1

LABORATORY MANUAL

SEMESTER - VIII
B.TECH

AVIONICS - II

Name of the Student ______________________________________________

Registration No. _______Batch No. __________ Branch __________________

School of Aeronautics (Neemrana)

I-04, RIICO Industrial Area, Neemrana, Dist. Alwar, Rajasthan
(Approved by Director General of Civil Aviation, Govt. of India , All India Council for Technical
Education, Ministry of HRD, Govt of India & Affiliated to Rajasthan Technical University. Kota, Rajasthan)
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School of Aeronautics (Neemrana)

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr./ Ms.___________________________
Registration Number _________________________________
of B.Tech ( ) has satisfactorily
completed the term of the subject, Avionics - II Lab, prescribed by
Rajasthan Technical University, Kota.

Dated: ___________ Signature of Faculty

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INDEX

Sl.No. Name of the Experiment Page Checked Teachers

No. On Sign

1 Study and perform tests on aircraft 7-108

power system (Batteries, aircraft. A.C
generator, Aircraft D.C generator,
voltage regulator, aircraft static and
rotary invertors and TRU etc). & verify
their characteristics.

2 Study and test A/C power distribution 109-120

system.

3 To perform external and Internal 121-134

(cockpit) lighting on aircraft.
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EXPERIMENT - A (PART- 1)
PERFORM TEST ON AIRCRAFT THREE PIN RECEPTACLE
SYSTEM

OBJECT
Study and perform tests on aircraft power system (Batteries, aircraft A.C generator, Aircraft
D.C generator, voltage regulator, aircraft static and rotary invertors and TRU etc). & verify
their characteristics.

PART-I
To carry out connection and disconnection practice of three pin receptacle system.

APPARATUS
Ground power unit, aircraft multi meters, screw driver.

INTRODUCTION
Three-pin receptacle system which are basic in the design of present day connectors or
receptacles as they are also called, namely the dimensioning of pins and sockets and the
method of protecting them. The pins are of different diameters to prevent a reverse polarity
condition and the cover of the unit had to be rotated to expose the sockets.

It consists of two positive pins and one negative pin, one of the two pins is shorter & of
smaller then the remaining pins. The pin are enclosed by a protective shroudd and the com-
plete units is normally fitted in a recessed housing located at the appropriate part of airframe
structure.

PROCEDURE
(A)
1. Access to the plug from outside the aircraft is via a hinged flap provided with quick re-
leases fasterner.

2. Short positive pin is connected in the coil circuit of the external power relay the reason for
this is that incount of the external power socket being withdrawn with the circuit, live the
external power relay will de-energize before the main pins are disengaged from the socket.

3. This ensures that breaking of the supply takes place at the heavy duty contacts of the
relay thus preventing arcing at the main pins.
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(B)
1. Switch off all the CB’s & switches inside the cockpit when we are connecting the external
power supply socket.
2. Check the output voltage of GPU in voltmeter, it should be in limit.
3. Switch off all the CB’s and connecting switches inside the cockpit. Switch off the external
power supply unit.
5. Disconnect the external power socket from the A/C. Close the access door of the input
supply.
7. Note the reading & record it.

WORK SHEET
Observation Table
Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Reading on
of three pin of three pin Meters, Meters,
receptacle receptacle
system. system.
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CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
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QUESTIONS
1. What do you mean by Access door in three-pin receptacle system ?

2. What is the function of a short positive pin in three pin receptacle system ?

3. Why the pins are different diameters in three pin receptacle system ?

4. Why their are two positive pins and one negative pin are there in side the three pin
receptacle system?

5. What are the safety precautions to be used when you are disconnecting the external
power supply socket ?
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6. Why the all CBH & switches should be in off position when you are disconnecting the
power supply sockets ?

7. What is the purpose of the power selectro switch in the aircraft ?

8. What you mean by main DC busbar? explain it.

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

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EXPERIMENT - A (PART-2)
LEAD ACID BATTERY CHARGING PRACTICE

OBJECT
To carry out lead acid battery charging practice by using constant voltage charger and constant
current charger.

APPARATUS
Constant voltage charger, Multimeter, Hydrometer, Lead acid battery.

INTRODUCTION
Secondary cells are charged by passing a direct current through the battery in a direction
opposite to that of the discharge current. This means that the supply source positive connection
must be connected to the battery’s positive terminal & negative connected to negative terminal.

Two general type of charging equipments are:

(i) Constant current charger.
(ii) Constant voltage charger.

PROCEDURE
1. Constant voltage charger

As the name implies these charging equipment supplies a constant voltage to the battery
and allow current to charge as the battery becomes charge. It supplies approx 14 volt for
charging, 12 volt batteries and 28 volt for charging 24 volt batteries.

