Makes

Brain Part/ Person up the entire

Location/ DescriptionAsFunction/
you moveWhatfromthey
the did? Drug Effects
brain in our skull, bottom to the top, move
the brain hindbrain, forebrain from lower basic ----------------------
and mid brain. processes(breathing) to
higher more complex
processes(thinking)
Brainstem “Brain Basement”, Regulates reflex Damage- a very
oldest and innermost. abilities that are serious and often
Begins where the spinal important for survival. life-threatening
cord enters the skull, Nerve connections of problem
swells(medulla) the motor and sensory
systems from the main
part of the brain to the
rest of the body pass
through the brain stem.
Localization In the brain. Each part of the brain Inability to do
of function has a specific function. regular functions.
The It is in the back of the Automated behaviors and Drugs will threaten
Hindbrain brain and includes, (Pons survival responses the hindbrain, it does
Medulla and Cerebellum) not recover. They
can lead to death or
impaired
movements.
Medulla Where spinal cord enters Control of heartbeat and Damage= failure of
the skull, base of the breathing. Swollowing, essential bodily
brain. coughing, sneezing functions, death.
Drugs= cocaine and
opiates, damage
won’t recover.
Pons Just above the medualla, Coordinate movements, Damage can lead to
respiration, move, sleep, impaired
dream, contains axons coordination and
crossing from one side of movements.
the brain to other.
Cerebellum At the base of the Coordinates fine muscle Alcohol especially
brainstem (behind movement and balance. can affect your
medulla and pons) Responsible for over ability to walk in a
learned movements. straight line.
Damage= trouble
walking, keeping
your balance, or
shaking hands, you
would have jerky
movements.

The Next to the Pons and Work with Pons to Damage could lead
Midbrain behind to the thalamus control sleep and to
and the basal ganglia arousal, contains neural
centers that help to 1
orient our eye and body
movements to visual
Part 2
Brain Part/ Person Location/ Description Function/ What they did? Drug Effects

Cerebral Cortex Gray wrinkled It plays a key role in Damage could result in
outer layer, memory, attention, any number of effects,
thirty billion perceptual awareness, including, but by no means
neurons and thought, language, and limited to, impairments in
nine times as consciousness. perception, language,
many glial memory, and decision
cells making.
Glial cells Glial cells are Produce Myelin, Insulate Damage to your glial cells
located all neurons, Nourish neurons, could be fatal.
around the Remove waste products
nervous and kill off the dying cells,
system. Make up the support
structure of the nervous
system May plan a role in
learning and thinking.
Frontal lobes Behind your Receives and coordinates Damage to the frontal lobe
forehead. messages from the other could include, trouble
three lobes. Home to our speaking, moving muscles,
personalities. Involved in making plans and
speaking and muscle judgments.
movement. and in making
plans and judgments.
Motor control At the rear of Controls voluntary Damage would lead to
the frontal movements. lack of control over ones
lobes, those muscles.
areas of the
body that
require precise
control occupy
the greatest
amount.
Speech production Left frontal Plays a major role in Aphasia, an impaired use
lobe, along the speech production. of language. Some people
bottom of the can speak but can not read,
left motor others can read but cant
cortex. speak.
Broca’s area Area of the Controls language Broca’s aphasia—
frontal lobe, expression, directs the impairment of language,
usually in the muscles movements usually caused by left
left involved in speech. hemisphere damage to
hemisphere. Broca’s area.
Paul Broca French Physician, studied

2
 that patients with damage
------------------ to that area had trouble ---------------
- speaking, comprehending
writing and reading.
Higher Functions High functions Controls motivation, Damage affects
occur in the creativity, self awareness, motivation, creativity, self
frontal lobe. initiative, reasoning and awareness, initiative,
emotional behavior. reasoning and emotional
Controls much of your behavior. Schizophrenia.
personality.
Phineas Gage A case study that helped us
study the brain, a railroad
worker who had a tamping
iron fly up through his left
cheek and out the top of his
skull. His mental abilities
and memories were intact
but his personality was not.
His frontal lobe could not
communicate with his
limbic system, no control
over emotion.
Hanna Damasio She used modern neuro-
imaging, and the
measurements of Phineas
Gage’s skull to reconstruct
the path of the rod through
Gage’s brain, determined
frontal lobe was in control of
personality.
Travis Bogumil 1998 nail gun went through
his head—right side of his
frontal lobe, could walk and
talk after, however it
impaired his ability to do
math in his head, reason,
problem solve and think
about the future.

