DEPARTMENT OF STATISTICS, FACULTY OF SCIENCE,

The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda

Vadodara – 390 002.

SYALLABUS OF B.Sc. STATISTICS PROGRAMME

(Semester wise & Credits based) 2016-2017
SEMESTER-I (Principal / Subsidiary/ Elective)
STA1101C01/ Descriptive Statistics 3 credits
STA1104S01
STA1102C02/ Elements of Probability Theory 3 credits
STA1105S02
STA1103C03/ Statistics Practical-I 2 Credits
STA1106S03
STA1107E01 Elementary Statistics-I
STA1108E02 Elementary Statistics-II
Total 08
SEMESTER –II (Principal / Subsidiary/ Elective)
STA1201C04/ Statistical Methods 3 credits
STA1204S04
STA1202C05 / Probability Distribution 3 credits
STA1205S05
STA1203C06 / Statistics Practical-II 2 Credits
STA1206S06
STA1207E03 Basics of Probability Theory
STA1208E04 Random Variables and Discrete Probability Distributions
Total 08
SEMESTER –III (Principal / Subsidiary/ Elective)
STA1301C07 Application of matrices 4 credits
STA1302C08 Real Analysis –I 3 credits
STA1303C09 Computational methods in matrices 1 Credits
STA1304S07 Statistical Inference 3 Credits
STA1305S08 Probability models 3 credits
STA1306S09 Practicals 2 Credits
STA1317E05 Introduction to Statistical Inference
STA1318E06 Continuous Probability distributions and sampling techniques
SEMESTER –IV(Principal / Subsidiary/ Elective)
STA1411C10 Probability Theory-I 4 credits
STA1412C11 Real Analysis-II 4 credits
STA1414S10 Sampling and Design of Experiments 3 credits
STA1415S11 Economic Statistics 3 Credits
STA1416S12 Practicals 2 Credits
STA1417E07 Statistical Quality Control
STA1418E08 Index Numbers and Time Series Analysis
STA1001F01 Foundations in Statistics-I
STA1002F01 Foundations in Statistics-II

Total 24 credits

1
SEMESTER V
STA1510C13 Demography and Actuarial Statistics 3 credits
STA1502C14 Probability-II 4 credits
STA1503C15 Theory of Estimation 4 credits
STA1504C16 Regression Analysis 4 credits
STA1505C17 Practical-I 2 credits
STA1506C18 Practical-II 2 credits
Total 20 credits
Discipline specific Elective
STA1507E09 Linear Programming 2 credits
Discipline specific Foundation
STA1509F01 Indian Official Statistics 2 credits
Semester VI
STA1601C19 Hypothesis testing 3 credits
STA1602C20 Statistical Quality Control 3 credits
STA1603C21 Design of Experiments 3 credits
STA1604C22 Index numbers and Time Series 3 credits
STA1605C23 Sampling Techniques 3 credits
STA1606C24 Computer Programming 3 credits
STA1607C25 Practical-I 2 credits
STA1608C26 Practical-II 2 credits
STA1609C27 Practical-III 2 credits
Total 24 credits

2
STA1101C01/STA1104S01: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS (3 CREDITS)
UNIT - 1 (18 HRS.)
OBJECTIVE
Students will be able to
 understand methodology & scope of various modes of presentation of data
 understand the relevance & need for calculation of various measures of location,
dispersion symmetry / skewness in data and also their relative advantages &
limitations.

Statistics and its uses in other disciplines, Types of data: Qualitative and
quantitative. discrete and continuous; presentation of data: Frequency tables,
Graphical representation: idea of frequency function.

Various characteristics of frequency curves viz central tendency, dispersion,

skewness and kurtosis, measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion,
moments and measures of skewness and kurtosis. Sheppard's correction for
moments.
UNIT – 2 (15 HRS.)
OBJECTIVE
Students will be able to understand
 The relevance & application of relationship between two variables.

Bivariate data, scatter diagrams, covariance, Karl Pearson's coefficient of

correlation, Rank correlation: Spearman's and Kendall's rank correlation
coefficients; correlation ratio.
UNIT -3 (12 HRS.)
OBJECTIVE
Students will be able
 To develop skill to forecast one variable with the help of other variable.
The regression problem, principle of least squares, linear regression, non-linear
regression talked as linear regression on transformed data, the coefficient of
determination.
SCOPE:
Goon, Gupta and Dasgupta: fundamentals of Statistics, Vol. 1 (2005)
The world press Pvt. Ltd, Kolkata

3
 STA1102C02/STA1105S02: ELEMENTS OF PROBABILITY
THEORY (3- CREDIT)
UNIT - 1 ( 25 HRS.)

OBJECTIVE
 Student will be able to understand the concept of probability & the approach of its
theoretical development.
 Students will be able to make & understand probability statements.
 Students will be able to compute probabilities based on classical definition.

Meaning of probability, various approaches for defining a probability, Statistical

definition (frequency approach), Classical definition, axiomatic definition:
Algebra of sets, Probability on finite sample spaces; properties of probability
measures, Equally likely probability measures, counting techniques.

UNIT - 2 (10 HRS.)

OBJECTIVE

 Students will understand the concept of conditional probability

 Student will be able to distinguish between independent & dependent event.

Conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, Independence of events, Mutual

Independence and pairwise independence.

UNIT – 3 (10 HRS.)

OBJECTIVE

 Students will understand idea of random variables, able to identify random

variables from real life, and also develop the understanding of the probability
distribution of random variable.

Random variables on finite sample spaces, probability distribution of random

variables, joint probability distributions. Conditional probability distributions,
Independence of random variables. moments, transformations of rvs.

SCOPE :
1. Gangoolli and Ylvisaker : Discrete Probability – Harcourt Brace
Jovanorich Inc
2. Feller : An introduction to probability theory and its applications,
vol-I – Asia Publishing house
3. Rohatgi V.K.(2001) : An introduction to probability theory and
mathematical statistics. – A wiley inter science publications.
4. C. L. Chiang: An introduction to stochastic processes and their
applications.
5. Goon, Gupta, Dasgupta : Outline of Statistical theory Vol – I(1970)
The world press pvt. Ltd.