A higher potential at the charger is necessary to ensure current flows from the charger to
battery. Since the charger supplies a constant voltage, a relatively higher current will flow
into a discharged battery, and the current will slowly diminish as the battery becomes
charged.

When a battery is fully charged, its voltage will be mostly equal to the charger voltage,
hence the charging current will drop to less that 1A. When the charging current is low, the
battery may vary on the charge without any appreciable than effect however.

The electrolyte level should be watched carefully to see that it does not fall below desired
level. If more than one battery is connected, all the batteries are in parallel. This will ensure
a constant voltage to each battery.
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2. Constant-current chargers
i) As the name implies, a constant current battery charger supplies a consistent current to a
battery for the entire charge cycle. The charging equipment monitors current flow and
varies the applied voltage in order to charge the battery. As the battery begins to charge
its voltage is lower than when the battery becomes fully charged. The constant current
charger will increase its voltage supplied to the battery during charge in order to maintain
the current flow set by the operator.

ii) In figure illustrates the proper connection of more than one battery to a constant current
charger. The batteries are connected in series with respect to each other and the charger
thus allowing for a constant current flow through each battery. Constant current charger
require carefull supervision while in use. Because of the risk of over charging, most
constant current chargers will automatically turnoff after a predetermined the exact current
flow and time of charger must be known and programmed into the charging the equipment
to prevent over under charging of batteries.

iii) The specifications are normally available from the manufacturere.

WORK SHEET
Observation Table

Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Reading

of lead acid of Battery Voltmeter action which
battery charger charger and ameter testing

Lead acid
battery charing
practice by
using constant
voltage charger
and constant
current charger
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CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
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QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by secondary cells ?

2. Secondary cells are charged by passing which current ?

3. Explain the constant voltage charging procedure.

4. Explain the constant current charging procedure.

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5. How much voltage supplies approx imately is given for charging 12 volts batteries ?

6. How much voltage supplies approx for charging 12 volts batteries ?

7. How much voltage supplies approx for charging 24 volts batteries ?

8. Why the higher potential at the charger is necessary to charge a battery ?

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9. How you will come to know the battery is fully charged ?

10. What will be happen on charging current if battery is fully charged ?

11. How will you connect more than one battery in constant voltage charging ?

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

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EXPERIMENT - A (PART-3)
CAPACITYAND INSULATION TEST ON LEAD ACID BATTERY

OBJECT
To carry out capacity test and insulation test on lead acid batteries.

APPARATUS
Capacity discharger tester, Insulation tester (250V), DC, voltmeter (0-30V) / multimeter, lead
acid battery.

INTRODUCTION
The capacity discharge of lead acid cell is carried out after initial charging and there after
once every three monthese and whenever the capacity of a battery is suspected to be low.

PROCEDURE
Capacity discharer
1. Fully charge the battery.
2. Allow to stand for 12 hours for allowing gases to escape.
3. Ensure that range selector switch is in ‘off’ position.
4. Connect the battery to the input terminals of capacity test set (battery positive to the test
set positive and battery negative to the test set negative).
5. Place the discharge rheostat in “All in” position. (minimum discharge current).
6. Note the reading of amp hr. meter. It is always advisable to make this note in writing to
avoid errors.
7. Set range selector switch to appropriate voltageof the battery.
8. Switch on and adjust the discharge rheostat until the ammeter indicates some one of the
tenth of rated capacity.
9. When cell voltage has dropped to 1.8 volts, disconnect the battery from the discharge
circuit.
10. Capacity + Rate of discharge (Ampere X time of discharge (hours))
11. After capacity test of the battery it should be charged at the normal rate.

Insulation test
Fully charge the battery. Allow it to stand for 12 hrs. to allow gases to escape. With the help of
insulation tester (250 v) measure insulation resistance between battery terminals and metal
case. The permissable reading is 10 MOhm for dry weather and 2 MOhm for damp weather.
In the battery having no metal case. It should be placed on metal plate and metal clamps of
battery are to be connected to this plate. The test should be made between battery terminal.
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WORK SHEET
Observation Table

Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Reading

of lead acid of Battery Dis Voltmeter action which
battery & Insu- charger & and ameter testing
lation Tester Insulation Insulation
Tester Tester

Capacity
Discharge and
Insulatio test on
Lead acid
Battery
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CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
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QUESTIONS

1. When capacity test of a lead-acid battery should be carry out ?

2. Explain the capacity testing procedure of the lead bettery.

3. Explain the insulation tesing procedure of the lead-acid battery.

4. Which meter is required for carrying out insulation test of the lead-acid battery ?
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5. What you mean by capacity of a battery ?

