Index

1. Introduction………………………………………………………………. 1
2. Topics……………………………………………………………………… 2
3. Switches…………………………………………………………………… 3
3.1 Types of Switches (Rating) ………..………………………………..…. 3
3.2 Types of Switches (operation) …………………..………………….…. 4
4. Sockets……………………………………………………………………... 5
4.1 Types of Sockets ………………………………………………………. 6
5. Plugs…………………………………………………………………….….. 7
5.1 Types of Plugs………………………………………………………….. 7
6. Lamp Holder……………………………………………………………….. 9
6.1 Types of Lamp Holder……………………………………………….. 11
7. Support Modules………………………………………………………….. 14
7.1 Various Support Modules…………………………………………….. 14
8. House wiring……………………………………………………………… 18
8.1 Factor Affecting the Choice of Wiring………………………………... 18
8.2 Types of wiring System……………………………………………….. 19
8.2.1 Cleat Wiring System……………………………………………. 20
8.2.2 CTS Wiring System…………………………………………….. 22
8.2.3 Metal or Lead Sheathed Wiring System………………………... 23
8.2.4 Casing and Capping Wiring System……………………………. 25
8.2.5 Conduit Wiring System…………………………………………. 26
8.2.6 Specification of Wires…………………………………............... 27

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 Introduction
Survey means analysis of different things of different company. Our topic on the workshop
and survey is “material required in house wiring”. In this we concentrate mainly on switches,
sockets, conduit metal boxes, and wires. We visit the various electrical shops and collect data in
catalogues. In this report, we compare them based on their ratings, standard packing and prices.
Different company Havel’s, Anchor, Riya, Fine etc. are taken for comparison, its help us to select
that which brand is best with respect to other brands in all aspects either economically or on the
quality basis. One purpose of market survey is also keep up-to-date about the developments in all
products. By the market survey, one can easily make estimate about the total approximate cost of
any project beforehand. So market survey play an integral role for an Electrical Engineer.

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 Topics

To study several of types of domestic wiring components such as:

 Switches
 Sockets
 Plugs
 Lamp Holders
 Support Modules
 Cables

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 Switches
A switch is used in a wired network to connect to other devices using Ethernet cables. The switch
allows each connected device to talk to the others. Wireless-only networks do not use switches
because devices such as wireless routers and adapters communicate directly with one another.

Although you can use the ports on the back of a router or modem to connect a few Ethernet devices
together. There are many types of switches such as:-

 Mechanical switch
 Electro-mechanical switch
 Electronic switch

The simplest type of switch is one where two electrical conductors are brought in contact with
each other by the motion of an actuating mechanism. Other switches are more complex,
containing electronic circuits able to turn on or off depending on some physical stimulus (such
as light or magnetic field) sensed. In any case, the final output of any switch will be (at least) a
pair of wire-connection terminals that will either be connected together by the switch’s internal
contact mechanism (“closed”), or not connected together (“open”).

Based on operation, they are mainly there types which are follow:-

1. One-way Switch:
A one way switch is a basic electrical device used to operate any household electrical or
electronic equipment. It works on the principle of make or break. That u may either connect
or disconnect a device (say a bulb) by help of it from the electrical circuit.

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2. Two-way Switch:
A two way switch is a bit different. It can connect one point to the electrical circuit and
disconnect the other at the same time. Assume two points A and B in a circuit. When A is
connected, B is disconnected and vice versa. It has its applications like operating a same
bulb in a room from two different locations.

3. Bell Push button:

An electrical switch operated by pressing; "the elevatorwas operated by push buttons"; "t
he push beside the bed operated a buzzer at the desk"

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 Sockets
A power socket is a device to which electrical devices can be connected to receive
the electric current required for their operation. Connected by a system of cables to a
power sources, usually an electricity generation facility operated by an energy production
company, it generally has no moving parts. Instead, it contains metal strips which make
contact with prongs of an electric plug inserted into the socket. It’s through this contacts
that the electric current is transmitted.

Electrical devices which connect to a power

source through a power socket are considered to be portable because they can easily be
connected and disconnected from the power source. Portable electric devices have a
length of cable terminating in a two, three or four prong plug. When the plug is inserted
into a power socket, a circuit is completed. Every power socket thus needs at least to slots
one with a live or “hot” contact strip to transmit current to the device being plugged in,
and one to return the current.