4
B.Sc. SEMESTER-I

ELECTIVE COURSES

STA1107E01: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS-I (2 CREDITS)

UNIT (WEIGHTAGE)

1.(40%) Statistics: Meaning, Scope and Limitations; Collection of data-Primary and

Secondary data, Methods of collecting data; Drafting the Questionnaire;
Classification of data; Tabular presentation of data; Formation of
frequency distribution.

2.(60%) Descriptive statistics, Inferential statistics, Scaling procedures.

Types of data, Diagrammatic representation of data: Stem and leaf
displays,
Histograms, frequency polygons, Box plots, line graphs, pie charts, ogive
curves etc.
Various characteristics of frequency distribution: Central tendency,
Measures of central tendency, Variability, measures of variability, Shape:
skewness, kurtosis. Comparing frequency distributions.

STA1108E02: ELEMENTARY STATISTICS-II (2 CREDITS)

1.(60%) Bivariate data: Introduction to Bivariate data, scatter diagram, computing
Karl Pearson’s r, properties of Pearson’s r, rank correlation: Spearman’s.
Regression problem: Introduction to simple linear regression,
Interpretation of regression coefficient, Properties of regression
coefficient.
Study of attributes and their association, Yule’s coefficient of association.

2.(40%) Multivariate data, Multiple regression, Multiple correlation, partial

correlation
(Discussion restricted to only trivariate case); Their definitions and
meanings.
Case of more than two attributes, multiple association and partial
association,
Association and causal relationship.

(All the results only to be stated not to be proved.)

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Goon, Gupta and Dasgupta-Fundamentals of statistics, Vol-I and Vol-II
2. Sanders, D.H. :Statistics-A first approach, 4th edition, Mcgraw Hill.
3. Clarke and Cooke: A basic course in Statistics, 4th edition, Arnold International.
4. Smith, G.: Introduction to Statistical reasoning, Mcgraw Hill, 1999.

5
STA1201C04/STA1204S04: STATISTICAL METHODS (3 CREDITS)
Unit : 1(18 hrs.)
Objective
 Students will be able to understand the objectives of statistical investigations
& role of influence in fulfilling these objectives.
 Students will be able to analyze both quantitative & quantitative data.

Statistical inference; The problem of point estimation-method of moments, the

problem of hypothesis testing : type-I and type-II errors, level of significance, 2 x 2
contingency tables, Association and independence of attributes, Yule's coefficient of
association, exact test of independence based on hypergeometric distribution.

Unit – 2(15 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will be able to model the real life data using different probability
models.

Fitting of discrete probability Models to the classified data. : Exploring Statistical data
from various disciplines such as Medical science, Agriculture, Social science,
Finance etc. Graphical techniques: comparing shape of theoretical distribution with
empirical distribution (fitting of distribution) non graphical techniques Binomial,
geometric, Negative Binomial, Poisson, discrete uniform

Unit-3(12hrs.)
Objective
 Students will be able to extend their understanding of bivariate analysis to
higher dimensions and also address the additional issues that arise only in
multi dimension setup.

Multivariate data, Multiple regression, Multiple correlation, partial correlation

(Discussion restricted to only trivariate case); Their definitions and meanings.
Case of more than two attributes, multiple association and partial association,
Association and causal relationship.
SCOPE:
1. Goon, Gupta and Dasgupta: fundamentals of statistics, Vol. 1(2005)
The world press Pvt. Ltd. Kolkata

6
 STA1202C05/STA1205S05:PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION (3
CREDITS)
Unit – 1 (15 hrs.)
Objective
 Students will be able to understand the properties & applications of discrete
probability distribution based on finite sample space.

Probability distributions: Discrete uniform distribution, Bernoulli distribution, Binomial

distribution, Hypergeometric distributions.

Unit- 2(15 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will understand the theory of probability suitable for countable
sample spaces

Probability measures and random variables on countable sample spaces, Poisson

distribution, negative binomial distribution, geometric distribution.

Unit- 3(15 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will develop the skill to use mathematical tools such as generating
function in probability theory.

Generating functions: Probability generating functions: its properties, convolutions;

Moment generating functions and its properties. Additive properties of above
mentioned distributions using pgf/mgf.

SCOPE :
1. Gangoolli and Ylvisaker : Discrete Probability – Harcourt Brace
Jovanorich Inc
2. Feller : An introduction to probability theory and its applications, vol-I –
Asia Publishing House.
3. Rohatgi V.K. : an intro. to prob. theory and math. Statistics (2001) A
wiley – inter science publications.
4. C. L. Chiang: An introduction to stochastic processes and their
applications.
5. Goon, Gupta, Dasgupta : Outline of Statistical theory Vol – I (1970) The
world press Pvt. Ltd. Kolkata

7
B.Sc. SEMESTER-II

ELECTIVE COURSE
STA1207E03: BASICS OF PROBABILITY THEORY (2 CREDITS)
Unit 1(50%)
Meaning of probability, various approaches for defining a probability, Statistical
definition (frequency approach), Classical definition, axiomatic definition:
Algebra of sets, Probability on finite sample spaces; properties of probability
measures, Equally likely probability measures, counting techniques.
Unit 2(50%)
Conditional probability, Bayes' theorem, Independence of events, Mutual
Independence and pairwise independence.

STA1208E04:RANDOM VARIABLE AND DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS

(2 CREDITS)
Unit 1(50%)
Random variables on finite sample spaces, probability distribution of random
variables, joint probability distributions. Conditional probability distributions,
Independence of random variables. moments, transformations of rvs.
Unit 2(50%)
Discrete probability models: Binomial, Poisson, Geometric, Negative Binomial;
application of discrete models; Moments of the above distribution.

(All the results only to be stated not be proved)

SCOPE :
1. Gangoolli and Ylvisaker : Discrete Probability – Harcourt Brace
Jovanorich Inc
2. Goon, Gupta and Dasgupta-Fundamentals of statistics, Vol-I.
3. Sanders, D.H. :Statistics-A first approach, 4th edition, Mcgraw Hill.
4. Clarke and Cooke: A basic course in Statistics, 4th edition, Arnold International.
5. Smith, G.: Introduction to Statistical reasoning, Mcgraw Hill, 1999.
6. Goon, Gupta, Dasgupta: Outline of Statistical theory Vol – I(1970)
The world press pvt. Ltd.

8
 STA1301C07: APPLICATION OF MATRICES(4-CREDITS)

Unit – 1 (15 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will understand the nature and properties of different quadratic forms.

