3 - Channel Structure and Function 43

Channel Structure and Function
ZTE University
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Objectives
At the end of this course, you will be able to master:

Ø Classification of channels
Ø Structure and Function of channels

Content
Classification of channels
Structure and Function of channels
Physical layer procedure

Architecture of UMTS
CN
Iu Iu
RNS RNS
Iur
RNC RNC
Iub Iub Iub Iub
NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB
UE

Channel Type
UE
n Physical channel
Node B RNC
n Transport channel
n Logical channel Logical channel
Transport channel
Physical channel

Concept of channel
RLC layer
Logical channel L2
MAC layer
Transport channel
PHY layer L1
Physical channel

Channel Type
n Logical channels:
„ Describe what is transported (i.e., the information to be
transmitted)
n Transport channels:
„ Describe how the logical channels are to be transmitted.
n Physical channels:
„ Represent the “transmission media” providing the platform
through which the information is actually transferred.

Protocol stack of the Uu interface

GC Nt DC
D u p li c a tio n a v o id a n c e
GC Nt DC
U uS b ou nd ary
C -p la n e s ig n a llin g U -p la n e in fo r m a t io n
RRC c o n tr o l L3
R a d io
control
control
control
control
B earers
PDCP
PDCP L 2 /P D C P
BM C
L 2 /B M C
RLC R LC L 2 /R L C
RLC R LC
RLC RLC
RLC R LC
L o g ic a l
C h a n n e ls
MAC L 2 /M A C
T ran sp o rt
C h a n n e ls
PHY L1

Logical Channels
Control Channel (CCH) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)
Paging Control Channel (PCCH)
Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)
Common Control Channel (CCCH)
Traffic Channel (TCH) Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)
Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)

Transport Channel
Common Transport Channels Broadcast Channel (BCH)

Paging Channel (PCH)
Random Access Channel (RACH)
Forward Access Channel (FACH)
Common Packet Channel (CPCH)
Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)
Dedicated Transport Channels Dedicated Channel (DCH)

Physical Channel
Uplink Physical Channels Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)
Downlink Physical Channels Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)
Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)

Mapping relationship
Uplink Downlink
DCCH DCCH
Logic CCCH DTCH PCCH BCCH CCCH CTCH
DTCH
Channel
Transport
Channel RACH CPCH DCH PCH BCH FACH DSCH DCH

Mapping relationship
Transport Channels Physical Channels
DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)

Dedicated Physical Control Channel (DPCCH)
RACH Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
CPCH Physical Common Packet Channel (PCPCH)
Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)
BCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel (P-CCPCH)
FACH Secondary Common Control Physical Channel (S-CCPCH)
PCH
Synchronization Channel (SCH)
DSCH Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)
Page Indication Channel (PICH)

Content

WCDMA frame structure

Physical Channels(1)
n The physical channel is in a 3-layer structure by the time:

„ Superframe
Ÿ One superframe lasts 720ms, and consists of 72 radio frames.
„ radio frame
Ÿ One radio frame has a period of 10ms, and comprises 15

timeslots with the same length. Corresponding to 38400 chips,
it is a basic unit of the physical layer.
„ Timeslot
Ÿ A timeslot is a unit composed of a bit domain, corresponding

to 2560 chips. The bit number and structure of a timeslot
depends on the specific type of the physical channel.

Physical Channels(2)
n The frame structure of the physical channels is shown:
Ttimeslot= 2560 chip
Tslot #1 Tslot #2 Tslot #I Tslot #15
Tframe=10 ms
Frame #0 Frame #1 Frame #I Frame #71
Tsuperframe=720 ms

Uplink physical channel
n 2 UL Dedicated physical channel (DPDCH and DPCCH)
n 2 UL Common physical channel (PRACH and PCPCH)
Dedicated physical
Control channel DPCCH
UL Dedicated physical
Dedicated physical DPDCH channel
data channel
Physical random PRACH
Access channel
UL Common physical
Physical common PCPCH channel
Packet channel

Uplink Dedicated physical channel

PRACH
n Physical Random Access Channel

„ PRACH consists preamble part and message part
„ Random access transmit 1or more 4096 chips length preambles and 10ms
or 20ms length message part.
Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part
4096 chips 10 ms (one radio frame)
Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part
4096 chips 20 ms (two radio frames)

