DE

SIGNCONCE
PTOFT
IMBE
RST
RUCT
URALME
MBE
RS

I
NTRODUCT
ION

Theinhe rentv ari

a bi
lityo fama teri
al suc ha st imb er
,whi c hisuni quei nitss t
ruct
ur ea nd
mo deo f gro wth,resul t
si nc hara c
teristicsa ndp ropertieswhi c ha red istinctandmo re
comp lext ha nthos eo f otherc ommo ns truc tura lmaterialss uc ha sc o ncrete,
steel and
bric
k wo rk.So meo fthec haracteristi
cswhi c
hi nfl
uenced esigna nda res p eci
fi
ctot i
mb er
are:
♦t hemo i
sturec onte nt,
♦t hed ifferenceins trengthwhe nlo ad sa rea ppl
iedp ara l
lela ndp erp e
nd ic
ulartot he
graind irection,
♦t hed ur ationof t
hea ppli
cationo fthel o ad,
♦t heme t
ho da dopte dfo rs t
rengthgr a dingo f t
hetimb e r.
Asal ivegr o wingma te ri
a l
,eve r
yid entifi
e dtr eeha san ameb a se do nb otanical
dist
inc ti
o n,fore x
a mp ePi
l nuss y l
vestrisi sc ommo nlyk no wna sSc o t
sp ine .
Theb otanical
name sha veaL ati
no rigin,thefirstpa rtind i
c atingtheg e nus ,e .
g. Pinus ,andthes ec ond
partind icatingthes p ec i
e s,e.
g. sylvestris.
Ac l
as sifi
c atio
ns uc ha st hisiso fli
ttl
ev a luet oas t
ructura lde signe ra ndc onseque ntl
y
designc ode sa doptac lassif
icationb ase do ns tre
ssgr ad ing. Stres sgr adingisdiscus sedin
Section7. 2. Thegr owt ho fat reed epend so nt hea bil
ityo fthec ell
st op erformanumb erof
functi
o ns ,prima r
ilyc ond uction,storagea ndme chanica lsup po rt.Thes te m(ortrunk )
conduc tse s senti
a lmi ner alsaltsandmo istur efromt her o otst othel e aves,st
oresf ood
ma t
e ri
a lsa ndp rovide srigid i
tytoe nab let het reetoc omp etewi ths ur roundingve geta t
ion
foraira nds unli
ght .Che mi calp ro
c esse s,whi c haree sse ntialforgr o wth, oc
curint he
branche s ,t
wi gsa ndl ea vesint hec rowno f t
het ree.
7.1.
1Mo ist
ur eCo nte nt
Unlikemo ststructura lma terials,t
heb eha vio uro f
timb eri ss ignifi
c antlyinf
luence db ythe
existenc ea ndv ariati
o no fitsmo i
sturec o nte nt.Themo isturec ontent, asd e
termine db y
ovend ry i
ngo fate stp iece,isd efi
ne dinAnne xHo fBS5 268a s :
w=100( m1−m2) /m2
whe re:
m1i st hema ssof t
het est pie
c eb ef
o r
ed ry i
ng( i
ng)
m2i st hema ssof t
het est pie
c eafterd rying( i
ng)
Mo i
s t
ur ec onta i
ne din‘ green’ ti
mb erishe l
db o t
hwithint hec e ll
s( freewa t
er)andwi thin

thecellwal
ls( boundwa ter).Thecond i
ti
oninwhi cha l
lf
reewaterhasb e
enre move dbut
thecellwal
lsa res t
il
l sat
ura t
edisk nowna sthefib r
es at
urati
onpoint(F
SP).Atl
e velsof
mo i
stureabo vetheF SP,mo stphysicalandme cha nicalpr
opert
iesremainconstant.
