PEGN 419 / GPGN 419

Lecture 19
Rxo; Rt; Sw; So; Sg

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 1
 Today’s Learning Objective
• Reviewing the key elements of fluid saturation in
rocks
• Understanding Key Terms in Petrophysical Workflows
• Concept of Movable Oil
• Determination of Movable Oil

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 2
 Saturation
Sources of Water Saturation Data
– Sw from Core Fluids
– Sw from Capillary Pressure Experiments
– Sw from Magnetic Resonance
– Sw from Resistivity Interpretation

𝑅𝑅𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑤 =
𝑅𝑅𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤
• Asquith and Krygowski, Chapter 7
Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 3
 Reviewing Fluid Saturation

• All formations begin life water filled (Sw=100%)

• Grains coated by water (water wet formation)
• Hydrocarbon fills part of measured pore space
• Saturation is expressed as percent of pore space
So, Sg, Sw

• In an oil reservoir, So = 1-Sw

•In an gas reservoir, Sg = 1-Sw

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 4
 Archie I

Fully water-saturated

From Max Peeters

Conductivity: Co = Cw * Φ m

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 5
 Archie II
water

Partially saturated oil

water

Conductivity : Ct = Cw * Φm * Swn

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 6
 Key Petrophysical Terms

• Sw – Water saturation
• So – Oil saturation (1-Sw)
• Sg – Gas saturation (1-Sw)
• Rt – True resistivity on the unaltered zone
• Rxo – Resistivity of the flushed zone

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 7
 Review Borehole Environment
Top view Uninvaded zone
Rt
(Rannulus) Transition zone
Sw
Rxo Flushed zone
Rw Sxo
Mud cake
Rmf Rm Mud
Rmc Side view

Seal
Reservoir
Rs
di
Seal
h dj
Bed hmc
thickness Adapted from
dh: Hole Rs Weatherford, 2007
Invasion diameter
Spring 2017
Diameter 8 & Ermila
PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad 8
 Concept of Movable Oil

• Movable oil projects zone where oil (or gas) have

been flushed from invaded zone
• Compares water saturation in the invaded zone (Sxo)
with water saturation in the unaltered reservoir (Sw)
• If Sxo >> Sw you have movable hydrocarbons
– Indicator of fluids capable of flow into well bore

Mud water
Filtrate
Oil

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 9
 Movable Oil Determination

• Rmf is used as Rw with the shallowest reading

resistivity data to calculate the water saturation of
the flushed zone (Sxo)
• Sw (unaltered formation water saturation) is
compared with Sxo
• Difference between Sw and Sxo is movable
hydrocarbons

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 10
 Useful Equations
Archie Water Saturation
1
𝑎𝑎 × 𝑅𝑅𝑤𝑤 𝑛𝑛
𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑤𝑤𝑤 = 𝑚𝑚
∅ × 𝑅𝑅𝑡𝑡

Flushed Zone Water Saturation (Archie equation)

1
𝑎𝑎 × 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚 𝑛𝑛
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 = 𝑚𝑚
∅ × 𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 11
 Useful Equations
Movable Hydrocarbon Index Residual Oil Saturation
1
𝑅𝑅𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 2 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅 = 1 − 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥
𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑤 �𝑅𝑅
𝑡𝑡
𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = =
𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 𝑅𝑅𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
�𝑅𝑅
𝑤𝑤

Bulk Volume Water Residual Oil Saturation

𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵𝐵 = ∅ × 𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑤 𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀𝑀 = 𝑆𝑆𝑥𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝑆𝑆𝑤𝑤

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 12
 Useful Equations
Volumetric Producible Hydrocarbon Reserve

Oil-bearing Formation

7758 × 𝐴𝐴 × ℎ × ∅ × 𝑆𝑆ℎ × 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

𝑁𝑁𝑓𝑓 =
𝐵𝐵𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜

Gas-bearing Formation

𝐺𝐺𝑓𝑓 = 43,560 × 𝐴𝐴 × ℎ × ∅ × 𝑆𝑆ℎ × 𝐵𝐵𝑔𝑔𝑔𝑔 × 𝑅𝑅𝑅𝑅

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 13
 Saturation Wrap Up
• Fluid saturation is the key deliverable in any
petrophysical determination
• It is the basis for all of our volumetric calculations
• Extreme care must be taken in data preparation and
correction
– Typically done by computer
• Resistivity based saturations (Archie) are our focus in
this course

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 14
 Fluid Saturation – Cap Pressure

• Saturation in a conventional reservoir is controlled by

capillary forces.
• Capillary pressure data from special core analysis is
allows the creation of a mathematical model that
predicts Sw based on height above Free Water Level
(O/W contact)
• The only way (i.e. the correct way) to map Sw, So, Sg in
a dynamic reservoir model.

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 15
 Fluid Saturation – Cap Pressure

• Saturation in a conventional reservoir is controlled by

capillary forces.
• Capillary pressure data from special core analysis is
allows the creation of a mathematical model that
predicts Sw based on height above Free Water Level
(O/W contact)
• The only way (i.e. the correct way) to map Sw, So, Sg in
a dynamic reservoir model.

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 16
 In Class Example Problem
Given the following data: 2- Use Tornado chart to
a = 0.81, m = 2, n = 2, estimate corr. Rt , Rxo & di
ST = 870 F., FT =1870 F. 3- Calculate PhiND_Gas
Rw = 0.065 ohm-m @ FT. 4- Swa
Rmf = 0.65 ohm-m @ FT. 5- Sxo
For the following Depth 6-BVW
Intervals: 7-ROS
14,604’, 14,613’, 14,622’ 8-MOS
Do the following: 9-MHI
1- Read ILD, ILM & LL8,
DPHI, NPHI from the logs.
Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 17
BWLA, Page 94

Spring 2017 PEGN/GPGN 419: Introduction to Well Logging and Formation Evaluation: Prasad & Ermila 18