Brief review of matrices and basic results. Quadratic forms, positive semi-definite
and positive definite quadratic forms, congruence and index of a symmetric matrix,
characterisation of positive definiteness and semi-definiteness in terms of principle
subdeterminants and also in terms of rank and index, maxima and minima.

Unit – 2(18 hrs.)

Objective
 Students understand the meaning & importance of characteristic roots to
understand the matrices from different perspective.
Characteristic roots and characteristic vectors of a square matrix,algebraic and
geometric multiplicities, conditions under which a matrix is similar to diagonal matrix,
inner products, orthogonality, orthonormal matrices, orthonormal basis, prove that
every real symmetric matrix is similar to a diagonal matrix, simultaneous reduction of
two quadratic forms, determination of dominant characteristic roots, Calay
Hemiltant theorem (without proof), Cochran’s theorem.

Unit - 3(12 hrs.)

Objective
 Students understand the role of matrices in linear transformation of vector
spaces.
Co-ordinates and basis, linear transformations of a vector space, matrix
representative of a linear transformation, change of basis. Orthogonal compliment of
subspace.

Unit – 4(15 hrs.)

Objective
Student
 understands the need of g-inverse, will be able to obtain different types of g-
inverses.
 Will be able to apply the results learned in this course in the discipline of
statistics.
Generalised inverse, an algorithm, left inverse, right inverse their relation to rank of a
matrix solution of linear equations by g-inverse.
Applications of the above theory in statistics-correlation matrices, S.S. & S.P. matrix,
vector valued function, function of vectors, derivative w.r.t. vectors, least squares
equations, contrast amongst means.

SCOPE :
1. The theory of Matrices by Sam. Parlis (1958) Addision – wesley publishing
company Inc.
2. Matrix algebra useful for statistics by Searle (1982) John witey & sons
Reference Book :Elementary matrix algebra by Hohn (1964) – Amerind
Publishing company Pvt. Ltd..

9
Semester-III
STA1302C08: REAL ANALYSIS – I ( 3 Credits)
Objective
 Students will understand the concept of set, functions, sequences series etc.
 Student understands the idea of convergence of sequence of sets and
understands the results analogous to those for sequence & series of
numbers.
 Student understands the basic concepts of calculus.
 Students understands differential calculus for multivariate function.
Unit-1 [10 hrs)
Field, ordered field and their properties; Real field.
Sets, field of sets, σ-field, Borel σ-field, functions, image and inverse image,
countability of a set.
Unit-2 [17 hrs]
Sequences of real numbers, properties of convergent sequences, bounded
sequence, monotone sequence, subsequences, Cauchy sequence,; limit superior
and limit inferior.
Set functions, Sequences of sets and their convergence.
Unit-3 [08 hrs.]
Convergence of series of real numbers, properties of convergent series, various
tests of convergence, absolute convergence, power series.
Unit-4 [10 hrs.]
Limit of a function, continuity and differentiability of functions and related results.
Discontinuities of first and second kind.
REFERENCES:
1. Methods of Real Analysis by R.R.Goldberg (1970) – Oxford & IBH
Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd.
2. Callculus, Vol.II by Tom. Apostal

10
 STA1303C09: COMPUTATIONAL METHODS IN MATRICES (1
CREDIT)
(PRACTICALS)

1. Determination of rank of a matrix

2. Rank , index and signature of a quadratic form.
3. Determination of characteristic roots and vectors.
4. Determination of orthogonal basis
5. Simultaneous reduction of quadratic forms
6. Computation of left inverse, right inverse, g-inverse (algorithms to be decided)
7. Solving system of linear equations
8. Obtaining largest Eigen value of a matrix (algorithm to be added)

11
 STA1304S07: STATISTICAL INFERENCE (3 CREDITS)

Unit-1 (16 hrs.)

Objective
 Student will understand the basic concepts of statistical inference
namely estimation.

Basic principles of statistical Inference, Point Estimation of parameters,

Unbiasedness and minimum variance, consistency and efficiency, Interval
estimation of parameter, Confidence interval and coefficient.
Unit-2(12 hrs.)
Objective
 Student will understand the concepts of testing of hypothesis namely
N-P approach.
Tests of hypothesis, Neyman and Pearson's theory of testing of hypothesis, Tests
and confidence intervals for a univariate normal distribution, comparison of two
univariate normal distributions.
Unit-3(17 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will understand the concepts of linear estimation and
nonparametric test.

Z-transformation of sample correlation, 2 test for independence, Chisquare test for

goodness of fit, Nonparametric tests for randomness, Linear estimation, Gauss-
Markov linear model (for uncorrelated r. v.'s with common variance). Estimable
functions , linear functions belonging to error and BLUES. Least square estimators
and normal equations.

REFERENCES:
(1) Introduction to Mathematical statistics (3rd edition) by Robert V. Hogg,
Allen T. Craig – American publishing Pvt Ltd.
(2) Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol . II (2005) by Goon, Gupta and Dasgupta
– The world press Pvt. Ltd. Kolkata.

12
 STA1305S08 : PROBABILITY MODELS (3 CREDITS)
Unit–1(20 hrs.)
Objective
Students
 Will understand the concept of probability & probability distribution discrete as
well as continuous.
 Will be able to compute joint distribution, marginal distribution.
 Will understand the concept of moments and moment generating function.

Probability and probability distribution. The class of events. Idea of a general

probability space, probabilities on subsets of the real line, distribution functions,
discrete and absolutely continuous distributions, probability distribution on two and n-
dimensional spaces, The discrete and the absolutely continuous cases for
multivariate distributions, Random variable on a general probability space,
Distribution of a random variable, Joint distribution of several random variables,
Expectations, Moments , Moment generating functions, Covariance,
Uncorrelatedness and independence, Schwartz's inequality, Multinomial distribution
and its properties.

Unit-2(12 hrs.)
Objective
Students will
 Understand the concept of normal distribution with properties & applications.
 Study Weak law of large numbers and central limit theorem.

The normal distribution, its moment generating function and additive property, The
normal approximation to the binomial and the hypergeometric distributions, The
Week law of large numbers for i . i. d random variables with finite variance. The
statement of the central limit theorem for independent and identically distributed
random variables.

