CHEM 131: CHEMISTRY FOR ENGINEERS

ENERGY
and
CHEMISTRY
PREPARED BY: ENGR. KARLA JANE N. PURACAN
How do we define energy
Energy is the strength
and vitality required for
sustained physical and
mental activity.

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Energy is the capacity to do work.

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Energy is the quantitative property
that must be transferred to an object in
order to perform work on, or to heat,
the object.

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All energy flow is either
is the flow of energy between two objects,
heat the warmer to the cooler one, because of a
difference in their temperatures

is the transfer of energy accomplished by a

work force moving a mass some distance
against resistance
In chemical processes, however, the most
common type of work experienced is PV-
work.
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How is this related to Chemistry
All matter contains energy, so whenever matter
undergoes a change, the quantity of energy that the
matter contains also changes.
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 What is the importance of this
interplay between matter and energy
• Fuels are used to power vehicles
• Fertilizers help crops convert solar energy
into food
• Metal wires increase the flow of electrical
energy
• Polymer fibers in winter clothing limit the
flow of thermal energy away from our
bodies
The study of energy and its transformations
is called thermodynamics.

The branch of thermodynamics which deals

with energy changes that occur during
chemical reactions and changes of state is
called thermochemistry.
Principles of
Heat Flow

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System is that part of the universe (substance,
body, reacting mixture, or even region of space)
upon which we focus attention.

Surroundings is everything that lies outside the

boundaries of the system.
 1. State Properties
The state of a system is
described by giving its
composition, temperature and
pressure.

50.0 g of H2O(l)
at 50.0C and
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1 atm
 1. State Properties
The state of a system is
described by giving its
composition, temperature and
pressure.

50.0 g of H2O(l)
at 80.0C and
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1 atm
State Properties depend only on the
state of the system and not on the way
the system reached that state.
2. Direction and Sign of Heat Flow
Direction of heat Type of
Sign Example
flow reaction
surroundings to
+Q endothermic Melting of ice
system
system to Combustion
–Q exothermic
surroundings of methane

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3. Magnitude of Heat Flow
• Joule – the SI unit of energy
1 J = 1 kg∙m2/s2
• British thermal unit(Btu) – the amount of energy needed
to raise 1 lb of water by 1F
1 Btu = 1055.06 J
• calorie – the amount of energy needed to heat 1 g of
water from 14.5C to 15.5C
1 cal = 4.184 J
note: Calorie is a unit for foods and is equivalent to 1 kcal
1 Cal = 1000 cal = 4184 J 29
 “
The magnitude of heat transferred
depends mainly on three factors:
a) Amount of material
b) Type of material
c) Temperature change
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4. Calorimetry Equation
Q = CT
• Heat Capacity (C) – is the quantity of heat
needed to raise the temperature of the system by
1C
Q = mcT
• Specific Heat (c) – is the quantity of heat
needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a
substance by 1C
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If we want to calculate the heat associated
with a given temperature change, we’ll need
to account for the amount and identity of the
material being heated as well as the extent of
the temperature change.

Q = mcT
where Q – heat
c – specific heat capacity
m – amount of material
T = Tfinal – Tinitial
 Problem #1
Heating a 24.0 g can made of copper
raises its temperature by 15.0C.
Find the value of Q for the can.

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 Problem #2
A block of iron weighing 207.0 g
receives 1.50kJ of heat. What is the
change in the temperature of the
iron?

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 Problem #3
The molar heat capacity of liquid
water is 75.3J/mol-K. If 37.5 g of
water are cooled from 42.0 to 7.0C,
what is Q for the water?

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 Problem #4
Compare the amount of heat given
off by 1.40 mol of liquid water when
it cools from 100C to 30C to that
given off when 1.40 mol of steam
cools from 200C to 110C
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 Problem #5
If 226 kJ of heat increases the
temperature of 47.0 kg of copper by
12.5C, what is the molar heat
capacity of copper?

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 Problem #6
A glass contains 250.0 g of warm water
at 78.0C. A piece of gold at 2.30C is
placed in the water. The final
temperature reached by this system is
76.9C. What was the mass of gold?
(The specific heat of gold is 0.129 J/gC.)
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 Problem #7
A 125 g sample of cold water and a 283 g
sample of hot water are mixed in an
insulated thermos bottle and allowed to
equilibrate. If the initial temperature of
the cold water is 3.0C, and the initial
temperature of the hot water is 91.0C,
what will be the final temperature?
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Measurement
of Heat Flow

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The science of measuring heat based on
the change in temperature of an observed
body when it releases or absorbs heat is
called calorimetry.