Motor Cortex (output) Back of the Stimulation to different parts Damage could lead to the
frontal lobe. of the brain make certain loss of ability to make certain
parts move-on the opposite parts of the body move.
side of the body. Areas
requiring most control
(fingers mouth) occupy
greatest amount of cortical
space.
Atfrid Foerster and Surgeons that stimulated

3
Wider Penfield certain parts of the cortex on
humans.

Jose Delgado Studies the mechanics of

motor behavior in a monkey.
Then studied a patient, he
was told to keep fingers open
when he stimulated part of
the brain to make a fist his
hand automatically closed
Parietal lobe At the top and Interprets body sensations Damage may result in an
to the rear of (pressure, pain touch, temp, inability to recognize faces,
your head. location) surroundings or objects. Can
lead to problems in skilled
movements leading to
difficulties in drawing or
picking objects up
Somatosensory cortex Parallel to the More sensitive body part. Damage could lead to one
(input) motor cortex, Bigger area of body is loosing the sense of touch or
Sensory cortex and just behind represented face and hands sense of location.
it at the front of have largest share of cortical
the parietal tissue. One can touch certain
lobe. parts of the cortex and
experience a body part being
touched. If a body part is
amputated, sensory fibers that
terminate on adjacent areas of
the sensory cortex may
invade the brain tissue that’s
no longer receiving sensory
input.
Temporal lobe On the side of Controls auditory perception, Damage could lead to not
your head, just language comprehension, understanding language,
above the ears. emotional control. uncontrollable emotions and
Latin: a disturbed perception
“pertaining to hearing.
your temples”
Auditory cortex Top, front of the Incoming sound is processed Damage can cause a loss of
temporal lobe. here and then sent to parietal any awareness of sound, but
lobes and combined with an ability to react reflexively
other sensory information. to sounds remains as there is
a great deal of subcortical
processing in the auditory
brainstem and midbrain.
Wernicke’s area Usually in the It is involved in the Damage could cause a
left temporal understanding of written person to understand
lobe. and spoken language, writing but not spoken
involved in language language or vise versa
comprehension and

4
 expression.
Occipital lobe At the back of Vision and visual Damage could lead to
your head. perception, shapes, colors, blindness, even if your
movement perceptions. eyes are perfectly healthy.
Receive visual information
from the opposite visual
field.
Association areas Located Areas of the cerebral Damage would lead to the
around the cortex that are not involved loss of the ability to learn,
cerebral in primary motor or remember, think or speak.
cortex, found sensory functions; rather,
in all four they are involved in higher
lobes mental functions such as
learning, remembering,
thinking, and speaking.
Brown University Rewarded monkey for
Brain researchers moving cursor with a joy
stick to follow a red dot.
They recorded the neural
findings, monkeys were
able to mind control the
cursor by thinking about
the move (through
electrodes on the motor
cortex)
Prefrontal cortex Area in frontal Weighs consequences of Damage to this cortex
lobe of motor actions, plans for the would lead to a change in
cortex future, solves problems, personality because you
makes decisions and could no longer control
restrains impulsive your behaviors and would
behaviors, works with not acknowledge the
neural networks. consequences.
Angular Gyrus Next to Transforms words into a Depending on which link
wernick’s auditory code that is in the chain in damaged a
area, temporal received and understood in different form of aphasia
lobe. the nearby Wernicke’s area occurs.
and sent to the Brocas area
which controls the motor
cortex as it creates the
pronounced word. Nerve
fibers interconnect the
areas.