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 TYPES OF SOCKETS
i. 2- pin socket: As the name implies, it consists of two pins or holes in witch
2-pin plug is inserted. It is mainly used in case of light load. Its contact are made
of copper alloys. These are made of different shapes. These are used for small
loads.

Ratings: - 6A/240V/50Hz.
ii. 3- Pin socket: From its name, it is cleared that it consists of three pins or holes
in which 3- pin plugs are inserted. These are better than 2 pin socket from safety
point a view. Because it has three pins. The third pin has greater diameter as
compared to two other pins. It is used for earthing purpose. In case of fault, it may
be short circuited, then under such condition.

Ratings
1. 6A/240V/50Hz
2. 10A/240V/50Hz
3. 16A/240V/50H
iii. 5- pin socket: From its name, it is cleared that it consist of 5 pins or hole, into
which in which 3 pin or 2 pin plugs are inserted. It is a combination of 2- pins or 3-
pins according to requirement. These type of sockets are most widely used. Today,
we can use many auxiliaries by using single 5- pin socket.

Ratings
1. 6A/240V/50Hz
2. 10A/240V/50Hz
3. 16A/240V/50Hz
iv. Multi- pin socket: With the multi socket, we can connect no. of appliances
having different type of plug of any pin type by same switch. We can control all
the appliances connected to multi socket just by one switch. And known as
UNIVERSAL socket.

Ratings
1. 6A/240V/50Hz
2. 10A/240V/50Hz
3. 16A/240V/50Hz

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 Plugs

An AC power plug is a portable electrical Connector which consists at the minimum of two metal
contact prongs designed to make contact with matching points connected to a power Supply,
usually contained in a protected electrical outlet. Except for the Actual metal contacts an AC
power plug is protected by an insulated Grip that's designed for ease of insertion into, or
extraction from Power outlet. Power is transmitted from the plug to the device by means Of an
insulated cable.
AC power plugs, and the outlets they plug into, conform to the electrical codes
of the nation they're located in, which vary greatly from one nation to another and considerable
debate exists as to the efficacy of each. They all have at least two prongs one called “live" or
“hot." and a second prong. Usually called “neutral" or “cold." Many have a third prong. Which
conducts current only in the case of insulation failure in the device. These prongs fit in to the slots
on the electrical outlet and make contact with metal elements inside the outlet that are wired in
to corresponding components of the electrical system.

Types of Plugs:
1. 2-Pin 6A/ 240V
2. 2-Pin 16A/ 240 v
3. 3-Pin Triangular Pin 6A/ 240 v
4. 3-Pin Triangular Plug 16a/ 240v

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 COMPARISION OF VARIOUS TYPES OF PLUGS

S No. ITEMS HAVELLS LEGEND FINE

1. 2-Pin Plug 45.00 23.00 22.50
6a/240v/ 50Hz

2. 2-Pin Plug 55.00 27000 28.00

16A/240v/ 50Hz

3. 3-Pin Plug 60.00 31.00 31.00

6A/ 240v/ 50Hz
4. 3-Pin Plug 80.00 46.00 56.00
16A/ 240v/ 50 Hz

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 Lamp Holder

Light bulbs are inserted m Light Bulb Sockets usually known as Lamp Holders, which provide
electrical connections to the bulb and support it in the lighting fixture. At the end of life of bulb
to change power color lighting technology etc., the use of lamp holders allows the lamps to be
change safely and conveniently. There are many different standards for these sockets created by
de facto and by various standards bodies. A general coding system is a letter or abbreviation
followed by a number. Some miniature lamps have wire leads suitable for direct connection to
wires; some reflector lamps have screw terminals for wire connections.
The function of Lamp
Holder less to support Lamp and to connect it electrically to the supply terminals. Generally lamp
holders are made of Bakelite with solid Brass plungers which touch with the cap of lamp that less
made of Brass with porcelain insulation between two Brass plungers. Brass holders are most
durable but may give a shock In case the connections are loose. The switch controls the lamp
holders. These are of different type or sizes of lamps are available in circuits for the connection
of different type of lamp we use different type of lamp holders.

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10
 Types of Lamp Holders
I. Batten Holders: There are Variety of batten type lamp holders in the market such
as:

A. Straight Batten Lamp Holder Fitted with A ‘Short Shied’: This shield provides
protection against touching of lamp cap. The batten holder has no back plate and
hence it cannot be mounted directly on a surface without use of a box or base. Batten
Lamp Holders may have two or three terminals present.