Varia
tionsinmo i
sturec o
nte ntbel
o wtheFSPc aus ec onsi
derabl
echangestop r
op erti
es
sucha sweight,strength,elasti
cit
y,shri
nkagea ndd urabi
li
ty
.Thecontrol
l
edd ry
ingo f
ti
mb eriskno wna ss easoning.Therearetwome thod sgenera
ll
yuse d:
♦ Airs eas
o ning,inwhicht hetimb eri
ss t
ackeda ndlayere
dwi t
hair-
spaceinope nsid
ed
shedstop r
o mo tena t
uraldr yi
ng.Thisme t
hodisr e l
a t
iv
elyi
nexpensivewit
h
veryli
ttl
elossi ntheq ual
ityo ft
imbe ri
fcarri
edo utc orr
ectl
y.I
thasthe
disa dva nt aget ha tthet imb era ndt hes p a cewhi c hi to c cup i
e sa r
euna v ail
a blef or
l
o ngp e riod s. I
na ddition, onlyal i
mi t
e dc ontr olisp o ssib l
eb yv ar
yingt hes p ace s
betwe ent hel a ye r
sa nd /
o rb yus i
ngmo b i
les l
a t
te ds ide st ot hes he d s.
♦ Ki l
nd rying, inwhi cht imb eri sd ri
e do utinahe ate d ,ve ntil
a teda ndhumi dif
ied
ove n. Thi sr eq ui re
ss pe ci
a l
iste quip me nt andi smo ree xpe ns iveint e r
mso fe nergy
i
np u t.T het e chni q
ued o eso ff
e ramo rec o ntro ll
e de nv i
r onme nt i
nwhi cht oa chi eve
ther e qui redr ed uctioni nmo is turec o nte nta ndi smuc hq uick er.
Thea nis o t
ro p i
cna tureo ftimb e ra ndd if
fe rent iald ry ingo ut ca usedb yune ve ne xpos uret o
dryinga ge ntss ucha swi nd ,suno ra pp li
e dhe atc anr esul tinanumb ero fd efectss ucha s
twist i
ng, cuppi ng, bowi nga ndc rack i
ng,
CL ASSI F I
CAT IONOFT IMBE RS
Thee ffi
c ienta nde cono mi cu s eo f anys truc tural ma te rial req uiresak no wle dgeo fi
ts
phy sica l cha ra cteristicsa ndp ro per t
ie ss uc ht ha tar e pre s enta ti
vema the ma ticalmo de lcan
bea do pte dt op red i
ctb e hav i
o uri nq ua litativet e rms . Ma nuf ac turedma terialss ucha ss teel
an dc o nc rete ,inwhi chq ua lit
yc anb et i
ght l
yc ont rolle da ndmo ni
to redd uringp r
o duc t
ion,
rea dil
ys a ti
s fyt his.Asana tur al pro duc t,timb eri ss ub ject toawi der angeo fv ari
a t
ioni n
qua lit
ywhi chc a nno tb ec on t
ro ll
e d.
Uni f
o rmi tya ndr eliabili
tyi ntheq ua l
ityo f timb e ra sas truc tur alma te r
ia lisa chieve db y
ap ro ce sso fs ele ct
ionb as edo ne sta blishe dgr ad ings y ste ms , i
.e.a ppe aranc egr ad i
nga nd
strengt hgr ad i
ng:
♦ Ap p e ar anc egr a dingi sf req uent lyu se db ya rc hite ctst or e f
le c
t t
hewa rm, attr
a ct
ive
featur eso f thema terials ucha st hes urfa cegr ainp a tt
e rn, thep r
e se nceo fkno ts,
colo ur, etc .I
ns uc hc ircums tanc est het i
mb erisl e fte xp os eda ndr e ma insv isible
afterc o mp letio n;itma yb ee ithe rs truc tura lo rno n-s tructur al.
♦ Al ls truc tura l (
load -bea ri
ng)t i
mb e rmus tb es t rengt h- gra de da cco r
d ingt oc riteri
a
whi chr eflec titss trengt ha nds t
iff
ne s s.Ins omec a se st i
mb e rma yb egr ade d
acc ord ingt ob o tha pp ear ancea nds trengt h. Stre ngt hgr ad ingi sno rma llyc arriedo ut
eithe rv isua llyo rme cha ni call
y ,us ingp ur pos e-b uilt gra dingma c
hi ne s.