Unit-3(13 hrs.)
Objective
Students will
 Study continuous distribution with properties & applications.
 Study sampling distributions.

Gamma distribution , Exponential distribution, Beta-I and II, Relation between Beta
and Gamma distribution.
The chisquare distribution and its relation to the normal distribution, The t and F
distributions

REFERENCES:
1. Introduction to Mathematical statistics (3rd edition) by Robert V. Hogg,
Allen T. Craig – American publishing Pvt. Ltd.
2. Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol. II (2005) by Goon, Gupta and Dasgupta –
The world press Pvt. Ltd.

13
 ELECTIVE COURSE
STA1317E05: INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICAL INFERENCE (2 Credits)

1.(50%) Basic principles of statistical Inference, Point Estimation of parameters,

Unbiasedness and minimum variance, consistency and efficiency,
Interval estimation of parameter, Confidence interval and coefficient.

2.(50%) Elements of Hypothesis Testing , Type I and Type II Errors , level of

significance, One- and Two-Tailed Tests ,P value and its interpretation,
Steps in Hypothesis Testing,

STA1318E06: CONTINUOUS PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTIONS AND SAMPLING

TECHNIQUES (2 Credits)
Unit(weightage)

1.(50%) Continuous probability distributions; joint, conditional and marginal

distributions, moments of continuous random variables; Continuous
probability models: Exponential, Normal; applications of continuous
models, moments of continuous models.

2.(50%) Random sampling, sampling from finite population; SRSWR and

SRSWOR, Stratified sampling.
Sampling distributions, Chi-square distribution, Student’s t – distribution, F
distribution; central limit theorem (only statement) and its applications.

(All the results only to be stated not to be proved.)

Reference Books:
1. Goon, Gupta and Dasgupta-Fundamentals of statistics, Vol-I.
2. Sanders, D.H. :Statistics-A first approach, 4th edition, Mcgraw Hill.
3. Clarke and Cooke: A basic course in Statistics, 4th edition, Arnold
International.
4. Smith, G.: Introduction to Statistical reasoning, Mcgraw Hill, 1999.
5. Introduction to Mathematical statistics (3rd edition) by Robert V. Hogg, Allen T.
Craig – American publishing Pvt Ltd.

14
 STA1401C10: PROBABILITY THEORY-I (3-CREDITS)

Unit-1(15 hrs.)
Objective
Student will
 Understand the concept of probability measure on R
 Understand the concept of pmf, p.d.f., distribution function with properties.

Uncountable sample spaces, class of events, R as a sample space, probability

measure on uncountable sample spaces -specifically on R. Random variables on a
general probability space, probability distributions of random variables, specification
of probability distributions in terms of (i) probability mass function (ii) probability
density function and (iii) distribution function.

Unit-2(8 hrs.)
Objective
 Students will study the moments & transformation of r.v.s.
Expectation, moments, Chebyshev’s inequality, Transformation of random variables.

Unit-3(12 hrs.)
Objective
 Students will study the univariate continuous distribution, their properties and
applications

Univariate continuous distributions: Uniform distribution, exponential distribution,

Normal distribution, Gamma distribution, Beta distribution, Cauchy distribution.

Unit-4(10 hrs.)
Objective

Students will
 Study Bivariate normal distribution & truncated distribution.
 Study transformation of r.v’s in Bivarate setup.

Joint probability distributions: Multivariate uniform distribution (Geomatric

probability), Bivariate normal distribution; marginal probability distribution,
conditional probability distribution. Independence of random variables,
Truncated distributions (Binomial, Poisson, Normal).

Transformation of random variables in a Bivariate set-up. Inter-relationship between

probability distributions discussed earlier.

SCOPE:
1 Modern Probability Theory and its applications (1972) by E.Parzen –
Wiley eastern Pvt. Ltd.
2 Advanced Probability theory by J.Galambos

15
 STA1412C11: REAL ANALYSIS – II ( 4 Credits)
OBJECTIVE
 Student understands the basic concepts of calculus.
 Student will study the concept of metric space, and basic topology
 Students will study the concepts of continuity in more general setup of
metric spaces
 Students will study sequence & series of functions.
 Students will study integration & differentiation of sequence & series of
function.

Unit-1 [15 Hrs.)

Riemann and Riemann-Stieltjes integrals, related results;
Multivariate functions, continuity and differentiability and integrability of multivariate
functions. (only ideas)
Unit-2 [20 Hrs.]
Metric spaces, open and closed sets, connected sets, compact sets.
Continuity of function, continuity and compactness, continuity and connectedness,
uniform continuity , Discontinuity.
Unit-3 [10 Hrs.]
Sequences and series of functions, point-wise converge and uniform convergence,
Unit-4 [15 Hrs.]
Integration and differentiation of series of functions, function expressible as a
power series.
REFERENCES:
1. Methods of Real Analysis by R.R.Goldberg (1970) – Oxford & IBH
Publishing Company Pvt. Ltd.
2. Principles of Mathematical Analysis by W.Rudin- Mgraw hill book company.

16
 STA1414S10: SAMPLING & DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS
(3 CREDITS)

Unit-1(10 hrs.)

Objective
 Student will understand the concept of ANOVA, one way classification, two way
classification.

Analysis of variance: One-way classification, Two-way classification with one

observation per cell, the expected values of various mean squares and heuristic
justification of F test.

Unit-2(10 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will study the concept of Design of Experiments.

Design of Experiments : Terminology of experimental designs, `principles of design,

completely randomized design, randomized block design.

Unit-3(25 hrs.)

Objective
Students will
 Study Concept of sampling
 Understand the various sampling techniques –SRS, stratified.

Sampling Theory : Sampling from finite population, simple random sampling

procedure for selecting simple random sample, Properties of estimates,
Unbiasedness and consistency, Sampling. Variance, S.E. and M.S.E, Expected
value of sample mean, Sampling variance of the mean, Confidence limits, Size of
sample for specified precision, Stratified random sampling : Estimate of population
mean and its variance, choice of sample size in different strata, Proportional
Allocation, Neyman Allocation, Comparison of stratified sampling with simple random
sampling, Practical difficulties in adopting Neyman allocation.