6. How much should be discharge cell voltage in capacity test of a lead-acid battery ?

7. How much should be the insulation resistance of a battery in dry weather ?

8. How much should be the insulation resistance of a battery in damp weather ?

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

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EXPERIMENT - A (PART-4)
BALANCINH AND CHARGING OF NICKEL CAMIUM BATTERY

OBJECT
To carry out cell balancing and charging of Nickel cadmium battery by constant current charger.

APPARATUS
1. Cell replacement torque wrench (Insulated).
2. C.S.D.
3. By pass wire loops
4. Capacity discharger
5. Digital multimeter
6. Nickel cadmium battery

INTRODUCTION
The process of restoring all of the cells of a Ni-cd battery to a condition of equal capacity, all
cells are discharged, shorted out and allowed to rest. The battery is then said to be equalised
and ready to receive a fresh charge. Equalisation of cells voltage is called balancing of cells.
This is done when battery fails to give 80% capacity on test or premature failure of cell is
suspected.

PROCEDURE
1. For 24 volts 23 Amp. hour battery
Connect the battery to the discharge board. Switch on the discharger. Note the time of start.
Adjust the discharging current at 23 ampere rate and continue to discharge till the voltage
falls to 20 volts (overall voltage). Continue discharging and take reading of each cell’s voltage
frequently with digital voltmeter. A zero voltage of cell shown in early stage is a short circuited
cell. A reverse reading shows weak cell. In either case the discharge should be stopped. By
pass the cell and once again discharge till the voltage of all the cells fall below 1 volt.

Now, stop discharging. Switch off the discharge short the cells with shorting links. Some
manufacturers specify continue discharge up to 0.5 volts and then carry out shorting. The
shorting link should remain constant connected from 3 to 8 hours.

2. Voltage recovery check

At the end of this period the voltage of each cell should be measured to ensure that they do
not exceed minimum value specified for the battery ( a typical value is 0.2 volts). After remov-
ing shorting links, the battery should stand idle for 24 hours. Check the individual cell voltage.
It should not be less than 1.08 volts per cell, other wise reject the cell.
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3. Charging
The battery should be placed on a constant current charge after rest at its five hours rate for
7 hours. This will put 140% of its rated ampere hours capacity into battery. In the last 5
minutes of charge the voltage of each cell is measured. Any cell not having a voltage some
where between 1.55 and 1.8 volts at a temperature between 70 and 80o F is considered
faulty and must be replaced.

WORK SHEET
Observation Table
Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Reading
of Shorting clip of Shorting Ameter Action
capacity dis clip capacity
charger Ni. cad discharger
battrey

Capacity
Discharge and
Insulatio test on
Lead acid
Battery
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CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
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QUESTIONS

1. What you mean by cell balancing ?

2. What you mean by equalisation of cells voltage ?

3. Explain the procedure to carry out cell balancing.

4. Explain the procedure to charge the Ni-Cd battery by current constant charger.

5. What is weak cell in Nickel cadmium battery ?

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6. What is by pass the in discharge of Nickel cadmium battery ?

7. What do you mean by short circuited cell in Nickel cadmium battery ?

8. Explain the voltage recovery check in Nickel cadmium battery.

9. How much should be the minimum voltage of a fully discharge Nickel cadmium battery ?

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

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EXPERIMENT - A (PART-5)
ELECTROYLETE TEST LEVELAND INSULATION ON NICKEL
CADMIUM BATTERY

OBJECT
To carry out and check the electrolyte test level and insulation test on Ni-cd battery.

APPARATUS
1. Topping up bottle.
2. Vent cap removal and fitment tool.
3. Maintenance kit.
4. Milli ammeter.
5. Nickel cadmium battery.

INTRODUCTION
The level of electrolyte should be maintained as per manufacturer’s recommendation only. It
can be adjusted when a battery is at the end of charge. While still charging or at specified
time after completion of charge. The manufacturer’s instruction for checks of electrolyte level
and adjustment should be followed and the maintenance kit equipment, designed for a
particular type of battery should be used.

PROCEDURE
A) Only purest water available preferably, demineralised or distilled water should be used.
Record of the quantity of distilled water added to all cells to be maintained which will
determine servicing periods or intervals.

Consumable water is already mentioned in manufacturer’s manual. In absence of it, the

batteries should not be left for periods which required the addition of water, by an amount
in excess of 1cc per ampere hours capacity. In the event of electrolyte becoming
contaminated with oil, foaming of electrolyte will occur. In such cases a neutralizing fluid,
which is available from the relevent manufacturer, to be added to electrolyte.

B) Remove the cells from the battery. Take one lead to the positive terminal and second lead
to the body. The reading should be less than 100 mA. If the reading is more than 100 mA,
it indicates that there is leakage of electrolyte.