Eve ryp i
e ceo fs trengt h-gra dedt i
mb ers ho uldb ema rk edc l
e ar l
ya ndi nd eliblywi ththe
foll
o wingi nf orma tion:
♦ gr ad e /stre ngt hc lass( e.g. GS, SS, C16, C24) ,
♦s pe cie so rs p ecifi
cc omb i
na tion( e .
g. E R–r edwo o d, B/ D–Do ugl asf ir(British)),
♦ numb ero ftheBr i
tishSt and a r
dus e d( e .
g. BS4978) ,
♦c omp a nya ndgr ad er/ma chineus ed,
♦c omp a nyl o go /ma rko fthec ertif
ica ti
o nb od y,
♦t imb e rc ond i
tion( e.g. KD–k ilndr ied, WE T )
.
Pe rmi ss ibleSt re s
sDe s i
gn
Whe nus ingp ermi ssib l
es t
res sd es i
gn, thema rgino f sa fetyi sintro duc edb yc onside r
ing
struc tur al be ha viourund e rwo rking/ se rvicel o adc ond i
tionsa ndc omp ar i
ngt hes t
re sses
the reb yi nd uc edwi t
hp ermi ss iblev alue s .Thep e rmi ssib l
ev alue sa reo b tainedb ydividing
thef ailur es t res sesb ya na pp rop ri
a tef ac t
o ro fs a f
e ty .Thea p plieds tres sesa r ede t
e rmined
usin ge l
a s t
ica na l
ys i
st ec hniq ue s,i.e.
Stre ssi nduc e dbywo rk i
ngl oa ds≤
fai
lur es tres s
Thisi sthep hi los op hya do ptedi nt hec ur rentt imb erd es ignc od eBS5268- 2:2002a sus e
d
i
nt hist e xt.Si nc eBS5268i sap ermi ss i
b les tres sd e signc ode, ma t
he ma tical mo dell
ingof
theb e ha vi
o uro f t
imb e re leme ntsa nds truc tur esi sb a sedo na ss ume de l
a sticb ehavi
o ur.
Thel a wso f str uc t
ur a lme cha nic sre f
e rredt oa ret ho sewe l
le stab li
she di nr ec o
gni sed
‘
e l
as ticthe or y’,a sfo ll
o ws .
♦T hema te ria lisho mo gene o us ,whi chi mp li
e st hati tsc ons ti
tue nt pa rt
sha vet he
samep hy sica lp rop e rt
ie sthr ougho uti tse nt i
r ev olume . Thisa ss ump ti
oni sc lea rl
y
viol
a tedi nt hec a seo ftimb er.T hec o ns ti
tue ntf ibre sa rel argei nr e l
a ti
ont ot he
ma s so fwhi c ht he yf o r
map artwhe nc omp a redwi thama teri
al suc ha ss t
e elin
whic ht he rea r emi lli
o nso fve rys ma ll crysta lsp e rs qua rec entime tre,rand o
ml y
distribut eda n do fs imi l
a rq ua lit
yc rea tinga na mo rp ho usma ss.Ina d diti
o n,the
pres enc eo f de fec t
ss uc ha sk no ts,sha k ese tc.a sd es cribe dinSe c t
ions7. 1.
1a nd
7.1.2r ep res ent t
hei nc lus i
ono f eleme ntswi thd ifferingp hys i
ca lp rope rt
ie s
♦T hema te ria lisis otro pic,whi chimp liest ha tthee la sti
cp rope rtiesa ret hes amei n
alldire cti
o ns .T hema inc ons t
itue nto f ti
mb e risc el
lul ose ,whi cho ccursa sl ong
cha i
nmo lecul e s.T hec he mi cal/e l
e ct
r icalfo rce sb ind ingt hemo lecule sto gethe rin
thes ec ha i
nsa remuc hs tronge rtha nt ho sewhi chho ldt hec ha inst oe a cho the r.A
cons e que nceo fthisi st ha tco ns idera bled iffere nc esi ne la st
icp ro pe rt
ieso c
c ur
acco rd i
ngt ot hegr a ino rien tation. Ti
mb ere xhi bitsama rkedd e gr eeo fa nisot r
o pic
beha v i
o ur.T hed e signo f ti
mb eri sge n era l
lyb as edo na na ssump tiono f
ortho trop i
cb eha vi
o urwi tht hre ep rinc ipal ax eso fsy mme t
ry: t
hel ongitud inal axis
(para ll
el tot hegr a in),ther ad i
a lax i
sa ndt het ange ntial ax i
s,ass ho wni nF i
gur e
7.6.T hep r
o p er t
ie sr ela ti
ngt ot het ange ntial andr ad iald irecti
o nsa r eo f
te ntr e
a ted
toge thera ndr ega rd eda sp ro pe rt
iesp e rpend icul art ot hegr a i
n .