References :

(1) Fundamentals of Statistics, Volume I (2005) by A.M. Goon, M.K. Gupta and
Dasgupta – The world press Pvt. Ltd. Kolkata.
(2) An outline of Statistical Theory Vol. II(1970) by A.M. Goon, M.K.Gupta and
B.Dasgupta - The world press Pvt. Ltd. Kolkata
(3) Fundamentals of Statistics Vol. II (2005) by A.M. Goon, M.K.Gupta and B.
Dasgupta – The world press Pvt. Ltd. Kolkata.

17
 STA1415S11: ECONOMIC STATISTICS (3CREDITS)
Unit-1(12 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will study various types of index nos.
Index numbers: problems in construction of index numbers, errors in index
numbers, chain index number, cost of living index number, index number of
wholesale price.

Unit-2 (18 hrs.)

Objective
Students will
 Understand the concept & objectives of Time Series data.
 Develop skill for analyzing time series data using by various descriptive
techniques

Introduction to time series, objectives of time series analysis, various approaches to

time series analysis. Descriptive techniques: Types of variations (trend, seasonal
effect, cyclic changes, irregular changes), analysing series which contain a trend,
measuring a seasonal effect,

Unit-3 15 hrs.

Objective
Students
 Will learn the concept of Auto correlation.
 Will study various probability models for time series data.
 Fit the probability models to the given time series data
 Learn the concept of forecasting and its various methods

Autocorrelation: The correlogram and its interpretation.

Probability models for time series : A purely random process MA, AR, processes.

Fitting a suitable model to the given time series: Fitting an autoregressive process,
Fitting a moving average process, Residual Analysis.
Forecasting : Extrapolation of trend curves, exponential smoothing.

Scope:

1 Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol.2 (2005) by A.M.Goon, M.K.Gupta and

B.Dasgupta – The world press Pvt. Ltd.

2. Chatfield, C. (1975) : The analysis of Time Series: Theory and Practice

18
SEMESTER-IV
ELECTIVE COURSE
STA1417E07: STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL (2 credits)

1.(50%) Chance and assignable causes of quality variation, statistical basis

of control charts, choice of control limits, sample sizes and sampling
frequency, rational subgroups, analysis of pattern on control chart.
2.(50%) Control charts for attributes: Control chart for fraction
nonconforming, development and operation of chart, np-control
chart, control chart for nonconformities, U-chart.
Control chart for variables, control charts for X and R, statistical
basis of chart, development and use of chart, control limits,
specification limits, natural tolerance limits, rational subgroups,
design of control chart, probability limits on X and R chart, the
S2control chart, choice between attributes and variable control
chart.
STA1418E08:INDEX NUMBERS AND TIME SERIES ANALYSIS(2 credits)

1.(50%) Index numbers: problems in construction of index numbers, errors in

index numbers, chain index number, cost of living index number,
index number of wholesale price.

2.(50%) Introduction to time series, objectives of time series analysis, various

approaches to time series analysis. Descriptive techniques: Types of
variations (trend, seasonal effect, cyclic changes, irregular changes),
analysing series which contain a trend, measuring a seasonal effect.

(All the results only to be stated not to be proved.)

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Goon, Gupta and Dasgupta-Fundamentals of statistics, Vol-I.
2. Sanders, D.H.: Statistics-A first approach, 4th edition, Mcgraw Hill.
3. Clarke and Cooke: A basic course in Statistics, 4th edition, Arnold
International.
4. Smith, G.: Introduction to Statistical reasoning, Mcgraw Hill, 1999.
5. An outline of Statistical Theory Vol . II by A.M. Goon, M.K.Gupta and
B.Dasgupta
6. Fundamentals of statistics Vol. II by A.M. Goon, M.K.Gupta and B. Dasgupta
7. Dougals C.Montgomery: Introduction to Statistical Quality Control (4th Edition)
(2001) John wiley & Sons.

19
SEMESTER-IV
STA1001F01: FOUNDATION IN STATISTICS-I

ST F001 (2 credits)
Unit(weightage)
1.(30%) Introduction: What is statistics? Importance of statistics, Descriptive
statistics, Inferential statistics, Applications of statistics in various fields,
Scaling procedures.
Types of data, Diagrammatic representation of data: Stem and leaf
displays,
Histograms, frequency polygons, Box plots, line graphs, pie charts, ogive
curves etc.
Various characteristics of frequency distribution: Central tendency,
Measures of central tendency, Variability, measures of variability, Shape:
skewness, kurtosis. Comparing frequency distributions.
[7 Lectures]
2.(30%) Bivariate data: Introduction to Bivariate data, scatter diagram, computing
Karl Pearson’s r, properties of Pearson’s r, rank correlation : Spearman’s.
Regression problem: Introduction to simple linear regression,
Interpretation of regression coefficient, Properties of regression coefficient.
Study of attributes and their association, Yule’s coefficient of association.
[8 Lectures]
3.(40%) Probability: Introduction, Basic concepts, conditional probability, Baye’s
rule, independence of events, Random variables, probability distribution of
discrete r.v.’s, expectation of a r.v. [15 Lectures]
(All the results only to be stated not to be proved.)
Reference Books:
5. Goon, Gupta and Dasgupta-Fundamentals of statistics, Vol-I.
6. Sanders, D.H. :Statistics-A first approach, 4th edition, Mcgraw Hill.
7. Clarke and Cooke: A basic course in Statistics, 4th edition, Arnold International.
8. Smith, G.: Introduction to Statistical reasoning, Mcgraw Hill, 1999.

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SEMESTER-IV
STA1002F01: FOUNDATION IN STATISTICS-II

ST F002 (2 credits)
1.(40%) Independence of random variables
Discrete probability models: Binomial, Poisson, Geometric, Negative
Binomial; application of discrete models;
Continuous models: Exponential, Normal, application of continuous
models.
2.(25%) Sampling distribution, χ2 distribution, student’s t-distribution, F distribution,
central limit theorem(only statement) and its application.

Problem of estimation: Point estimation and interval estimation, method of

moments for estimating population parameters.

Random sampling, sampling from finite population; SRSWR and

SRSWOR

3.(35%) Elements of Hypothesis Testing , Type I and Type II Errors ,level of

significance, One- and Two-Tailed Tests ,P value and its interpretation,
Steps in Hypothesis Testing, Test of significance: significance of single
mean and proportion, significance of difference between two means and
proportions, χ2 test of independence, χ2 test for goodness of fit.