The cells should be washed and dried. Now touch one lead to negative terminal and
another lead to the body of cell. Note the reading. Shift the second lead from top to the
bottom and sidewise. Note the reading. If it is within limit, the insulation resistence of cell
is satisfactory.
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WORK SHEET
Observation Table
Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Reading
of Nickel of Mili Ameter Mili Ameter Action
Cadmium
Battery

Capacity
Discharge and
Insulatio test on
Lead acid
Battery
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CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
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QUESTIONS
1. What do you mean by electrolyte level test ?

2. When should be adjusted the electrolyte level in Ni-Cd battery ?

3. Explain the electrolyte level adjustment procedure ?

4. What should we put in Ni-Cd batter cell for adjustment of electrolyte level ?

5. What will you do if excess amount of the electrolyte in the Ni-Cd cell is their?
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6. Explain the insulation testing procedure of the Ni-Cd battery ?

7. Why the electrolyte level maintain above the separators ?

8. What you will do if electrolyte spills on skin ?

9. What you will do if insulation resistance of the cell is not satisfactory in Ni-Cd battery ?

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

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EXPERIMENT - A (PART-6)
CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF AIRCRAFT DC GENERATOR

OBJECT
To understand the constructional details of aircraft DC generator.

APPARATUS
D.C. Generator

INTRODUCTION
Aircraft generator is a rotating electrical machine which converts mechanical energy in to
electrical energy. This works on the principle of Faraday’s laws of electomagnetic induction
i.e. when a conductor moves in a magnetic field, there is a rate of change of flux linkage,
which causes the e.m.f to induce in the conductor.

PROCEDURE

Various parts of DC generator are as follows-

1. Yoke
The outer frame or yoke is generally made of cast iron. For large machines,cast steel of
rolled steel is employed, It provides mechanical support for the poles and acts as a
protecting cover for the whole machine. It also carries magnetic flux produced by the
poles.

2. Pole core & pole shoes

Made of cast iron or rolled steel they support the exciting coils. They also spread out flux
in air-gap.

3. Field coils
It consist of copper wire over strip are former wounded for correct dimension. They
electromagnetise the poles which produce the necessary flux.

4. Armature core
It is a cylindrical or drum shaped and is build up of usually circular sheet steel discs
laminated approximately 0.060 mm thick. It houses the armature coils & causes them to
rotate and hence cut the magnetic flux of field magnets.
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5. Armature windings
It consists of copper wire usually former wound. Various conductors of the coil are insulated
from each other. The conductors are placed in the armature slots which are lined with
tough insulating material.

6. Commutator
It is of cylindrical structure and is build up of wedge shaped segments of high conductivity
hard drawn or drop forged copper.

These segments are insulated from each other by thin layers of mica. Each commutator
segment is connected to armature conductor by means of copper lug or strip, Which is
known as Riser.

7. Brusher and Bearing

Brushes are usually made of carbon and which are mounted on brush holder in the shape
of a rectangular block.

These brushes are housed in brush holder studs or brackets. In turn the brush yoke or
rocker arm the brush holder studs are mounted & insulated from brush yoke by means of
insulation slips and discs.

The brush yoke, brush holder, & brushes make up the brush gear. Ball bearings are
frequently employed because of their reliability but for heavy duties, rollers bearings are
preferable.

The ball and roller bearings are generally packed in hard oil for quicker operation & for
reduced brush wear.
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WORK SHEET
Observation Table
Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Reading
of DC of Tools Materials Action
Generator

To learn
Constructional
Details of DC
Generator
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CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
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QUESTIONS

1. How the Armature windings are consists in a generator ?

2. What do you mean by commutator in a generator ?

3. What is the purpose of the brushes in a generator ?

4. How the generator brushes are Made?

5. What do you mean by brush holders ?

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6. What is the purpose of Bearings in a generator ?

7. Explain the precautions in a constructional detials of a DC generator.

8. What is the purpose of lifting eye in a generator ?

9. Explain the cooling procedure in a generator.

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

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EXPERIMENT - A (PART-7)
TESTING OF AIRCRAFT DC GENERATOR

OBJECT
To carry out testing of DC generator elements.

APPARATUS
1. Calibrated spring balance
2. Brush lifter
3. Steel rule
4. Blower
5. CSD 6”
6. DC generator

INTRODUCTION
The inspection and maintenance of DC generator is carried out at specified intervals or
when ever their serviceability is suspected. Precise details of each checks and tests are
given in relevent maintenance schedules & maintenance manual. The reference should be
made to such documents. The general practice adopted are as follows:

PROCEDURE
1. Inspection - Check the following for.

i) Security of mounting

ii) Security of all electrical connections, signs of cracks in terminal boxes and damage to
terminal post threads.

iii) Sign of damage or corrosion at cable terminals, fraying and chaffing off of insulation
and outer coverings. Cables should be renewed if necessary.

iv) Security of cooling ducts and cleanlines of air outlet screens around generator.

v) Evidence of oil having entered in generator casing. This may be checked by focussing
a light into air outlet screens & brush inspection apperatus. If oil is present it is possible
that oil seal is failed.

vi) Condition and correct tension of driver belts.