Remaining terms

5
Left visual field The field to the left Images in the left visual field
of your eyes are sent to the right brain
hemisphere for recognition.
Right visual field The field to the right Images in the right visual field
of your eyes. are sent to the left brain
hemisphere for recognition
Right Hemisphere Takes place on the Specializes in holistic thought, Damage would
Specialization right hemisphere of intuition, creativity, facial lead to the
your brain. recognition, insight, art and inability to do
music, conceptual, imaginative, these such
non-verbal, asymmetry, things.
dressing
Left Hemisphere Takes place on the Analytical thought, step by step Damage would
Specialization left hemisphere of process, problem solving, lead to the
your brain. thinking, logic, intelligence, inability to do
language, math and science, these such
awareness of time, symbols, things.
facts, rational. Which side of
the brain controls sign
language?—the left.
Rationalizes why it does not
understand.
Localization of In the brain. Each part of the brain has a Inability to do
functioning certain function. However, regular activities
complex activities involve
many brain areas, scientists
have localized simple brain
functions: motor cortex.
Lateralization Located in the brain The division of functions
between right and left
hemispheres. People are not
either L brained or R brained,
functions overlap. One
hemisphere may be dominant
for a particular task-both share
work in performing tasks.
Plasticity Ability of brain to adapt itself
after trauma or surgical
alteration, People under the age
of 13, who have severe brain
damage & part of the brain
removed, the other parts will
often reorganize and
compensate for damage. Visual
cortex in a blind person may
reorganize itself to process
sensory information needed for
Braille.
Corpus Callosum Located between the Bundle of nerve fibers that Damage can
two hemispheres of connect the two hemispheres cause you to

6
 the brain. have a “split
brain”, your left
and right
hemispheres
cannot
communicate.
Roger Sperry, They had divided the brains of
Ronald Myers and cats and monkeys with no
Michael Gazzaniga serious ill effects. They
experimented that the broad
band of more then 200 million
nerve fibers, capable of
transferring more then a billion
bits of info per second between
hemispheres has a more
significant purpose. They
studied “split brain” people.
Seizures Abnormal excessive or
synchronous neuronal activity
in the brain, sudden abnormal
electrical activity in the brain,
causes neurons to fire in
abnormal patterns.
Focal Seizures seizures which affect only a
part of the brain at onset
Generalized Abnormal electrical activity
Seizures occurring simultaneously from
both sides of the brain.
Commissurotomy Into the brain. A commissurotomy is a
surgical incision made in the
brain to treat certain psychiatric
disorders.
Split- Brain In the corpus Patients who had their corpus
collosum. collosum severed, your left and
right hemispheres cannot
communicate. (ex. Put a key in a
left hand when the patient is
blindfolded, they will know how to
use it, but not what its called. )
Philip Vogel and Speculated that major epileptic
Joseph Bogen seizures were caused by a
amplification of abnormal brain
activity that reverberated
between the two central
hemispheres. Wondered if they
could reduce epilepsy by cutting
communication between 2
hemispheres. They operated
because of Sperry, Meyers and
Gazz’s research.

7
Extra Helpful Terms!!
Term Location Function Damage/
drug effects
- olfaction The sense of smell

- Olfactory on the a structure of the vertebrate forebrain

bulbs bottom side involved in olfaction, the perception of
of the brain. odors.
- Fornix the arched bundle of fibers or axons at the
base of the brain.
- Septum a wall, dividing a cavity or structure into
smaller ones, Septum pellucidum, a thin
structure separating two fluid pockets in the
brain
- the ability of the human brain to change as a
Neuroplasti result of one's experience, that the brain is
city 'plastic' and 'malleable'.

- the process by which neurons are generated.