♦T hema te ria lob e ysHo ok e’sL aw, i.e. whe ns ub jec tedt oa ne x terna lforces y
s t
e m
thed e forma ti
o nsi nd uce dwi ll bed i
re ctlyp rop or ti
ona ltot hema gni tud eo fthe
app li
e df orce .At ypic als tress −s tr
a i
nc ur vef oras ma llwo o ds pe cime n( witha s
fewv a ri
a ti
o nso rd e fec tsa sp o ss i
b l
ea ndl o ade df oras ho rt
-termd ur ati
o n)e xhib i
ts
l
ine arityp riort of a il
ur ewhe nl oa dedi nt ens io no rc o mp r
e ssion.
♦T hema te ria lise las tic,whi chi mp lie stha ti twi llrec ove rco mp le t
e l
yf r
o ma ny
defo rma tiona ftert her emo val o fl
o ad .E l
a sticb e hav i
o uri sge ne ra ll
yo bs ervedi n
ti
mb ers ub je ct toc o mp r essio nupt ot hel imi to f pro po rti
o nalit
y .Thee lastic
prop er t
ieso ftimb e rint e nsiona remo res e ns i
tivet ot hel evelo fmo i
s t
ur ec onte nt.
Perma ne nts tr aino ccur sa tv er ylo ws tre ssl eve lsint imb erwhi c hc ont ai
nsahi gh
perc enta geo fmo is ture .
♦T hemo dul uso fe lasticityist hes amei nt ens iona ndc o mp re ss i
on .Thisa s sump tio
n
i
sr e as onab lef o rb o thc omp res siona ndt e ns i
o n. Thev aluei smuc hlo we rwhe nt he
l
o adi sa p pli
e dp e r
p e nd iculart ot hegr aint ha nwhe ni tisa ppli
e dp arall
el tothe
grain, ass ho wni nF igur e7. 7. T wov a lue so fmo d uluso fe lastic
itya r
egi ve nint he
cod ef ore acht imb ergr ad e;Emi nimuma ndE me an. Thev a l
uet ob eus edi na nygi v
en
circums tanc ei sgi v eni nt hec o dei nt hep ertine ntc laus es .
♦ Pl a nes e ctio nsr e ma inpl anedur i
ngd eforma tion. Du ringb end ingt hisa ss ump t
ion
i
sv io l
a t
e da ndi sr e flecte dinano n-line arb end ings tressd i
a gra mt hr ougho ut
cros s-sec t
io nss ub je cttoamo me nt.
Theb ehavi
o urandp roper
ti
eso ft
imb erdono tsat
isf
ytheb asi
cassump ti
onsus edi
n
simplee l
astictheory.T
hesed e
fi
cienciesarea c
commo d a
tedinthedesignp roc
essesbythe
i
ntroductiono f
nume r
ousmo dif
ic
ationfactor
sa ndafactorofsaf
ety,
whic hareappl
iedto
producea na dmissibl
estres
swhi chisthenc ompa r
edwiththeappli
eds tres
sinducedby
t
hea pp l
iedloads yste
mc al
culat
edus inge l
asti
ctheory.Ext
ensiv
er e
sea rchand
developme ntduringthelat
terhal
f ofthetwenti
e t
hcenturyhasresul
tedinmo r
e
repr
e sentati
vema t
hema t
ic
almo delso f
ti
mb erb ehav
iourandisref
lect
e dinEuroco
d e5,
whic
ha doptsal i
mitstat
ea ppr
oacht odesign.Thi
sc odewil
levent
ua l
l
yb eutil
isedf
or
t
imbe rd e
signint heUK.
MODI F
ICATIONF ACT OR

Theinhe rentl
yv ariablena tureo ftimb era ndi tse f
fectsons t
ruc turalma t
erialpropert
ies
sucha ss tr
es s−strainc harac te
ristics,elasti
citya ndc reephasr e s
ultedinmo rethaneighty
dif
ferentmo d i
fic
a tionfac t
orswhi c ha reus edi nc onverti
nggr ad estresses( se
eSe ct
ion7.2)
top ermissibl
es tre sse
sf o
rd e si
gnp urpose s
. Inge neral,
whe nd esi
gningtos at
isf
ystr
e ngt
h
requireme nts(e.g. axi
a l
, bend i
ngo rshe arstre ngth).