(All the results only to be stated not to be proved.)

Reference Books:
1. Goon, Gupta and Dasgupta-Fundamentals of statistics, Vol-I.
2. Sanders, D.H.: Statistics-A first approach, 4th edition, Mcgraw Hill.
5. Clarke and Cooke: A basic course in Statistics, 4th edition, Arnold International.
6. Smith, G.: Introduction to Statistical reasoning, Mcgraw Hill, 1999.

ST F001 is prerequisites for ST F002

21
SEMESTER-V
STA1510C13: DEMOGRAPHY AND ACTUARIAL STATISTICS (3-
CREDITS)
Unit-1(15 hrs.)
Objective
Students will
 Understand the concept of census & data collection.
 Study various measures of mortality & fertility.

Census and registration methods for collecting the data, measures of mortality:
crude death rate, age specified death rate, standarized death rate, infant mortality
rate,measures of fertility:crude birth rate, general fertility rate, total fertility rate, gross
reproduction rate, net reproduction rate.

Unit-2(10 hrs.)
Objective
 Students will be able to construct & use life table.
Life tables : description of life table, construction of life table, use of life table,
abridged life table, King’s method Greville’s method, Chiang’s method.

Unit-3(8 hrs.)
Objective
 Students will be able to estimate and project population using various methods

Population estimates and projections : Inter censal and post censal estimates by
mathematical method, projection by mathematical method, projection by component
method.

Unit-4(12 hrs.)
Objective
Students
 Will understand the concept of general insurance.
 Will be able to describe & compute premiums of simple insurance.

General insurance: Simple assurance and annuity contracts, values of payments

under this contract(for constant and deterministic interest) practical methods of
evaluating expected values and variance of simple contracts, describing and
calculating net premiums and net premium reserves of simple insurance contracts.

SCOPE:
1. Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol.2 (2005) by A.M.Goon, M.K.Gupta and
B.Dasgupta – The world press Pvt. Ltd. Kolkata
2. Applied statistics (1999) by Parimal Mukhopadhyay – Books & Allied
(P) Ltd.
3. Spurgeon E T (1972) Life contingencies Cambridge Univ Press
4. Study material for paper CT-5 of Institute of Acturies of India
www.acturiesindia.org

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 STA1502C14: PROBABILITY-II(4CREDITS)
Unit-1(14 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will study the problem of addition of independent r.v.s. using mgf,
and characteristic function.

Characteristic function, The problem of addition of independent random variables:

Moment generating functions and their properties, Moment problem.

Unit-2(15 hrs._)

Objective
 Students will study De-moivre laplace theorem & Poisson theorem

Demoivre-Laplace theorem(the integral limit theorem and local limit theorem)

Poisson theorem.

Unit-3(15 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will study sequences of r.v.s & various approaches to their
convergence

Sequences of random variables and various approaches to their convergence, viz.

Convergence in distribution, convergence in Probability and almost sure
convergence. The weak law of large numbers (Chebyshev’s form), special cases of
Bernoulli’s and Poisson.

Unit-4(16 hrs.)

Objective
Students will
 Study WLLN, SLLN for iid r.v.’s & CLT.
 Study sampling distribution & order statistics

WLLN (Khinchin’s theorem), SLLN for i.i.d. r.v.s. (only statement), the central limit
theorem for iid random variables with finite mean and variance, Lyapunov’s theorem
(only statement).

Sampling distribution-student’s t, Snedecor’s F, Chi-square; order Statistics.

SCOPE :

1. MODERN PROBABILITY THEORY BY PARZEN(1972) Wiley eastern ltd.

2. STATISTICAL THEORY BY B.W.LINDGREN (3rd edition) – Macmillan
Publishing house.
3. The theory of Probability by B.V. Gnedenko (1969) Mir Publishers.

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 STA1503C15: (THEORY OF ESTIMATION) (4CREDITS)

Unit-1(16 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will understand concept of sufficiency & minimal sufficiency
Sufficiency: Definition of sufficiency through i) partition of sample space, ii)
conditional distribution and iii) through factorization, proof of equivalence of these
definition in discrete case, Idea of minimal sufficient statistic, Use of factorization
theorem to obtain sufficient statistic, method of finding minimal sufficient statistic,
use of factorization theorem to obtain sufficient statistics for sample from standard
distribution (both regular and non-regular cases ).

Unit-2(14 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will be able to understand bound estimators & interval estimation.

Point estimation, Unbiasedness, concept of UMVUE, the Cramer-Rao inequality and

Bound estimator, simple examples to show that the C-R bound may not be attained
Interval estimation: confidence level, Shortest length confidence interval.
Unit-3(16 hrs.)

Objective
Students
 Will be able to understand large sample properties of estimator
 Will be able to obtain estimator using various methods.

Concept of efficiency of estimator consistent estimate, Optimum linear combination

of unbiased estimates of the same parameter, Proof that sample mean is the BLUE
of population mean. The methods of point estimation: The method of moments, the
method of maximum likelihood , Iterative method to find M.L.E. , properties of M.L.E,
method of minimum chi-square.

Unit-4(14 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will be able to understand the theory of linear estimation.

Theory of linear estimation: Gauss-Markoff set up (Y, X , 2 I) Normal

equations and L.S.estimator, variance and covariance of L.S.estimators , estimate
of 2.

SCOPE :
1. B.W.Lindgren: Statistical Theory (IIIrd edition) – Macmillan Publishing house.
2. V.K.Rohatgi: An introduction to prob. theory and Mathematical
Statistics (2 edition) (2001) – A wiley inter science publications.
nd

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 STA1504C16: ( REGRESSION ANALYSIS)(4credits)
Unit-1(17 hrs.)
Objective
 Students will understand the concept of analysis of variance & its use while
developing a regression model.
 Students understand the development of regression theory using matrix
notations.

The need for statistical analysis, Fitting a straight line, Analysis of variance,
Estimation and hypothesis testing, Correlation and regression, Inverse regression
(straight line case).
The linear regression with more than one regressors (Analysis using matrix
notations), the extra sum of squares principle, orthogonal columns in x matrix, F
tests, testing a general linear hypothesis.

Unit-2(17 hrs.)
Objective
 Students will be able to analyse the residuals for validating and improving the
regression models.

