunakan maklumat berikut.
Cerebrum
Serebrum
Cerebellum
Serebelum
Medulla oblongata
Medula oblongata
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
(b) State the functions of P and R.
Nyatakan fungsi P dan P.
P: …………………………………………………………………………………..
R: …………………………………………………………………………………..
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
(c) What is the effect on man if part Q is injured?
Apakah kesan pada manusia jika bahagian Q tercedera?
………………………………………………………………………………………
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
(d) In Diagram 1.2, label X to show the area that controls hearing.
Dalam Rajah 1.2, tandakan X untuk menunjukkan kawasan yang mengawal
pendengaran.
Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2
(1 mark)
(1 markah)
2.6 Hormonal Coordination in the Body
1. Hormones are chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands into the bloodstream.
2. Hormones coordinate the body activities.
3. Hormones are released in small quantities and slow to respond on the specific target organs
but the the response lasts longer.
4. Human endocrine system:
Pituitary gland
Thyroid gland
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries
Testes
1. Hormon ialah bahan kimia yang dirembeskan oleh kelenjar endokrin ke dalam salur darah.
2. Hormon mengkoordinasikan aktiviti badan.
3. Hormon dirembeskan dalam jumlah yang kecil dan lambat memberi kesan ke atas organ
sasarannya tetapi kesannya tahan lama.
4. Sistem endokrin manusia:
Kelenjar pituitari
KelenjarTiroid
Kelenjar adrenal
Pankreas
Ovari
Testis
P
Q
R
S
Diagram 1
Rajah 1
Which gland will function when someone takes food which contains more sugar?
Kelenjar yang manakah berfungsi apabila seseorang mengambil makanan bergula
secara berlebihan?
A P B Q
C R D S
Diagram 2
Rajah 2
Kelenjar
Diagram 3
Rajah 3
Pituitary
Pituitari
R
Adrenal
Adrenal Pancreas
Pankreas
Diagram 1.1
Rajah 1.1
(ii) What will happen to the man if gland R secretes less hormone?
Apakah yang akan berlaku pada lelaki itu jika kelenjar R merembeskan kurang
hormon?
…………………………………………………………………………………….
(2 marks)
(2 markah)
Individual X
Individu X
Individual Y
Individu Y
Diagram 1.2
Rajah 1.2
(i) Based on the endocrine system, what causes the abnormal height in individual X?
Bardasarkan sistem endokrin, apakah yang menyebabkan individu X mempunyai
ketinggian yang luar biasa?
………………………………………………………………………………….