Thea ppli
e dstress esar ec al
c ul
a t
e dus inge l
a stictheory,andthep ermissi
b lestr
e s
sesa re
determine dfromt heco deus ingt hea ppropriatev al
ue srela
tingt othes tr
e ngth
classif
ic
a ti
onmul tipl
iedb ythemo difi
ca t
ionfa ctorswhi c
ha rer ele
va nttothes tr
ess
conditi
onb eingc o nsidered .Symb o lsared efine drelati
ngtos tressesa ndo thervari
ablesin
Clause1. 4of BS5268- 2: 2002a sfollows :
adistance ;
Aa rea;
bbr eadtho fbeam, t
hick nesso fwe b ,orlessert ransve r
sed i
me nsi
o nof a
tensiono rcomp re ssio
nme mb er;
ddi a
me ter;
Emo dul
uso f ela
s tici
ty;
Fforceo rload ;
hde ptho fme mb e r,
gre atertrans versed ime ns ionofat ensi
ono rcomp ress i
on
me mb er;
iradiuso fgyrati
o n;
Kmo dif
i
c ati
onf actor(alwa yswi thas ubscript);
Llength; span;
mma ss;
Mbe nd i
ngmo me nt;
nnumbe r;
rradiuso fcurvatur e;
tthickness;thickne sso f l
ami nati
o ns ;
ufa s
tene rsl
ip ;
αa nglebe t
we ent hed irecti
o no fthel oada ndt hed i
recti
ono fthegr ain;
ηe ccentri
cit
yf acto r
;
θa nglebe t
we ent hel ongitud i
na laxiso fame mb erandac onne ctora x
is;
λs l
end ernessr atio;
σs tr
e ss
;
τs hea rs tress ;
ωmo isturec o ntent .
I
nma nyi ns ta
nc e ss ub scrip t
sa rea lsous e dt oid entifyv arioust ypeso ffor
c e
,s t
ressor
geo me try ;thes ea rea sfollows :
a)typ eo f force,s t
r es se t
c.:
cc omp res sion;
mb end ing;
ttens ion;
b)s i
gn ificanc e:
aa pp li
e d;
admp ermi ssib l
e ;
ee ff
e ctive;
me ana rithme t
icme an;
c)ge o me try:
ape xa p ex;
rra dial;
tangt a nge ntial;
p arallel(tot hegr ain);
⊥p erp end icular( tot hegr a i
n);
αa ngl e.
Thef ollowi nge x amp lesillustratet heus eo fthe ses y mb olsa ndsub script
s:
σm, a,
⊥≡a p pli
e db e nd i
ngs t
re ssp e rp
e nd i
c ulartot hegr ain
σm, ad m,⊥≡p ermi ss ibleb end i
ngs tressp e rpend icula rtot hegr ain
σc,a, ≡a p p l
iedc omp r essives tressp arall
e ltot hegr ain
σc,adm, ≡p e rmi ss i
blec omp ressives tressp ara ll
e ltot hegr ai
n
τa≡a pplieds he a rs tress.
Whi l
s tno tgi veni nt hisCl a uset hes ub scr i
pt‘g’ i
so ft
e nus e dt oidentif
ygr adestre
s ses.
Asme ntione dp re vious ly,
t hep er missibles tressi se valuate db ymul ti
p l
yi
ngt hegrade
stressf o rap a rti
cul ars trengt hc lassb yt hea pp rop riatemo d if
icat
ionf act
ors,e.
g.
σm, ad m, =σ m, g, K2×K3×K6×K7×K8
whe re :
K2r ela test othemo i
s turec onte nto ft
het i
mb er;
K3r ela test othed ur ationo ft
hel oado nt het imb er;
K6r ela test othes ha peo fthec ro ss-sectiono fthee le me nt b ei
ngc ons i
dered;
K7r ela test othed e ptho ft hes ec t
ionb e i
ngc ons i
d e r
e d;
K8r ela test othee x i
s tenceo f structural eleme nt se na blingl o adshar i
ng.