The examination of residuals, overall plot, time sequence plot, plot against Y plot
against the predictor variables. Multiple regression with two predictors as a
sequence of straight line regressions.

Unit-3(14 hrs.)
Objective
 Students learn the skills of developing regression models using various
approaches.

Models involving transformed variables (Use of sscatter plots), the use of dummy
variables in multiple regression, polynomial models and use of orthogonal
polynomials, selecting the best regression equation : All possible regressions, ‘best
subset’ regression , Backward elimination procedure, the stepwise regression
procedure.

Unit-4 (12 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will be able to relate the theory of regression with design of experiment
models
 Student will develop theoretical understanding of the partial / multiple correlation
and also understand relationships amongst them.12 hrs.

One way classification viewed on a regression problem.

Partial/ Multiple correlation, obtaining various formulae in terms of covariance matrix/
correlation matrix, in terms of lower order correlations, regression in multivariate
normal population.
References:
1. Drapper and Smith : Applied regression analysis (2nd Edition) – John
wiley & Sons.

25
DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC ELECTIVE:
STA1507E09:LINEAR PROGRAMMING ( 2 credits)
Units:
1. Linear Programming problems: Formulation of problems, solution by graphical
method.
Theory of Simplex method, Big-M method.
2. Duality, Economic interpretation of duality, complementary slackness theorem,
dual simplex method,
SCOPE :
(1) S.I.Gass : Linear programming methods and applications , 3rd edition.
(2) KantiSwarup, P.K. Gupta AndManMohan: Operations Research.
(3) HamdyTaha: Operations Research

DISCIPLINE SPECIFIC FOUNDATION:

STA1509F01: INDIAN OFFICIAL STATISTICS (2 credits)
Objective
Student will understand the Indian and international statistical systems and
role of related govt. organization
Understand the need and importance of population census
Understand the approaches for evaluating various govt. programs
Student understand the methodology for collecting important data on various
aspects of national/international level.
Unit-1(10 hrs.)
Introduction to Indian and International statistical systems.role, function and
activitiesof central and state statistical organizations, organization of large scale
sample surveys, role of national sample survey organization general and special
data dissemination systems.
Unit-2(10 hrs)
Population growth in developed and developing countries, evaluation and
performance of family welfare programmes, projections of labour force and
manpower, scope and content of population census of India.
Unit- 3(10 hrs.)
System of collection of agricultural statistics, crop forecasting and estimation,
productivity, fragmentation of holdings, support prices, buffer stocks, impact of
irrigation projects.
References:
1. Basic Statistics Relating to the Indian Economy (CSO), 1990.
2. Guide to Official Statistics (CSO) 1999.
3. Statistical System in India (CSO), 1995.
4. Principles and accommodation of National Population Censuses,UNESCO.
5. Panse, V.G.: Estimation of Crop Yields (FAO).
6. Family Welfare Yearbook, Annual Publication of D/o Family Welfare.
7. Monthly Statistics of Foreign Trade in India, DGCIS, Calcutta and other Govt. Publications.

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 STA1601C19: HYPOTHESIS TESTING (3CREDITS)

Unit-1(11 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will study the concept of hypothesis testing with examples.

Testing of Hypothesis:Null hypothesis, Alternative hypothesis, simple and

composite hypothesis, setting up of null hypothesis, types of error, Critical region,
level of significance, power with examples.

Unit-2(12 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will study N-P lemma theory and its use to obtain M.P and U.M.P.
test

The Neyman-Pearson lemma, the most powerful test of a simple hypothesis against
a simple alternative, UMP tests (obtainable using N-P lemma, relation between
Acceptance region and interval estimation, shortest length confidence interval
through a Pivot.

Unit-3(12 hrs. )

Objective
 Students will study likelihood ratio test and its application.

Heuristic justification (using likelihood ratio test procedure) of the t-test and the F-
test as applied to the normal populations, the 2-test for goodness of fit, the 2-test
for independence in contingency tables, the Fisher-Irwin test for a 2x2 table,

Unit-4(10 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will study various non parametric tests

Non parametric tests-the sign test, the sign-rank test, Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney

test,test for randomness (Run test), Kolgomorov-smirnov one sample test.

SCOPE :

1. B.W.Lindgren: Statistical Theory (IIIrd edition) – Macmillan publishing

house.
2. V.K.Rohatgi: An introduction to prob. theory and Mathematical
Statistics (2001) A wiley inter science publications.
3. C.R.Rao: Linear Statistical inference and its applications (2nd edition)
Wiley eastern.

27
 STA1602C20: STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL (3CREDITS)
Unit-1(10 hrs.)
Objective
 Students will understand the concept of chance and assignable causes of
quality variables and use of control charts to detect assignable causes

Chance and assignable causes of quality variation, statistical basis of control charts,
choice of control limits, sample sizes and sampling frequency, rational subgroups,
analysis of pattern on control chart.

Unit-2(11 hrs.)
Objective
 Students will study control charts for attributes.

Control charts for attributes: Control chart for fraction nonconforming, development
and operation of chart, np-control chart, variable sample size, control chart for
nonconformities, U-chart.

Unit-3(12 hrs.)
Objective
 Students will study control charts for variables.

Control chart for variables, control charts for X and R, statistical basis of chart,
development and use of chart, control limits, specification limits, natural tolerance
limits, rational subgroups, design of control chart, probability limits on X and R, chart
the effect of nonnormality on X and R charts,the OC function of the X and S chart,
the S2control chart, choice between attributes and variable control chart.

Unit-4(12 hrs.)
Objective
Students will study
 Concept of lot by lot acceptance sampling, single sampling plan, double
sampling plan for attribute.
 Acceptance sampling by by variables.

Lot-by-lot acceptance sampling for attributes, advantages and disadvantages of

acceptance sampling , single sampling plan for attributes, designing single sampling
plan with specified OC curve, rectifying inspection. ATI and AOQ functions, double
sampling plan, the OC curve, rectifying inspection with ATI and AOQ functions,
Multiple sampling plan.

Acceptance sampling by variables, advantages and disadvantages of variable

sampling plan to control lot fraction nonconforming, procedure 1(k-method) and
procedure 2 (M-method) for designing variable sampling plan with specified OC
curve.
Scope:
1. Dougals C.Montgomery: Introduction to Statistical Quality Control (4th
Edition) (2001) John wiley & Sons.

