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Computer Engineering
R f
References: Hayt
H t and
d Buck
B k 12
12.3
3
After taking this class you should be able to: • The relationship between electric field amplitude
• Recognize
R i ththatt EM waves ttransportt energy and
d power.
through space • The Poynting vector
• Define the Poynting
y g vector • Instantaneous and time averaged electromagnetic
• Calculate the Poynting vector from wave power
parameters
• Power loss in a lossy medium
• Calculate power absorbed by a lossy medium due to
an EM wave • Maximum permitted levels of exposure to EM
• Explain the difference between instantaneous and radiation
ti
time-averagedd power d density
it
• Explain basic health and safety issues associated
with EM waves.
©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-5 ©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-6
Radio power
• The transmitter mast on Mount Royal is specified as 100
kW. The IEEE safety limit for r.f. power is 2 W/m2.
• How close can you stand to the transmitter ?
• How much power reaches us here ?
• What is the electric field in the classroom due to that
transmitter ?
• What is the
potential V V=volume, S=surface
difference across
a laser beam ?!
S
©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-9 ©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-10
P ds t E 12 H 2 dV E 2 dV
1 2
1. Energy change
Describe power as a flux through S: 2
S V V
V P D B
E dV H dV E J dV 2 Substitute D,H
2. DH
V
t V
t V
S E H J dV H E E J dV
P ds t W e Wm dV P dV V V V 3. Maxwell
S V V
E H dV H E 4. E.J cancels
Energy in V stored Conduction (Ohmic)
V V
in E and H fields losses
P ds t E
1
2
2
12 H 2 dV E 2 dV P ds E H
S V
5 Vector identity
5.
S V V
©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-11 ©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-12
Derivation of the Poynting vector (2) Instantaneous power density
S S
P z , t E z e jt H z e jt Take real part
x E
The Poynting vector: y
1
P E H (W/m 2 ) H P H z, t an E0 e jk an R e jt H is related to E through
z
…which
hi h may be
b complex
l
j
e
©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-13 ©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-14
=0.1, =10, =377 Distance z (m) =0.1, =10, =377+150j Distance z (m)
©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-17 ©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-18
Example (1)
• The transmitter mast on Mount Royal is specified as 100
kW. The IEEE safety limit for r.f. power is 2 W/m2.
• How close can you stand to the transmitter ?
• How much power reaches us here ?
• What is the electric field in the classroom due to that
transmitter ?
©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-21 ©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-22
©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-23 ©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-24
Solution
How much radiation is
her head absorbing ?
on
Solutio
Safety Issues
After taking this class you should be able to: Problems based on this class:
• Recognize
R i ththatt EM waves ttransportt energy
through space • Problems: 12.18, 12.19
• Define the Poynting
y g vector
• Calculate the Poynting vector from wave Reading for next class (The Skin Effect): 12.4
parameters
• Calculate power absorbed by a lossy medium due to
an EM wave
• Explain the difference between instantaneous and
ti
time-averagedd power d density
it
• Explain basic health and safety issues associated
with EM waves.
©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-31 ©AGK 2006 ECSE 352 2.4-32