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2. Checks for DC generator elements
It should be checked for sign of excessive arcing proud mica and carbon deposits. Carbon
dust should be removed with a supply of clean, dry compressed air from a low pressure
source.

In some generators brushes are employed which eliminates brush wear at high attitudes.
The brushes of particular type form a dark film on the surface of commutator, it is in fact a
semi-lubricating surface which should not be disturbed.

3. Brush gear
The length of the brushes should be measured from the longest side and sufficient
allowance made to ensure satisfactory performance untill the next inspection periods.
Brushes should be free but not slack in their boxes.

Brushes should be removed and cleared off carbon deposits by means of soft cloth
moistened with recommended cleaning fluid.

4. Armature
To be rotated by hand and it should rotate freely. Bearings are to be lubricated as per
manufacturer’s recommendation at specified period.

WORK SHEET
Observation Table
Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Reading
of DCGenerator of DC Meters Action
Elements Generator

Testing of DC
Generator
Elements
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CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
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QUESTIONS

1. When should out inspection and maintenace of a DC generator be carried out.

2. What are the elements of a DC generator ?

3. Explain the elements testing procedure of the DC generator.

4. What will you check in DC generator inspection ?

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5. What will you check in DC generator for inspection ?

6. What will you do if oil having entered in generator casing ?

7. What is the purpose of a oil seal in the DC generator ?

8. What will happen if the carbon dust should not be removed from the boxes or brush
housing?

9. Explain the cleaning procedure of a DC generator elements.

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10. What will happen if the dark film is disturbed ?

11. Why the length of brushes should be measured ?

12. Explain the armature testing of a DC generator.

13. What are the precautions during testing of a DC generator elements ?

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

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EXPERIMENT - A (PART-8)
TESTING OF ARMATURE

OBJECT
To carry out armature testing.

APPARATUS
1. Growler tester
2. Iron strip
3. Armature

INTRODUCTION
The purpose of grolwer tester is to check any open and short circuit between armature coils
or between commutator segments and armature core. The growler works on the transformer’s
principle. The winding on the core acts as a primary winding and the armature winding acts
as a secondary winding.

When the AC supply of a growler is switched on the emf is induced in the armature winding.
The induced current is measured by the ammeter (if fitted on the growler) or indicated by
LED.

PROCEDURE

1. Open circuit test between the armature coils:

i) Place the armature on the growler tester.

ii) Connect the growler and switch on the ‘AC’ supply. Ensure that AC main Indicator light is
‘ON’.

iii) Connect two wires in the series terminal of tester.

iv) Touch the wires to the adjustment segments. If there is no reading in the ammeter, it
shows that there is an open ckt. in that winding, marj the point.

v) Rotate the armature and check every pair of segment.

vi) Switch off the AC supply.

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2. Short circuit between armature coils:

i) Place the armature core on the jaws of the growler tester.

ii) Connect the growler and switch ‘ON’ AC main supply. Ensure that AC main indicator light
is ‘ON’.

iii) Rotate the armature core and place a hacksaw blade near to the core (slightly above).

iv) If any short ckt. is there between armature coils, the hacksaw blade will vibrate vigorously.

v) Repeat test once or twice.

vi) Switch off AC supply after test.

3. Faults between commutator segments & armature core:

i) Place the armature core on the jaws of the tester and switch ‘ON’ the AC supply.

ii) Connect the two wires to the “series terminals” of the tester.

iii) Touch one wire to the commutator segment and other wire to the core and rotate the
armature core.

iv) If any short ckt. is there between segment is presents then the LED will glow or ammeter
will read.

v) Switch off the AC supply after the test.

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WORK SHEET
Observation Table
Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Reading
of Armature of Grower Meters Action

Armature
Testing
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CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
 57
QUESTIONS
1. What is the purpose of growler tester ?

2. What are the test to be carry out on growler of a Armature ?

3. On which principle the growler tester works ?

4. How the armature winding acts in Armature testing ?

5. How much input power supply is required for a growler in armature testing ?
 58
6. What is the purpose of the iron strip in armature testing with the help of growler ?

7. What you mean by open circuit test between the armature coils explain the procedure ?

8. Explain the short circuit testing procedure between armature coil with the help of growler
testing ?

9. Explain the testing procedure of the faults between commutator segments and armature
core. ?

10. What are the precautions to be use during armature testing ?

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

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EXPERIMENT - A (PART-9)
DC GENERATOR ON TEST RIG

OBJECT
To carry out the test of DC generator on test rig.

