General Physiology

LAQ 5 marks each

1. Define action potential. Describe the phases, ionic basis and properties of action potential of
a neuron.
2. Enumerate various modes of transport across the cell membrane. Explain Secondary active
transport OR Primary active transpor OR passive transport in detail.
3. Resting membrane potential
4. Define action potential. Describe properties of action potential

3 marks Questions
1. Simple diffusion 7. Apoptosis
2. Facilitated diffusion 8. Na+ - K+ ATPase Pump
3. Edema 9. Gibbs – Donnan effect
4. Patch clamp technique 10. Nernst potential / Diffusion potential
5. Explain factors affecting diffusion.
6. Compare and contrast simple and facilitated diffusion

Nerve Muscle

LAQ - 5 marks each

1. Explain the events at N-M transmission in skeletal muscle. Add a note on Drugs acting on N-M
Junction.
2. What is Sarcotubular system? Explain the mechanism of Excitation contraction coupling in a
skeletal muscle.
3. Describe the molecular basis of muscle contraction in skeletal muscle. OR Describe Sliding
filament theory OR Walk along theory OR Rachet theory of skeletal muscle contraction.
4.Classify nerve fibers. Describe properties of nerve fibers in detail.

SAQ– 3 marks each

1. Myasthenia gravis. 14. Rigor Mortis
2. Sarcotubular system 15. Sarcomere
3. Axon reflex 16. Wallerian degeneration
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4. Role of ca in muscle contraction 17. Triad in skeletal muscle
5. Gap junctions 18. Motor unit
6. Electro myogram 19. Propogation of nerve impulse
7. Difference between isometric and isotonic contractions.
8. Difference between fast and slow muscle fibres.
9. Explain Length tension relationship. Enumerate factors affecting tension in the muscle.
10. Refractory period in a nerve fiber
11. Chronaxie and Rheobase OR strength duration curve
12. Role of ATP in muscle contraction
13. Role of actin and myosin in muscle contraction
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 Blood
LAQ 5 marks each
1. Describe the stages of erythropoiesis. What are the factors regulating erythropoiesis.
2. Enumerate various blood groups. Discuss Rh system in detail. Add a note on HDN.
3. Enumerate the coagulation factors. Describe intrinsic mechanism of coagulation.
4. Classify immunity. Discuss cellular immunity.
5. Explain role of B Lymphocytes in immunity
6. Define and classify Anemia. Discuss Megaloblastic OR Iron deficiency anemia.

3 marks Questions
1. Pernicious anemia 11. Anti coagulants
2. ESR 12. PCV
3. Polycythemia 13. Phagocytosis
4. Chemotaxis 14. Hemophilia
5. Thrombocytopenia 15. Functions of platelets
6. Osmotic fragility 16. Rh incompability
7. Lansteiner’s Law 17. Cross matching
8. Functions of plasma proteins
9. Hazards of mis match blood transfusion
10. Chemotaxis Role of erythropoietin in regulation of erythropoeisis

CARDIOVASCULA SYSTEM (CVS)

5marks Questions
1. Describe Origin and spread of cardiac impulse.
2. Define cardiac cycle. Describe left ventricular pressure volume changes in left ventricle.
3. Describe regulation of Heart Rate.
4. ECG in lead II.
5. Enumerate Blood Pressure regulatory mechanisms. Discuss Baroreceptor (Sino-aortic )
mechanism in detail OR short term mechanisms.
6. Enumerate Blood Pressure regulatory mechanisms. Describe role of Renin – Angiotensin
system in regulation of blood pressure.
7. Define cardiac output. Describe factors regulating cardiac output.
8. Define shock. Describe Compensated (Non- Progressive) stage of Hypovolemic shock
9. Define & Classify shock. Describe Non-Compensated (Progressive) stage of Hypovolemic
shock. Add a note on Physiological basis of treatment of shock.
10. State poiseuille’s law . Explain factors determining the blood flow through vessels.
11. What are peculiarities of coronary circulation? Add note on Angina pectoris.
12. Describe cardiovascular changes during moderate exercise.
13. Enumerate methods of measurement of cardiac output. Explain Fick’s method in detail