It is used to measure the energy evolved

or absorbed as heat in a physical or
chemical process.
A device used to measure the heat flow in
a reaction is called a calorimeter.
• The walls of a calorimeter are insulated to
block heat flow between the reaction and the
surroundings
• The heat flow for the system is equal in
magnitude and opposite in sign from the heat
flow of the calorimeter
 1. Constant – Pressure Calorimeter
Coffee-Cup Calorimeter

• consists of two nested Styrofoam coffee cups

with a loose-fitting lid and a temperature
measuring device such as a thermometer or a
thermocouple

• The Styrofoam container, a good insulator, is

fairly effective in preventing the transfer of energy
as heat between the solution and its surroundings
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 1. Constant – Pressure Calorimeter
Coffee-Cup Calorimeter

• Because the cup is open to the atmosphere, this

is a constant-pressure measurement
• This type of calorimeter is useful for studying
reactions in aqueous solutions.
• In this type of calorimeter, a chemical reaction
produces a change in temperature of the solution

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 1. Constant – Pressure Calorimeter
Coffee-Cup Calorimeter

• The heat from the reaction is completely absorbed

by the solution assuming that the calorimeter itself
does not absorb heat

Qreaction = −Qsolution
Qreaction = −mH2O(4.18J/gC)(T)
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 Problem #8
A 10-g solid was heated in a test tube to
100C in boiling water and added to the
coffee-cup calorimeter with 50 g of water.
The water temperature increased from
25.1C to 28.5C . What is the specific heat
of the solid?
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 Problem #9
A 182-g sample of gold at some
temperature was added to 22.1 g of
water. The initial water temperature was
25C and the final temperature was
27.5C. If the specific heat capacity of gold
is 0.128 J/gC, what was the initial
temperature of the gold sample?
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 Problem #10
A 45.5-g sample of copper at 99.8C is
dropped into a beaker containing 152 g
of water at 18.5C. What is the final
temperature when thermal equilibrium
is reached?

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 Problem #11
Calcium chloride, CaCl2 , is added to canned
vegetables to maintain the vegetables’ firmness.
When added to water, it dissolves. A calorimeter
contains 50 g of water at 25C. When 1.0 g of calcium
chloride is added to the calorimeter, the temperature
rises to 28.51C. Assume that all the heat given off by
the reaction is transferred to the water.
a) Calculate Q for the reaction system
b) How much calcium chloride must be added to raise
the temperature of the solution by 9C? 52
 2. Constant – Volume Calorimeter
Bomb Calorimeter

• The bomb is a heavy metal vessel that is usually

surrounded by water
• The outside wall is vacuum sealed and inside it is
a vessel in which the reaction occurs surrounded
by a water bath called a “bomb’
• The bomb calorimeter is more versatile than the
coffee-cup calorimeter
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 2. Constant – Volume Calorimeter
Bomb Calorimeter
• It is used to carry out reactions involving high
temperatures and those involving gases
• In this type of calorimeter, all the heat given off by
the reaction is absorbed by the calorimeter and
the water.

Qreaction = −Qcalorimeter
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 Qreaction = −Qcalorimeter
Qreaction = − Ccalorimeter T
Ccal is a function of the calorimeter and can be
measured experimentally.
 Problem #12
A 1.0-g sample of octane was burned in
a bomb calorimeter with 1200 g of
water. The temperature increases from
25C to 34.10C. Calculate the heat of
combustion of octane if the heat
capacity of the calorimeter is 890 J/C.
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 Problem #13
In earlier times, ethyl ether was commonly used
as an anesthetic. It is, however, highly
flammable. When 5 mL of ethyl ether is burned
in a bomb calorimeter, the temperature rises
from 23.5C to 39.7C. If the calorimeter total
heat capacity is 10.34 kJ/ C and the density of
ethyl ether is 0.714 g/mL, find the heat
absorbed by the calorimeter.
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 Problem #14

A 4.4–g compound is burned in a

bomb calorimeter whose total heat
capacity is 7.854 kJ/C. A temperature
change of 7.13C occurred. What is the
heat of combustion per gram of the
compound?
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 Problem #15
A 0.5-g sample of TNT(C7H5N2O6) is burned
in a bomb calorimeter containing 610 g of
water at an initial temperature of 20C. The
heat capacity of the calorimeter is 420 J/C
and the heat of combustion of TNT is 3374
kJ/mol. Calculate the final temperature of
the water and calorimeter once the reaction
is complete. 60
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