PRACH transmitted structure

PRACH
n Physical Random Access Channel

„ 10ms message part is split into 15 timeslots, each timeslot consists of
2560chips.
„ Each timeslot includes data part and control part. They are transmitted in
parallel .
„ Data part :SF=32~256 , control part: SF=256.
Data
Data Ndata bits
Pilot TFCI
Control Npilot bits NTFCI bits
Tslot = 2560 chips, 10*2k bits (k=0..3)
Slot #0 Slot #1 Slot #i Slot #14
Message part radio frameRACH

T = 10 ms

Downlink physical channel
n DL physical channel include Dedicated physical channel、1 Shared

physical channel and five Common control channels.
SCH
CPICH
PICH
DL common physical AICH

channel
CCPCH
PDSCH
DPCH

Downlink dedicated physical channel

CPICH

CPICH
n There is 2 types of CPICH:P-CPICH and S-PICH

n P-CPICH:
„ P-CPICH of different cell uses the same Cch,256,0 OVSF code to spread ,the
bit rate of P-CPICH is also fixed.
„ The P-CPICH is scrambled by the primary scrambling code.
„ There is one and only P-CPICH per cell.
„ The P-CPICH is broadcast over the entire cell. it is used to search cell primary
scrambling code during cell selection procedure. And it is also used for
measurement and estimation during handover, cell selection and cell re-
selection.
n S-CPICH:
„ A arbitrary channelization code of SF=256 is used for the S-CPICH.
„ A S-CPICH is scrambled by either the primary or a secondary scrambling code.
„ There may be 0,1 or several S-CPICH per cell.
„ A S-CPICH may be transmitted over the entire cell or part of the cell. It is may
be a phase reference for a dl DPCH, but it is decided by high layer signalling.

P-CCPCH

SCH (1)
n The Synchronization Channel (SCH) is a downlink signal used for cell

search.
n The SCH consists of two sub channels, the Primary and Secondary
SCH.
n The 10 ms radio frames of the Primary and Secondary SCH are
divided into 15 slots, each of length 2560 chips.
Structure of synchronization channel

SCH (2)
n P-SCH
„ The Primary SCH consists of a modulated code of length 256
chips. The modulated code need not spreading and scrambling.
„ The primary synchronization code (PSC) is transmitted once every
slot
„ The PSC is the same for every cell in the system.
n S-SCH
„ The Secondary SCH consists of repeatedly transmitting a length
15 sequence of modulated codes of length 256 chips.
„ the Secondary Synchronization Codes (SSC), transmitted in
parallel with the Primary SCH.
„ Each SSC is chosen from a set of 16 different codes of length 256.
„ This sequence on the Secondary SCH indicates which of the code
groups the cell's downlink scrambling code belongs to.

S-CCPCH

PICH
n PICH carries PI（Page Indication），SF=256，radio frame=10ms，

consists 300bits，288 bits for paging indication，12 bits Tx Off。
n PICH relates to S-CCPCH which mapping to PCH。
12 bits (transmission
288 bits for paging indication off)
b0 b1 b287 b288 b299
One radio frame (10 ms)
PICH frame structure

Content

Cell Search
n UE has to get the system information before it registers with

the network and access to services.
n The system information is beared in the BCH channel, and

its data is mapped into the Primary CCPCH.
n So the cell search procedure is mainly to decode the data of

P-CCPCH.

Cell search procedure (1)
n The cell search is typically carried out in three steps:
n Step1: Slot synchronization

„ During the first step of the cell search procedure the UE uses the
SCH channel's primary synchronization code to acquire slot
synchronization to a cell.
„ This is typically done with a single matched filter (or any similar
device) matched to the primary synchronization code which is
common to all cells. The slot timing of the cell can be obtained by
detecting peaks in the matched filter output.

Sketch of Slot Synchronization

n Step2: Frame synchronization and code-group identification

„ During the second step of the cell search procedure, the UE uses the
SCH channel's secondary synchronization code to find frame
synchronization and identify the code group of the cell found in the first
step.
„ This is done by correlating the received signal with all possible
secondary synchronization code sequences, and identifying the
maximum correlation value. Since the cyclic shifts of the sequences
are unique the code group as well as the frame synchronization is
determined.