APPARATUS
1. Connecting leads

2. Voltage regulator

3. Test rig

4. DC generator

INTRODUCTION

DC generator is tested on test rig for proper voltage build up after reassembly.

PROCEDURE

i) Place the generator (to be tested) on bench.

ii) Tighten all the mounting nuts so that it should not vibrate while running.

iii) Connect the belt drive to the generator pulley and prime mover.

iv) Connect the generator terminals correctly to test ckt. as per diagram.

v) Run the generator and check the voltage build up.

vi) Now very the field current by rotate fitted in test bench. Check the voltage and field
current.

vii) Take readings of voltage & field current.

viii) Switch off the generator after completion of the test.

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WORK SHEET
Observation Table
Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Meters Reading
of Generator of Generator Action
Generator Field
voltage current
(volt.) (amp.)

Testing of
Generator
on test rig
 61
CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
 62
QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by test rig of a generator ?

2. What do you mean by proper voltage build up after reassembly of a DC generator ?

3. What do you mean by prime mover in a generator bench testing?

4. Explain the test bench setting proedure of a generator.

5. Explain the rig testing procedure of a DC generator.

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6. What is the procedure in generator rig testing first we will switch on the field excitation or
switch on the prime mover ?

7. What will you do if the output voltage is not build up in rig testing of DC generator ?

8. What will happen if we will vary the field current of a DC generator ?

9. Explain the procedure to switch off the generator after rig test of a DC generator.

10. Explain the safety precautions during rig testing of a DC generator.

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

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EXPERIMENT - A (PART-10)
TESTING OF AC GENERATOR

OBJECT
To carry out testing of AC generator on testing.

APPARATUS
1. Manufacturer specified tools.
2. Insulation tester.
3. Test bench.
4. AC generator.
5. Insulation tester

INTRODUCTION
All generators must be subjected to functional tests before their installation in the aircraft. The
test are carried out at a specified interval as mentioned in the maintenance schedule or at
any time whenever their operation is suspected.

The nature of tests, permissible limitations and required adjustments vary according to the
type of generator and aircraft. Therefore it is always essential to refer the relevent mainte-
nance manual.

PRINCIPLE
It works on the principle of electromagnetic induction.

PROCEDURE
Insulation Test
The insulation resistance between each output ternimal and body of the AC generator be
carried out by an insulation tester. The insulation resistance value should be with in specified
limit.

Functional limit
Mount the generator on test bench. Connect the terminals. Switch on the generator CB and
panel meter switch. Run the AC generator Frequency meter and voltmeter will show the
correct output readings. Switch on the various AC loads to check the power output of the AC
generator. Take the readings of voltage and frequency.
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WORK SHEET
Observation Table

Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Meters Reading

of AC of Test bench, Action
Generator Test Insulation
bench, Tester Field alternator
Insulation current voltage
Tester (amp.) (volts)

Testing of
AC
Generator
on test rig
 66
CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
 67
QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by AC generator rig test ?

2. Why the rig test on AC generator to be carry out before installation in the aircraft ?

3. When rig test should be carried out on AC generator?

4. Which power supply is required for AC generator field coil excitation ?

5. How you will check the output frequency of the AC generator on test explain it ?
 68
6. How to mount the generator on test bench for testing, explain the procedure ?

7. How you will adjust the output of a alternator, explain it ?

8. How you will check the power output of AC generator ?

9. What will you do if the output voltage is not build up in rig testing of AC generator?

10. What will you do if the output voltage is more in rig testing of AC generator?

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

 69
EXPERIMENT - A (PART-11)
CARBON PILE AND OTHER TYPES OF VOLTAGE REGULATORS

OBJECT
To carry out partial dismantling, followed by examination and reassembly of carbon pile and
other types of voltage regulators.

APPARATUS
1. CSD (6”)
2. Insulated plier
3. Set spanner 8X10mm
4. Set spanner (10X12mm)
5. Carbon pile voltage regulator.

INTRODUCTION
Carbon pile voltage regulator is connected in series with the field winding of the generator.
By varying resistance of carbon pile, current in the field is varied and therefore the output
voltage is regulated.

PROCEDURE
Before dismantling make a thorough inspection and ensure that all parts are correctly marked
to facilitate correct reassembly.

Measure the carbon pile resistance with milliohmmeter and ensure that resistance is with in
specified range given by manufacturer.

Inspection
After dismantling ensure that carbon piles are not broken and are in good condition.

Reassembly
In case carbon piles are not in good condition replace the carbon pile with a new pack. After
that carry out the dip setting, preliminary mechanical setting, final voltage adjustment. Test for
carbon pile hunting on 75% of load by switching ON & OFF the load at least three times.