I
ne a chc asead e f
init i
o nandt heme tho do fe valuatingac oe ff
ici
ent i
sgi venintheco de.
In
thiste xtat ableisgi veni ne ac hs ectionwhi chid ent i
fiese ac hc oeff
icientandr e
fer
e nce
clausenumb e rsfo rthec oe f
fi
c i
ent swhi cha r ep ertine nttot hes t
ructuralele
me ntsb e
ing
cons i
d e red.
Threeo fthemo stf req uent l
yus e dc oeff
icient sa reK2, K3a ndK8:
K2: Thev alueo fK2i sgo ver nedb yt hea ve r
a gemo i
s turec o ntentlikelytobe
attai
ne dins ervicec o nd i
tions .Thisi sallowe df orint hec od eb yidentifyi
nga
servicec lassf orthep arti
cu l
a rele me ntb eingd e signe d ,asgi veni n
Cla use1. 6.
4. Thes ervicec l
a s sesa re:
Se rvi
c eCl as s1: Thisisc ha ra cteri
z edb yamo is t
ur ec o ntent int hema ter i
a l
s
cor resp ond ingt oat emp e rat ureo f20o Ca ndt her elativehumi dityo f
thes ur roundi
ng
airo nlye x cee ding65%f oraf ewwe eksp e ryea r.Ins uc hmo i
s turec ond iti
o nsmo st
ti
mb erwi ll
a ttaina na ve ragemo isturec o ntentno te xce ed ing12%.
Se rvi
c eCl as s2: Thisisc ha ra cteri
z edb yamo is t
ur ec o ntent int hema ter i
a l
s
cor resp ond ingt oat emp e rat ureo f20o Ca ndt her elativehumi dityo f
thes ur roundi
ng
airo nlye x cee ding85%f oraf ewwe eksp e ryea r.Ins uc hmo i
s turec ond iti
o nsmo st
ti
mb erwi ll
a ttaina na ve ragemo isturec o ntentno te xce ed ing20%.
Se rvi
c eCl as s3: Thisisc ha ra cteri
z ed,d uet oc lima t
icc ond iti
o ns ,bymo isture
cont ent shi ghe rt hans e r
v icec lass2.
I
nT able16o f t
hec odev a l
ue so fK2a regi venv a ryingf rom0. 6i nthec a seo fcomp r
essi
on
par allela ndp erp endiculart ot hegr aint o0.9f o rs he arp ar al
le ltothegr ain .Theseval
ues
reflectt heno n-uni for
mi nflue nceo fmo istur eco nt ento nt heme c
ha nical pro perti
esof
ti
mb er .
K3: Thegr ades t
re ssesgi ve ni nthec od er elat
et ot hes tre ngtho ftimb ers ub jectt
o
l
o ng-te rmp e rma ne ntloa ds .E xt
e ns i
ver e searcha ndt e stingha se st
ab li
s he d
tha tthes ho rt-
te rms trengt ho fti
mb eri sc onsid era blyhi ghe rt hanc anb e
exp ec tedi nt hel ong-term. Thev alueo f K3us edi st he refored ep end e
nt o nt he
dur ationo floa dingb eingc ons idere d,i.e.long-te rm, me dium- t erm, sho rt-
te r
m
orv er ys hor t-
te rma sd e f
ine di nT ab l
e17o fthec od e,e .
g.
Long- ter m: d ead+p erma ne nti mp o sed
Me d i
um- term: de ad+s no w, d ead+t e mp o raryimp o sed
Sho rt-term: de ad+i mp o se d+wi nd ,de ad+i mp o se d+s no w+wi nd
Ve rys ho rt-
te rm: d ead+i mp o sed+wi nd
Eac ho fthes ee x amp lesi sq ua li
fiedi ntheno t
e sr elatingt oT a ble17i nt hec o de.