B. Angle lamp Holder: These type of lamp holders available at short and long shield.
The long shield provides better protection against touching of lamp. They have limited
use in a modern installation.

C. Pendant lamp Holder: This type of lamp holder is used where pendant or hanging
type lightning is required. Electrical structure or same function as compared to other
lamp holder but mechanically. There is a change as compared to other lamp holders.
At a time, there is only one lamp can placed or fit in it.

Ratings of Lamps Inserted In It:

1. 100w, 200w, 40w Lamp/ 220v/ 50Hz
2. 15w, 18w, 40w,

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12
 VARIOUS TYPES OF LAMP HOLDER

S No. ITEMS HAVELLS LEGEND SSK

1. Batten Lamp Holder 50.00 20.00 25.00

2. Jumbo Batten lamp Holder 60.00 35.00 35.00

3. Angel Lamp Holder 60.00 20.00 30.00

4. Pendent Lamp Holder 45.00 25.00 25.00

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 Support Modules

It our daily life, we use another suppott modules in the switch boards like fall regulatory Lamp Dimmer
Telephone jack, TV outlet and LAN outlet.

I. Various support Modules: Fan Regulator: In order to control or regulator the speed of
the Fan, Fan Regulator is used. There are many type of fan regulators are available in the
market like Electronic Fan Regulator is most widely used today. By using them we can
control the speed off fan in steps. Its size is almost equal to other domestic auxiliaries like
switch or simple electrical socket.
II. Lamp Dimmer: Dimmers are devise used to vary the brightness of a light. By decreasing
or increasing the RMS voltage and hence the mean power to the lamp, it is possible to
vary the intensity of the light output. Although variable-voltage devious are used for
various Purpose. The term dimmer is generally reserved for those intendant to control
light output from resistive Incandescent, halogen, and (more recently) compact
fluorescent lights (CFLs) and light-emitting diodes (LEDs). More specialized equipment
needed to dim fluorescent, mercury vapor, solid state and other are lighting.
Dimmers range in size from small units the size of a light switch used for
domestic lighting to high power units used in large theater are architectural lighting
installations. Small domestic dimmers are generally directly controlled, although remote
control systems (such as X10) are available.
III. TV Outlet: This provides the accommodation for the aerial connection. This is installed in
the switchboard. In case of concealed conduit wiring, this type of outlet cannot project
out of the surface. On this outlet, one end of the flexible cable is connected to the TV.
IV. Telephone Jack: it is another outlet which is installed in switch board in order to provide
the connection to Telephone. Normally RJ-45 jack is used for this purpose. Its size is
almost equal to the single or two way switches. One or more points are available in a
single jack.

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V. Indicator: The purpose of the indicator is show the presence of electricity. Mostly red
color indicator is used. Depending upon the equality and type of light used. Its price may
vary. This indicator is mostly turn ON at all times, so it should be such that it consume less
power.
VI. Cover Plates: Whether looking for classic western look. Cover plate covers the whole sets
of switches and sockets. These plates are provided extra ordinary look to your house.
These plates are made of insulating material mostly P.V.C (poly vinyl chloride) is used.
They do not have electrical connection with wiring they just provide pleasant look.
Different manufactures made different types of cover plats. According to the no. of
switches and sockets, these are made of different types and sizes.

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Different Types of Cover Plates:

a) One-Module: In the domestic wiring where one switch is used, this cover plate is used for
different types or sizes of switches depend upon their manufacturer's plates are made of
different sizes.
b) Two-Module: In the domestic wiring where two switch is used, this cover plate is used
for different types or sizes of switches depend upon their manufacturer's plates are made
of different sizes.
c) Three-Module: In the domestic wiring where three switch is used, this cover plate is used.
For different types or sizes of switches depend upon their manufacturer's plates are made
of different sizes.
d) Four-Module: In the domestic wiring where four switch is mused, this cover plate is used
for different types or sizes of switches depend upon their manufacturer's plates are made
of different sizes.
e) Six-Module: In the domestic wiring where six switch is used, this cover plate is used For
different types or sizes of switches depend upon their manufacturer's plates are made of
different sizes
f) Eight-Module: In the domestic wiring where eight switch is used, this cover plate is used
for different types or sizes of switches depend upon their manufacturer's plates are made
of different sizes.
g) Twelve-Module: In the domestic wiring where twelve switch is used, this cover plate is
used for different types or sizes of switches depend upon their manufacturer's plates are
made of different sizes.
h) Multi-Module: In the domestic wiring where many or no. of switch is used, this cover
plate is used These points may be consist of switches, sockets for indicator etc. because
in domestic wiring, according to the requirements no. of points are different at different
places, so to overcome this problem we use multi-module cover plate. Multi-Module are
of different sizes or shape.