If the regulator pass the above test, it may be installed in the aircraft and insulation resistance
test of all live parts and the frame should be carried out with a 250 V insulation tester. Insulation
resistance should not be less than 20 mega ohms.
 70
WORK SHEET
Observation Table

Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Meters Reading

of carbon piles of carbon carbon piles of other Action
of other types piles of other types of regulators
of regulators types of
regulators

Partial
dismantling
followed by
examination
by
reassembly
of carbon
pile & other
types of
voltage
regulators.
 71
CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
 72
QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of the voltage regulator in aircraft?

2. What do you mean by carbon pile voltage regulator?

3. How the carbon piles are connected with the field winding of the generator?

4. How the field current is varied in generator with the help of carbon piles?

5. How the output voltage is regulated in generator?

 73
6. Explain the Inspection procedure of the carbon pile voltage regulator.

7. Explain the reassembly procedure of the carbon pile voltage regulator.

8. What will you do if the carbon piles are not in good condition?

9. What will you do if any one carbon pile is broken?

10. What do you mean by dip setting in carbon pile voltage regulator?
 74
11. What do you mean by final voltage adjustment in carbon pile voltage regulator?

12. What are the safety precautions to be used during examination of the carbon pile voltage
regulator?

13. How the vibrating contact type voltage regulator consists of?

14. What is the purpose of the heavy coil of the current limiter in vibrator type voltage regulator
regulator?

15. How the generator comes ‘on line’ in vibrator type voltage regulator, explain it?
 75
16. Explain the dismantling procedure of vibrator type voltage regulator.

17. Explain the examination procedure of the vibrating contact voltage regulator.

18. What do you mean by three unit vibrator type voltage regulator?

13. What are the precautions during testing of a DC generator elements ?

14. What is the purpose of the heavy coil of the current limiter in vibrator type voltage regulator
regulator?
 76
15. How the generator comes ‘on line’ in vibrator type voltage regulator, explain it?

16. Explain the dismantling procedure of vibrator type voltage regulator.

17. Explain the examination procedure of the vibrating contact voltage regulator.

18. What do you mean by three unit vibrator type voltage regulator?

19. Explain the reassembly procedure of the vibrating contact voltage regulator.
 77
20. On which instructions we will do reassembly of a vibrating contact voltage regulator?

21. Explain the cleaning procedure of vibrating contact voltage regulator.

21. What do you mean by generator off line?

22. Explain the parts name of the vibrating contact voltage regulator?

23. What do you mean by solid state voltage regulator?

 78
24. Explain the dismantling procedure of the solid state voltage regulator.

25. Explain the examination procedure of the solid state voltage regulator.

26. How the solid state voltage regulators consists of?

27. Explain the reassembly procedure of the solid state voltage regulator.

28. How many N-P-N transistors are there in solid state voltage regulator?

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

 79
EXPERIMENT - A (PART-12)
BASIC SETTING AND ADJESTMENT

OBJECT
To carry out overhaul procedure of voltage regulator, correction of its. Basic setting and
adjustment making.

APPARATUS
1. CSD 6”
2. Insulated plier
3. Set spanner 8X10mm
4. Set spanner (10X12mm)
5. Carbon pile voltage regulator.

INTRODUCTION
Carbon pile is connected in series with the field winding of the generator. By varying resistance
of carbon pile, current in the field is varied and thereby the output voltage is regulated.

PROCEDURE (A): Before dismantling make a through inspection & ensure that all parts
are correctly marked to facilitate correct reassembly. Measure the carbon pile resistance
with milliohmmeter & ensure that resistance is with in specified range given by manufacturer.

Inspection
After dismantling ensure that carbon piles are not broken and are in good condition.

Reassembly
In case carbon piles are not in good condition replace the carbon pile with a new pack. After
that carry out the dip setting, preliminary mechanical setting, final voltage adjustment.Test for
carbon pile hunting on 75% of load by switching ON & OFF the load at least three times. If the
regulator passes the above test, it may be installed in the aircraft and insulation resistance
test of all live parts and the frame should be carried out with a 250 V insulation tester.
Insulation resistance should not be less than 20 mega ohms.

PROCEDURE (B): Voltage coil circuit resistance

Adjustment of voltage coil circuit resistance is accomplished by a ballast resistor preset by
manufacturere to give the currect ampere turns in the voltage coil at the normal voltage to be
controlled. In addition to ballast resistor, a trimming resistor is also provided for raising or
lowering the regulated voltage level within certain limits after the regulator is installed in the
aircraft.
 80
Magnet core Airgap
The airgap between the magnet core and the armature is preset by adjusting the position of
the magnet core with in the end plate of electromagnet housing. The adjustment provides for
optimum regulation at the nominal controlled voltage.