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3 mark Questions
1. Pacemaker potential 14. Phases of cardiac cycle
2. Factors affecting stroke volume 15. Factors affecting venous return
3. Factors affecting heart rate 16. Fick’s principle
4. Baroreceptor reflex 17. Bezold Zarisch reflex
5. Hypertension 18. Regulation of coronary circulation
6. Cardiac failure 19. Peripheral resistance
7. Heart sounds 20. Bainbridge reflex
8. Oxygen debt 21. Heart block
9. Windkessel effect 22. Determinants of blood pressure
10. Laplace Law 23. Reynolds number
11. Plasma skimming 24. Valsalva manure
12. Muller’s manure 25. Long refractory period
13. Cushing’s reflex

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LAQ 5 marks each
1. Describe nervous regulation of respiration
2. Describe chemical regulation of respiration.
3. Describe transport of oxygen in detail.
4. Describe transport of C02 in detail.
5. Explain Lung volume & capacities with well labeled diagram. Add a note on Forced (timed)
vital capacity.
6. Describe Pulmonary pressure and volume changes during normal quiet breathing.
7. Define Vital capacity. Explain factors affecting vital capacity. Give the importance of FEV1?
8. What is O2 debt? Describe pulmonary changes during moderate exercise.
9. Define lung compliance & state its normal value. Describe the factors affecting lung compliance.
10. Define hypoxia. Describe different types of hypoxia. How will you treat hypoxia?
11. Draw & label O2 dissociation curve. Enumerate factors shifting the curve.
12. Draw & label the respiratory membrane. Explain the factors affecting the diffusion of gases
across the respiratory membrane.
SAQ – 3 marks each
1. Surfactant Periodic breathing 13. Chloride shift ( Hamburger phenomenon)
2. Hypoxic hypoxia 14. Physiological dead space
3. Ventilation – perfusion ratio 15. Mountain sickness
4. Cyanosis 16. Ondine curse
5. Define FRC. What is significance of FRC? 17. Work of breathing
6. Positive pressure breathing 18. Pre – Bottzinger complex
7. Acclimatization changes at high altitude 19. J reflex
8. Hering Bruer reflex 20. Respiratory quotient
9. Haldane effect 21. P50
10. Bhor effect 22.Dysbarism
11. Explain the respiratory changes during moderate exercise
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 EXCRETARY SYSTEM
LAQ 5 marks each
1. Define Glomerular filtration rate? Explain various factors affecting it?
2. Discuss the mechanism of formation of concentrated urine.
3. Define Glomerular filtration rate? Describe regulation of GFR in detail.
4. Describe innervations of urinary bladder. Explain micturition reflex.
5. What is milieu interieur? Describe role of kidney in regulation of ECF volume.
6. Counter current mechanism in kidney
7. Tubulo glomerular feed back & glomerulo tubular balance.
8. Explain the role of kidney in regulation of acid base balance

SAQ - 3marks each

1. Countercurrent multiplier system 6. Peculiarities of renal circulation
2. Functions of DCT 7. Artificial kidney (kidney dialysis)
3. Diuretics 8. Non excretory functions of kidney
4. Renal clearance test (Inulin/ creatinine/PAH clearance)
5. Describe the mechanism of glucose reabsorption in detail.

ENDOCRINE
LAQ 5 marks each
1. Describe the synthesis & functions of the thyroid hormones. OR Describe the synthesis,
functions & regulation of secretion of thyroxine.
2. Enumerate hormones secreted by pituitary gland. Describe mechanism of action & function of
growth hormone.
3. Describe the physiological actions of aldosterone. Write a note on adrenogenital syndrome.
4. What are the major hormones produced by the adrenal cortex? Describe the actions of
Glucocorticoids.
5. Describe the hormonal regulation of calcium metabolism. Add a note on Hypocalcemic tetany.
6. Describe the actions of Insulin. Add a note on Diabetes mellitus.
7. Describe the hormonal regulation of blood glucose level. Add a note on diabetes mellitus.