K8: Whe nd e s i
gni ngs tructur e sinwhi c hf ouro rmo reme mb ers ,whicha reno
gre atert ha n610mma p ar t
, a r
ec onne c tedb ys truc tura lele me ntswhi c h
pro vi
d el ate rald i
s t
ributiono f l
oa d( i
.e.loa d-sha ring)t hegr ad es tresse sc anb e
en hanc e db ymul t
iplyi
ngb yK8a si ndica t
e dinCl aus e2. 9. Typ icale l
eme nts,
whi chp rovid ela teraldistrib utiono floa d,a r
ep urlins ,bind e r
s, boa rdi
ng ,
bat tens ,etc.
I
na dd i
tion, theme anmo d uluso felas t
icity*c anb eus e dt oc alc ulatethe
disp l
a ce me nt sind ucedb yb o thd ea da ndi mp o sedl oad s.Thisdo e sno ta pply
tof l
oo rings yste mswhi chs uppo rtme cha nical pla nta nde quipme nto rs tora ge
ofs yste mswhi cha r
es ubj e cttov ibrations .
Pro vi
s ionsf o rb uilt
-upb e ams ,
tri
mme rj oists,l
int elsa ndl a mi na t
e dbe ams
aregi v ens e pa ratelyinCl a us e2.10. 10, 2.10.11a ndSe ction3o fthec ode .
*Theus eo fK8do esno te xte ndt ot hec a l
cula t
io no ff
a ctorK12i nwhi cht heE
valuei sus e dwhe nde s i
gni ngl oad-sha ringc olumns .
FLE XURALME MBE RS
Be amsa ret hemo stcommo nlyus eds truc tural ele me n t
s ,fore x amp l
ea sfloo rjoi
sts,
andas
tri
mme rj oistsa roundo pen ings ,rafters,e tc.Thec ross -sec ti
ono fat i
mb erb e amma ybe
oneo f anumb e ro ff
req ue ntlyus e ds ections .
Thep rincip alcons i
d er
ationsint hed es i
gno fallbeamsa r e:
♦s he ar,
♦b end ing,
♦d eflection,
♦b ea ri
ng , a
nd
♦l ate rals tabil
it
y .
EFF ECT IVESPAN
Mo stt imb e rb eamsa r
ed esigne da ss imp lysup port
e da ndt hee f
fe
ctives panwhichsho ul
d
beus e disd efi
nedi nClaus e2.10.3o fBS5268- 2:
2002.
Sincet her e quir
e db eari
ngl engtho nmo stbeamsi srelativelysma l
lwhe nc omp a
redwith
thea ctual spa nitisc ommo np ra c
t i
c et oa s
sumea ne ff
ec tiv
es paneq ual t
o:
♦t hec leard istanceb etwee nthes up ports+50mmf ors oli
db eams ,and
♦t hec leard istanceb etwee nthes up ports+100mmf orp ly-
we bbea ms .
I
nt hec a seo flongs p a
nb ea ms( e.g. ine xcesso f
10. 0m) , orheavil
yloa dedb eamswith
cons e que ntlylarge rendr eacti
ons , thev ali
dit
yo fthisas sump t
ionsho uldbec hec
ke d
.
She a r(Cla use2. 10.4)
Thegr a dea ndhe ncep ermissibles tre ssesgiveni ntheBSr el
atetothema ximums hear
stres sp ara ll
e lt
ot hegr ai
nf orap a rticularspecieso rstre ngthclass.I
ns oli
db eamso f
recta ngul arc ross-secti
ont hema ximu mho r
izontalshe ars tressoccursa ttheleve
l o
f t
he
neut ra laxis ,
a ndise qua lt
o1. 5×t hea ver a
gev alue:
τa, =
A
1.5V
whe re :
τa, ma ximuma ppli
edho r
izont a lshears t
ress,
Vma ximuma p pl
iedv ert
icalshe arf orc e,
Ac ro ss -
se cti
o nala rea
.
Thema gni tudeo fτ a, mus tno te xceedτ adm, gi v enby:
τad m, =τ g, K2×K3×K5×K8
whe re :
τg, gr a destre ssparall
e lt
ot hegr a i
n
K2, K3, K5a ndK8a remo dif
icati
o nf acto r
sus edwhe nap p ropri
ate(seeSe cti
on7.7.6for
not che db e ams ).