Neurogenes Most active during pre-natal development,
is neurogenesis is responsible for populating
the growing brain with neurons.
- Stem cells Master stem cells that can develop into any
type of brain call have also been discovered
in the human embryo. If mass produced in a
laband injected into a damaged brain, might
neural cells turn into replacements for lost
brain cells.
- focused on measurements of the human
Phrenology skull, based on the concept that the brain is
the organ of the mind, a now abandoned
study of the shape of skull as indicative of
the strengths of different faculties Popular
from 1810-1840
- Neural a series of devices that can substitute a
prosthetics motor, sensory or cognitive modality that
might have been damaged as a result of an
injury or a disease. Recorded messages not
from the motor neurons that control a arm
but from a brain area involved in planning
and intention a program recorded brain
activity.

- Agnosia a loss of ability to recognize objects,

persons, sounds, shapes, or smells while the

8
 specific sense is not defective nor is there
any significant memory loss. It is usually
associated with brain injury or neurological
illness, particularly after damage to the
occipitotemporal border.
- a disorder of face perception where the
Prosopagno ability to recognize faces is impaired, while
sia the ability to recognize other objects may be
relatively intact
- Visual Receives written words as a visual
cortex stimulation. First step of how we use
language. They are then relayed to the
angular gyrus.
- Cortical of or relating to a cortex

- the portion of the brain located below the

Subcortical cerebral cortex

- lies It receives inputs from the thalamus and the Damage

Cingulated immediately neocortex, and projects to the endorhinal could lead to
gyrus above the cortex via the cingulum. It is an integral part problems
corpus of the limbic system, which is involved with with emotion
callosum, emotion formation and processing, learning, learning, and
and memory, and is also important for memory, also
executive function and respiratory control. respiratory
control
- Superior Superior: Layers, The superficial layers are
and inferior sensory-related, and receive input from the
colliculi eyes as well as other sensory systems,
motor-related, capable of activating eye
movements as well as other responses.
direct behavioral responses toward specific
points in egocentric inferior: the principal
midbrain nucleus of the auditory pathway
and receives input from several more
peripheral brainstem nuclei in the auditory
pathway, as well as inputs from the auditory
cortex, may underlie a filtering of self-
effected sounds from vocalization, chewing,
or respiration activities
Sulcus a depression or fissure in the surface of the
brain. Large furrows (sulci) that divide the
brain into lobes are often called fissures.
- Gyrus a ridge on the cerebral cortex.

9
- a convex fold or elevation in the surface of the
Convolution brain
s
- The cerebral cortex in humans is so large that it
Corticalizati overshadows every other part of the brain. A
on few subcortical structures show alterations
reflecting this trend. The cerebellum has a
medial zone connected mainly to subcortical
motor areas, and a lateral zone connected
primarily to the cortex. In humans the lateral
zone takes up a much larger fraction of the
cerebellum than in most other mammalian
species. Corticalization is reflected in function
as well as structure. In a rat, surgical removal of
the entire cerebral cortex leaves an animal that
is still capable of walking around and
interacting with the environment. In a human,
comparable cerebral cortex damage produces a
permanent state of coma.
- Frequently defined as a head injury with a Repeated
Concussion temporary loss of brain function, concussion can concussions
cause a variety of physical, cognitive, and can cause
emotional symptoms. Concussion may be cumulative
caused by a blow to the head, or by acceleration
brain damage
forces without a direct impact. The forces
involved disrupt cellular processes in the brain
such as
for days or weeks. dementia
pugilistic
- Fissure groove, natural division, deep furrow, elongated
cleft, or tear in various parts of the body.
Longitudinal fissure: which divides the
cerebrum into the two hemispheres.
Handedness Babies in they’re first two days are observed
and the ones who sleep with their heads turned
to the right, eventually reach for things with
their right hands, same goes for lefty’s.
(indicates genes or prenatal factors)
The case of Stanly Coren, studied that with age the
the percentage of left-handers declines dramatically.
disappearing Reflected on known health risks to explain why
southpaws. they die earlier. Lefties endure more headaches,
birth stress, have more accidents and use more
tobacco and alcohol. Research triggered nasty
response. May point the way to a safer world for
lefties.

10