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COMPARISON OF VARIOUS OF SUPPORT MODULES

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 House Wiring
Electrical wiring is generally refers to insulated conductor used to carry current and associated
device This article describes general aspects of electrical wiring as used to provide power in
buildings and structures, commonly referred to as building wiring.

Types of wiring according to uses

1. Domestic wiring
1 Commercial wiring
3 Industrial wiring

FACTOR AFFECTING THE CHOICE OF WIRING

1. Durability: Type of wiring selected should conform to standard specifications, so that it is
durable i.e. without being affected by the weather conditions, fumes etc.
2. Safety: The wiring must provide safety against leakage, shock and fire hazards for the
operating personnel.
3. Appearance: Electrical wiring should give an aesthetic appeal to the interiors
4. Cost: It should not be prohibitively expensive.
5. Accessibility: The switches and plug points provided should be easily accessible. There
must be provision for further extension of the wiring system, if necessary.
6. Maintenance Cost: The maintenance cost should be a minimum.

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Types of Wiring System
 Cleat Wiring System
 CTS wiring or TRS wiring or batten wiring System
 Metal or lead sheathed wiring System
 Casing and Capping System
 Conduit wiring System

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 Cleat Wiring System

This System uses insulated Cables Sub-protected in

porcelain cleats. CLEAT WIRING SYSTEM is recommended for temporary installations. The cleats
are made in pairs having bottom and top halves. The bottom half is groove to receive the wire
and the top half is for cable grip Initially the bottom and top cleats are fixed on the wall loosely
according to the layout Then the cable is drawn, tensioned and the screw tightens the cleats.
Cleats are of three types, having one, two, or three grooves, to receive one, two, or three wires.
CLEAT WIRING SYSTEM is one of the cheapest wiring
considering the initial cost and labor, and is most suitable for temporary wiring In this system,
wires can be quickly install, easily inspected, and altered When not required, this wiring system
can be easily dismantle without any damage to the cables, cleats, and accessories
All cleats are consist of two parts a base piece and a cap. Cleats
are might be fixed at the distance not more than 50cm apart and at regular intervals.
Where CLEAT WIRING SYSTEM is laid along the iron joist,
porcelain cleats either be inserted with varnished wood fillets or varnished wood clamps securely
fixed to prevent the conductors from coming in contact with the metal along witch they are
passing

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Fixing of Cleats: In ordinary cases, cleats are might be attached to wooden plugs fixed to the
walls.
Distance Apart of Wires: For pressure up to 250 volts, cleats shall be of such dimensions that
in the case of branch loads, conductors shall not be less than 25 cm apart, center to center, and
in the case of sub mains not less than 4 cm apart, center to central Care must be taken in selecting
the size of cleats particularly for branch distribution wiring where three-way and three-way
porcelain cleats are essential and the difference in size shall be reasonable. Care should also be
taken ensure that grooves f porcelain cleats are essential and the difference in size shall be
reasonable. Care should also be taken ensure that grooves of porcelain cleats do not compress
the insulation nor be too wide for a loose fit. Under no circumstances, two wires can be place in
one groove of the porcelain cleats

Advantages

1) Easy installation
2) Materials can be retrieve for reuse.
3) Flexibility provided for inspection, modifications, and expansion.
4) Relatively economical.
5) Skilled labor is not required

Disadvantages

1) Appearance is not good.

2) Open system of wiring requiring regular cleaning.
3) Higher risk of mechanical injury.

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 CTS Wiring System
In this wiring system, wires were sheathed in tough rubber are used which are quite flexible.
They are clip on wooden battens with brass clips (link or joint) and fixed on to the walls or
ceilings by flat head Screws. These cables are moisture and chemical proof. They are suitable
for damp climate but not suitable for outdoor use in sunlight TRS WIRING SYSTEM is suitable for
lighting in low voltage installations

Advantages
1) Easy installation and is durable.
2) Lower risk of short circuit.
3) Cheaper than casing and capping system of wiring.
4) Gives a good appearance if properly erected.