SAQ– 3marks each

1. Myxedema 2. Acromegaly
3. Gigantism 4. Cushing’s syndrome
5. Addison’s disease 6. Hypocalcemic tetany (carpopedal spasm)
7. Actions of ADH 8. Actions of Oxytocin
9. Aldesterone escape 10. G protein
11. Second messenger system
12. Mechanism of action of hormones (peptides/steroids/ thyroid)
13. Difference between hypopitutary dwarf & hypothyroid dwarf (cretinism)
14. Hyperthyroidism (Grave’s disease, Exopth alamic Goiter)

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 SENSORY SYSTEM
LAQ 5 marks each
1. Differentiate between dorsal column medial leminscal system & anterolateral system.
2. Enumerate ascending tracts of spinal cord Describe origin, course, termination & functions of
dorsal column system. OR Describe the pathway for touch sensation in our body.
3. Enumerate ascending tracts of spinal cord. Describe the pathway for pain (lateral spinothalamic
Tract) sensation in our body.
4. Describe Physiology of Pain in detail.
5. What is reffered pain? Its mechanism & example.
6. Compare & contrast neospinothalamic tract & paleospinothalamic tract.
7. Describe analgesic system in detail.
8. Define & classify Synapse. Describe Synaptic Inhibition in detail.
9. Define & classify Synapse. Describe Properties of synapse in details.
10. Define & classify Receptor. Describe Properties of receptors in details.
11. Define & classify Receptor. Explain receptor potential.
12. Define & classify Reflexes. Describe Properties of reflexes in details.
3 marks Questions
1. Receptor potential 7. Occlusion and subliminal fringe
2. Weber Fechner’s law 8. Phantom limb ( Law of projection)
3. Receptor adaptation 9. Stretch reflex
4. Crossed extensor reflex 10. Somatosensory cortex
5. Sensory homunculus 11. Referred pain
6. Gate control theory 12. Thalamic syndrome

SPECIAL SENSES
SAQ 5 marks each
1. Describe different errors of refraction of eye and write how they are corrected?
2. Describe Accommodation reflex. Add a note on Presbyopia.
3. Draw a well labeled diagram of visual pathway & describe defects produced by its lesions at
various levels.
4. Explain theories of color vision. Add a note on color blindness?
5. Describe photochemistry of in detail
6. Describe the changes taking place in the retina when light falls on it?
7. Describe the role of organ of corti in hearing.
3 Marks Questions
1. Photoreceptor potential 8. Light reflex
2. Argyll Robertson pupil 9. Reduced / schematic eye
3. Dark adaptation 10. Visual cortex
4. Nystagmus Place principle 11. Auditory pathway
5. Auditory cortex 12. Deafness
6. Taste pathway 13. Pathway for smell
7. Impedance matching
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 HIGHER FUNCTIONS
LAQ 5 marks each
1. Describe the connections & functions of hypothalamus.
2. Enumerate speech centers with well labeled diagram. Explain different types of aphasia
3. Define memory. Explain types of memory. Add a note on Alzheimer’s disease?
4. Enlist functions of hypothalamus. Explain its role in feeding behavior. Add a note on
hypothalamic obesity.
5. Explain functions of prefrontal cortex. Add a note on Kluver Bucy syndrome.
6. Enlist functions of hypothalamus. Explain its role in temperature regulation.
SAQ 3 marks each
1. Aphasia 8. Functions of Thalamus
2. Functions of CSF 9. Functions of Blood Brain Barrier
3. Syncope 10. Leptin
4. Regulation of cerebral circulation
5. Give the differences between categorical hemisphere & representational hemisphere.
6. Give the differences between REM sleep & NREM Sleep..
6. compare and contrast classical and operant conditioning
7. Pecularities (special features) of Cerebral circulation