τa, adm,
Be ndi ng( Claus e2.10)
Asi nd icate dinSe ction1.9o fCha p ter1, theapp l
iedb end ings t
ressisd eterminedusing
simp lee l
a sti
cb end ingtheo ry:
σm, a, =
M
Z
a
whe re :
σm, a, ma xi
muma pp l
iedbe nd ings tresspa r
a l
leltot hegr ai
n,
Mama ximu ma pp l
iedb endingmo me n t
,
Ze lastics ectionmo d ulusa b outt hea x i
so fbend i
ng( us uall
yt hex −xa x i
s).
Thep ermiss ibl
eb e nd ings tres sisgi ve nb y:
σm, adm, =σ m, g, K2×K3×K6×K7×K8
whe r e
:
σm, g, gr ad eb e nd ings tres sp ara l
leltothegr ain,
K2, K3, K6, K7a ndK8a remo difi
c ati
o nfac t
orsus edwhe na p prop ri
a t
e( seeT a b l
e7.1a nd
Sec ti
on7. 4). No te:K6=1. 0f orr ec t
a ngul arcross -sections.
σm, a, m,a dm,
7.7.3De f
lection( Cla us e2. 10.7)
I
nt hea bsenc eo fa nys p ec i
a lreq uireme ntsford e f
lectioninb uil
d i
ngs , i
tisc us toma ryto
ado pta na rb i
traryl imi tingv alueb ase do ne x
p erienc ea ndgo odp rac t
ice .The
reco mme nd edv aluea do pte dinBS526 8: Part2i s(0.003×s p an)whe nf ullylo aded. I
n
thec as eo fd ome s t
icf lo orj oistst he reisa na dditional recomme nd ati
o no flimi t
ing
deflectiontol es st ha no re q ual to14mm.
The selimi t
a ti
onsa r ei nte nd edt omi nimi zether isko f cracking /dama get ob rittl
e
fi
nis hes( e.
g. pla ste redc eilings )
, uns i
ght l
ys aggi ngo rund esirab l
ev ibra t
ionund e rdynamic
l
o ading. Thema gni tud eo fthea ctua ldeflecti
oni nd uce db ythea ppliedl oad i
ngc anb e
estima tedus i
ngt hec o effi
c ientsgi ve ninAp pend ix1o rthee q uivalent uniforml oad
techniq ued e scribe di nSe c tion1. 7o fCha p t
er1.
Thec al
culat edd efle ctionf o rs olidb ea msi sus ua ll
yb as edont heb e ndinga cti
o no fthe
bea mi gno ringt hee ffec tso f she ard eflecti
on( thisisc o nsider edwhe nd es i
gni ngp l
y-web
bea msi nSe cti
o n7. 8) .
δactua l≤0 .003×s p ana nd
≤14mmf ord ome sticf l
o orj oists
7.7.4Be ari
ng( Cl aus e2. 10. 2)
Theb eha v
io uro ftimb e rund ert hea cti
ono fc
onc entratedl o
a d s,e.g. atpo siti
o nso f
sup port,isc omp l
e xa ndi nf l
ue nc edb yb oththel engt ha ndlo ca t
iono ftheb e aring,as
sho wni nF igu r
e s7. 10( a )a nd( b). Thegr ad estre ssfo rc omp ress i
o np erpe nd i
c ulartothe
graini sus edt od e te rmi net hep e rmi ssiblebea rings tress.
Thea ct
ua lb earings tre ssi sd e termi ne dfrom:
σc ,
a ,⊥=
P
Ab
whe r e
:
Pa pp l
iedc o ncent ra tedl o ad ,
Aba ct
ua lbe aringa re ap rovid ed.
σc ,
a ,⊥ c ,
ad m,⊥
Thea ct
ua lb earinga re ai st hene ta reao fthec o ntacts urfacea nda l
lowa nc emus tbe
ma d efora nyr ed uc tioni nt hewi d tho fb eari
ngd uet owa ne,a ss howni nF i
gur e7.11. I
n
ti
mb ere ngine ering, piec eso fwo o dwi thwa nea r efreq uentl
yno t use da ndc o ns equentl
y
thisc ano ft
e nb ei gno re d.
CODEUSE DI NDE SIGN
Struc t
ur alus eo ftimb e rBS5368;p art2,2002c odeo fpra cti
c ef orp ermi s sibles t
reedesi
gn,
ma te r
ialsa ndwo r kma ns hipi sus ed