Downlink Scrambling Code Grouping
No.63 Primary Scrambling Code Group

……
No. 511 Scrambling Code Group
No.0 Primary Scrambling Code Group
8176 8176：PSC
No. 7 Code
No. 510 Scrambling Scrambling
GroupCode Group
8177 8177：SSC
…112 8176：PSC
8160 8160：主扰码
… No. 1 Scrambling Code Group
No. 504 Scrambling
113 Code
8177：辅扰码 Group
8191
8161 8161：辅扰码
8191：SSC 16 16：PSC
…
8064 8064：主扰码 …
… No. 0 Scrambling Code Group
8065 8065：辅扰码 17 17：SSC
8175 8175：辅扰码127 8191：辅扰码
0 0：PSC
… …
1 1：SSC
8079 8079：辅扰码 31 31：SSC
…
15 15：SSC

Mapping of the Secondary Synchronization Code

n Step3: Scrambling-code identification

„ During the third and last step of the cell search procedure, the UE
determines the exact primary scrambling code used by the cell.
„ The primary scrambling code is typically identified through symbol-
by-symbol correlation over the CPICH with all codes within the
code group identified in the second step.
n After the primary scrambling code has been identified, the

Primary CCPCH can be detected so that the cell specific
BCH information can be read.

Cell search procedure

Summary of the process
Synchronization
Channel Note
acquired
Primary SCH Chip, Slot, Symbol Synchronization 256 chips

Synchronization The same in all cells
15-code sequence of secondary synchronization

codes. There are 16 secondary synchronization
Frame Synchronization,
Secondary codes. There are 64 S-SCH sequences
Code Group
SCH corresponding to the 64 scrambling code groups
(one of 64)
256 chips, different for different cells and slot
intervals
Common Scrambling code (one of 8) To find the primary scrambling code from common
Pilot CH pilot CH
PCCPCH Synchronization, Fixed 30 kbps channel spreading factor 256

BCCH info

RACH procedure
n UE decodes BCH to find out the available RACH sub-channels and their
scrambling codes and signatures
n It selects randomly one of the available sub-channels and signatures
n The downlink power is measured and the initial RACH power level is set
with a proper margin due to open loop inaccuracy
n UE transmits 1 ms long preamble with the selected signature
n Node B replies by repeating the preamble using Acquisition Indication
Channel (AICH)
n UE decodes AICH message to see whether the NodeB has detected the
preamble
„ If AICH is not detected, the preamble is resend with 1 dB higher transmit power
„ If AICH is detected, a 10 or 20 ms long message part is transmitted with the
same power as the last preamble

RACH procedure

3 - Channel Structure and Function 43

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Channel Structure and Function

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At the end of this course, you will be able to master:

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Iub Iub Iub Iub

NodeB NodeB NodeB NodeB

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n Logical channel Logical channel

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Protocol stack of the Uu interface

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Control Channel (CCH) Broadcast Control Channel (BCCH)

Paging Control Channel (PCCH)

Dedicated Control Channel (DCCH)

Common Control Channel (CCCH)

Traffic Channel (TCH) Dedicated Traffic Channel (DTCH)

Common Traffic Channel (CTCH)

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Common Transport Channels Broadcast Channel (BCH)

Forward Access Channel (FACH)

Common Packet Channel (CPCH)

Downlink Shared Channel (DSCH)

Dedicated Transport Channels Dedicated Channel (DCH)

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Uplink Physical Channels Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)

Downlink Physical Channels Common Pilot Channel (CPICH)

Synchronization Channel (SCH)

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)

Acquisition Indication Channel (AICH)

Page Indication Channel (PICH)

Dedicated Physical Channel (DPCH)

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Transport Channels Physical Channels

DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel (DPDCH)

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WCDMA frame structure

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n The physical channel is in a 3-layer structure by the time:

Ÿ One superframe lasts 720ms, and consists of 72 radio frames.

Ÿ One radio frame has a period of 10ms, and comprises 15

Ÿ A timeslot is a unit composed of a bit domain, corresponding

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n The frame structure of the physical channels is shown:

Ttimeslot= 2560 chip

Tslot #1 Tslot #2 Tslot #I Tslot #15

Frame #0 Frame #1 Frame #I Frame #71

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Uplink physical channel

n 2 UL Dedicated physical channel (DPDCH and DPCCH)

n 2 UL Common physical channel (PRACH and PCPCH)

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Uplink Dedicated physical channel

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n Physical Random Access Channel

Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part

4096 chips 10 ms (one radio frame)

Preamble Preamble Preamble Message part

4096 chips 20 ms (two radio frames)