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 STA1603C21: DESIGN OF EXPERIMENTS (3CREDITS)

Unit-1(12 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will develop the understanding for the basic principles of Design of
Experiments

Concepts of experimentation: Design and analysis. Three principles of

experimentation’s, contrasts techniques, using this technique for comparision of
treatment contrast, statistical models for experimental data, concept of fixed, random
and mixed effect models, models and analysis of variance.

Unit-2(12 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will be able to understand the concept of CRD, RBD with missing
observations.

Completely randomised design, randomised block design, missing observation in

above design and their analysis

Unit-3 ( 6 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will understand the concept of LSD with missing observation.

Latin squares and Latin square design, missing observations in above design and
their analysis.

Unit-4(15 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will be able to understand the concept of factorial design along with
the concept of confounding-Partial and total

Factorial experiments : Factorial experiment with factors at two level, concept of

confounding : partial and total confounding , Yates procedure for analysis of these
experiments.

Scope:

1. Design and Analysis of experiments (1979) by Das and Giri

Wiley eastern Ltd.

29
 STA1604C22: INDEX NUMBERS & TIME SERIES (3CREDITS)
Unit-1(10 hrs.)

Objective
 Students will study various types of index nos.

Index numbers : problems in construction of index numbers, errors in index numbers,

chain index number , cost of living index number, index number of wholesale price.

Unit-2(10 hrs.)

Objective
Students will
 Understand the concept & objectives of Time Series data.
 Develop skill for analyzing time series data using by various descriptive
techniques

Introduction to time series, objectives of time series analysis, various approaches to

time series analysis. Descriptive techniques: Types of variations (trend, seasonal
effect, cyclic changes, irregular changes), analysing series which contain a trend,
measuring a seasonal effect,

Unit-3(12 hrs.)

Objective
Students
 Will learn the concept of Auto correlation.
 Will study various probability models for time series data.

Autocorrelation: The correlogram and its interpretation.

Probability models for time series : A purely random process MA, AR, processes.

Unit-4(13 hrs.)

Objective
Students will
 Fit the probability models to the given time series data
 Learn the concept of forecasting and its various methods

Fitting a suitable model to the given time series: Fitting an autoregressive process,
Fitting a moving average process, Residual Analysis.
Forecasting : Extrapolation of trend curves, exponential smoothing.

Scope:
1 Fundamentals of Statistics, Vol. 2 (2005) by A.M.Goon, M.K.Gupta and B.
Dasgupta – The world press Pvt. Ltd.
2. Chatfield, C.(1975) : The analysis of Time Series: Theory and Practice

30
 STA1605C23: SAMPLING TECHNIQUES (3CREDITS)

Unit-1(17 hrs.)
Objective
Student will be able to
 Understand the concept of complete enumeration survey and sample survey
for collecting the data.
 Use the simple random sampling technique to real data

Need for Statistical Information, type of data, complete enumeration, survey; need
for sampling errors, cost aspect, non-aspect, sampling and complete enumeration.
Concepts, Definitions and Notations : Units and population, parameters, sampling
units, sampling frames, random samples, unbiased estimator, measures of error,
stages of randomization, efficiency, confidence intervals and cost functions. Simple
random sampling with and without replacement: estimation of population mean,
population total, proportion, variance of these estimators, their estimates confidence
interval. Sample selection and sample size: procedures of selection, Determination
of sample size.

Unit-2(16 hrs.)
Objective
 Students study the method of stratified random sampling technique and
apply to real data
Stratified sampling: Need for stratification and its principle, Design of stratification
variables, estimation of population mean, its variance and estimates of this variance
in case of stratified SRSWOR & SRSWR gain due to stratification, its estimates,
allocation of sample sizes of strata, estimation of proportion, its variance and its
estimates.

Unit-3(13 hrs.)
Objective
 Students will study systematic sampling technique – linear and circular
Systematic sampling: Sampling procedure : Linear and circular systematic sampling,
sampling variance of estimator of population mean, its estimator, comparison with
SRS.
Unit-4(14 hrs.)
Objective
Students will
 Study cluster sampling and its application to real data
 Understand the concept of two stage sampling
Cluster sampling : Need, sampling with equal cluster. Estimation of population mean, its
variance, estimation of the variance, efficiency of cluster sampling as compared to SRS
determination of optimum cluster size for given cost, estimation of proportion, its variance
and estimate of this variance. Idea of two stage sampling.
Books Recommended
1. Sampling Theory and methods (1977) by M.N.Murthy – Statistical Publishing
Society.
Theory and methods of survey sampling (2005) by Parimal Mukhopadhyay
prentice – Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

31
 STA1606C24: COMPUTER PROGRAMMING (3CREDITS)

UNIT-1(15 hrs.)
Objective
Student
 Understands the basics of computers and related concepts
 Can write simple computer programs using C++ language

Introduction to computers: the anatomy of a computer – CPU, memory, I/O evices;

motherboard, auxiliary storage devices – Hard disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, magnetic
tapes etc.
Computer program, Programming languages – machine language, assembly
language, Higher level language, compilers and interpreters; software – system
software and application software.
Structure of a C++ program- the function main, I/O statements, the compilation
process.
Fundamental data types, variables and constants, arithmetic operators and
expressions;
Making decisions- if statement conditions, switch statement, bool variables.

Unit-2(10 hrs.)
Objective
 Student develops more skills to write programs based on more involved logic
 Student can use the suitable features of C++
String variables, manipulation of strings, arrays, C++ preprocessor and preprocessor
directives, Using library functions and header files Iterations – for loop, while loop,
do-while loop; Vectors – Using vectors and manipulation of vectors.

Unit-3(10 hrs)
Objective
Student
 Can identify the need of developing user defined functions
 Can develop and use the user defined functions
User defined functions: function definition – parameters, return values, void
functions; calling user defined functions, function prototypes;

Unit-4(10 hrs.)
Objective
 Student learns more advanced concepts and use related features of C++
language
Reference parameters, recursive functions, Validating function parameters using
assert statement Scope of names – local scope and global scope.
Scope:
1 Cay Horstmann (1999) : Computing concepts with C++ essentials, 2nd
edition, John wiley & sons.
2 John Hubbard (2000) :Programming with C++, 2nd edition, McGraw Hill
(Schaum’s Outline Services).

32