Disadvantages
1) Danger of mechanical injury.
2) Danger of fire hazard.
3) Should not be expose to direct sunlight.
4) Skilled workers are required.

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 Metal or Lead Sheathed Wiring System

This wiring system is similar to that of CTS WIRING SYSTEM but the conductors
(two or three) are individually coveted or insulated with a common outer lead-aluminum alloy
sheath. The sheath protects the cable against dampness, atmospheric extremities, and
mechanical damages. The sheath is earthed at every junction to provide a path to ground for the
leakage current. They are fix by means of metal clips on wooden battens. The wiring system is
very expensive. It is suitable for low voltage installations.

Precautions To Be Taken During Installation:

1. The clips used to fix the cables on battens should not react with the sheath.
2. Lead sheath should be properly earthed to prevent shocks due to leakage currents.
3. Cables should not be run in damp places and in areas where chemicals (may react with
the lead) are used.

Advantages
1. Easy installation and is aesthetic in appearance.
2. Highly durable.
3. Suitable in adverse climatic conditions provided the joints are not exposed.

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Disadvantages
1. Requires skilled labor.
2. Very expensive.
3. Unsuitable for chemical industries.

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 Casing and Capping System
This wiring system consists of insulated conductors laid inside rectangular, teakwood or PVC
boxes having grooves inside it. A rectangular strip of wood called capping having same width as
that of casing is fixed over it Both the CASING and the CAPPTNG are screwed together at every
15 cm. Casing is attached to the wall. Two or more wires of same polarity are drawn through
different grooves. The system is suitable for indoor and domestic installations.

Advantages
1. Cheaper than lead sheathed and conduit Wiring.
2. Provides good isolation, as the conductors are place apart reducing the risk of short
circuit.
3. Easily accessible for inspection and repairs.
4. Since the wires are not expose to atmosphere, insulation is less affected by dust, dirt, and
climatic variations.

Disadvantages
1. Highly inflammable.
2. Termites damage usage of unseasoned wood.
3. Skilled workmanship required.

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 Conduit Wiring System

In this system, PVC (polyvinyl chloride) or VIR cables are passes through metallic or PVC
pipes providing good protection against mechanical injury and fire due to short circuit They are
either embedded inside the walls or supported over the walls, and are known as concealed wiring
or surface conduit wiring (open conduit) respectively. The conduits are buried inside the walls on
wooden gutties and the wires are drawn through them with fish (steel) wires. The system is best
suited for public buildings, industries, and workshops.

Advantages
1. No risk of fire and good protection against mechanical injury.
2. The lead and return wires can be carry in the same tube.
3. Earthing and continuity is assured.
4. Waterproof and trouble shooting is easy.
5. Shock-proof with proper earthing and bonding.
6. Durable and maintenance free.
7. Aesthetic in appearance.

Disadvantages
1. Very expensive system of wiring.
2. Requires good skilled workmanship.
3. Erection is quiet complicated and is time consuming.
4. Risk of short circuit under wet conditions (due to condensation of water in tubes).

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 Specification of Wires

The conductor material, insulation, size and the number of cores,

specifies the electrical wires. These are important parameters as they determine the cur-rent and
voltage handling capability of the wires. The conductors are usually of either copper or aluminum.
Various insulating materials like PVC, IRS, and VIR are used. The wires may be of single strand or
multi strand. Wires with combination of different diameters and the number of cores or strands
are available.

Example: The VIR conductors are specifies as 1/20, 3/22, 7/20.

The numerator indicates the number of strands while the denominator
corresponds to the diameter of the wire in SWG (Standard Wire Gauge). SWG 20 corresponds to
a wire of diameter 0.914mm, while SWG 22 corresponds to a wire of diameter 0737 mm. A 7/0
wire means, it is a 7cored wire of diameter 127mm (0.5 inch). The selection of the wire is
depending on the requirement considering factors like cur-rent and voltage ratings, cost and
application
Example: Application: domestic wiring
1. Lighting, 3/20 copper wire
2 Heating, 7/20 copper wire

27
 The enamel coating (on the individual strands) mutually insulates the
strands and the overall wire is provided with PVC insulation. The current carrying capacity
depends on the total area of the wire. If cost is the criteria then aluminum conductors are
preferred In that case, for the same cur-rent rating much larger diameter of wire is used.

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