MOTOR SYSTEM
LAQ 5 marks each
1. Define & classify reflex action. Describe the properties of reflex action?
2. Describe the origin, course, termination and functions of pyramidal tract. Add a note on
Babinski’s sign. Or
Enumerate the descending tracts. Describe origin, course, termination & functions of
corticospinal tract with its applied significance.
3. Describe the effects of complete transaction of spinal cord in different stages.
4. What is muscle tone? Explain the role of stretch reflex in regulation of muscle tone. Or
Define muscle tone. Describe supra spinal mechanisms of regulation of muscle tone.
5. Describe connections and functions of cerebellum.
6. Describe connections and functions of basal ganglia.
7. Define posture. Describe the role of midbrain OR Cerebral cortex in regulation of posture.
8. Describe the effects of Incomplete transaction of spinal cord in different stages.
SAQ 3 marks each
1. Parkinsonism 15. Cerebellar disorders
3. Difference between UMN & LMN lesion. 16. Righting reflexes
4. Brown sequard syndrome / Hemisection of spinal cord 17. Muscle spindle
5. Decerebrate rigidity 18. Motor cortex
6. Motor homunculus 19. Bibinski’s sign
7. Inverse stretch reflex (Lengthening reaction) 20. Romberg’s sign
8. Functions of semicircular canals 21. Meneire’s disease
9. otolith organ 22. Choreo - Athetosis
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10. Describe the postural reflexes regulated at medulla level 23. Spinal animal
11. Describe the postural reflexes regulated at spinal cord level
12. Compare and contrast pyramidal and extrapyramidal system.
13. Role of γ motor neuron in regulation of muscle tone
14. Sherringtonian decerebration and Ischemic decerebration ( Pollock & Davis)

PHYSIOLOGY OF TEMPERATURE REGULATION

SAQ 3 marks each

1. Describe the response of body when exposed to extreme cold./ What is hypothermia? Explain
body mechanisms in response to cold.
2. Explain the mechanism of heat loss from the body.
3. Discuss the changes occurring in body on exposure to desert condition. Add a note on heat
stroke.
4. Explain the role of hypothalamus when body is exposed to heat.

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

LAQ 5 marks each

1. Describe hormonal control of menstrual cycle.

SAQ 3 marks each

1. Physiological changes occurring during pregnancy.
2. Ovulation.
3. Define ovulation. Describe hormonal regulation of ovulation. OR Define ovulation. Describe
the process of ovulation. Write in short tests to detect ovulation.
4. Describe circulatory changes at birth
5. Functions of placenta.
6. Enumerate hormones acting on mammary gland. Describe in brief milk ejection reflex. OR
Describe process of milk let down. Draw the diagram of reflex with description.
7. Actions of progesterone.
8. Actions of estrogen.
9. Actions of testosterone.
10. Describe various stages of spermatogenesis. Describe factors affecting spermatogenesis.
11. Puberty
12.Maternal changes during pregnancy
13.Foetal circulation

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 GIT
5 marks Questions
1. Give the composition of gastric secretion. Describe regulation of gastric acid secretion.
2. Give the composition of gastric secretion. Describe mechanism of HCL (gastric acid)
secretion.
3. Give the composition and function of pancreatic juice.
4. Describe regulation of pancreatic secretion.
5. Give composition of saliva. Describe function of saliva.
6. What is deglutition? Explain pharyngeal stage of deglutition.
7. What is gastric emptying? Explain various factors regulating it.
8. Give the composition & functions of bile juice.
9. Peristalsis
10. Describe the movements of small intestine in detail.
11. Explain the movement of large intestine. Add a note on defecation reflex.

3marks questions
1. Gastrin 9.CCK –PZ
2. Defecation reflex 10. Functions of saliva
3. Peptic ulcer 11. Secretin
4. GIT Hormones 12. Mass Peristalsis
5. Jaundice 13. Entero hepatic circulation
6. Physiology of Vomiting 14. Portal Hypertension
7. Gastro colic reflex 15.Entero gastric reflex
8.. Enteric nervous system

MISCELLENEOUS

3marks questions

1. BMR
2. Balance Diet