Carbon pile compression

Initial compression of the carbon pile is adjusted by the pile compression screw to give the
correct setting of plate type control spring so that over the working range of pile, the spring
range and magnetic forces exactly counter balance at any position of the armature. The setting
of the screw may be regarded as the characteristic setting of the regular and determines the
degree of regulation & stability factor.

WORK SHEET
Observation Table
Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Meters Reading
of Voltage of Voltage carbon piles of other Action
regulator regulator types of regulators

Overhaul
procedure
of voltage
regulator
correction
of its basic
setting and
adjustment
 81
CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
 82
QUESTIONS

1. For what purpose we are using the voltage regulators in aircraft primary power supply
system?

2. What should be used to control the sharing of load between generators operating in
parallel?

3. How will you automatic control of the generator field strength?

4. What do you mean by pile of carbon discs or washers?

5. How the electrical contact at each end of the pile is made?

 83
6. Explain the reassembly of the carbon pile voltage regulator in overhaul of the voltage
regulator.

7. What are the test to be carried out after overhauling of the carbon pile voltage regulator ?

8. Why the overhauling is required of a voltage regulator?

9. What are the electrical test to be carried out on carbon pile voltage?

10. Which type of insulation tester is required to chek the insulation of the voltage regulator?
 84
11. What do you mean by voltage coil circuit resistance?

12. What do you mean by pre-set of the voltage coil?

13. What is the purpose of the trimming resistor in voltage regulator?

14. What is the purpose of ballast resistor in voltage regulator?

15. How many adjustments are normally provided in carbon pile voltage regulators?
 85
16. How will you pre-set the air gap between the magnet core and the armature?

17. How the ballast resistance & trimmer resistance are connected in voltage regulator circuit?

18. What is the purpose of the carbon pile compression screw in carbon pile voltage regulator?

19. What is the purpose of cooling fins in carbon pile voltage regulator?
 86
20. What is the purpose of magnet core locking screws in carbon pile voltage regulator?

21. How will you adjust initial compression of the carbon pile?

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

 87
EXPERIMENT - A (PART-13)
INPUTAND OUTPUT VOLTAGE ADJESTMENT

OBJECT
To carry out testing and checking of input and output voltage adjustment of frequency control
in rotatory invertor.

APPARATUS
1. Rotatory Invertor
2. Common screw driver
3. 28 volts DC.

INTRODUCTION
The invertor designed to produced either 26 volts 115 V, 400 Hz AC depending on the
secondary AC power requirement of an aircraft electrical system. When the inverter is switched
on DC is supplied to the motor armature and shunt field winding, and also to excitation field
winding of the generator.

Thus the motor starts driving the generator which will produce a three phase AC output at 115
volt. In order to control the voltage at this level, the DC supply is passed through a resistor in
series with a generator field, this resister is preset to give the required excitation current at
the regulated DC system voltage level.

Since the frequency of the generator output is dependent on speed then a preset resistor
also connected in series with the motor field to provide sufficient excitation current to run the
motor and genertor at the speed necessary to produce a 400 Hz output.

PROCEDURE
1. Connect the rototary invertor 28V DC supply.
2. Check the input in the voltmeter, it should be with in the range.
3. Check the output in the voltmeter, it should be with in the range.
4. Check the frequency of the invertor, It should be 400 Hz. If there is increase or decrease
adjust the frequency with the variable resistance of shunt field of motor. It should be with in
the limit.
5. Disconnet the invertor.
 88
WORK SHEET
Observation Table

Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Meters Reading

of Electrical of Electrical Action
Component Component
and Actulator and Actulator

Testing and
checking of
input and
output
voltages
adjustment
of
frequency
control in
rotatory
invetor.
 89
CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
 90
QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by rotatory invertor?

2. What is input and output of a invertor?

3. How the invertor is consists?

4. What is the difference between invertor and convertor?

5. What do mean by secondary power requirement of an aircraft electrical system?

 91
6. Who produces a phase AC output at 115 volt in invertor?

7. What do you mean by 400Hz?

8. What is relation between DC motor & Ac generator in inverter?

9. Why we are we using 400 Hz in aircraft purpose?

10. Why we are we not using 50 Hz in aircraft purpose?

 92
11. Were will you check output voltage of the invertor on test table?

12. What do you mean by frequency?

13. Explain the procedure how you will test & check input voltage of a inverter.

14. Explain the procedure how you will test & check output voltage of a inverter.
 93
15. How the adjust output frequency of a invertor, explain?

16. What do you mean by the output voltage and frequency should be in limit?

17. What will you do , If the frequency is 400Hz and output voltage is “zero” of a rotary invertor?

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

94
 95
EXPERIMENT - A (PART-14)
ADJESTMENTAND TESTING INVERTOR

OBJECT
To carry out inspection of static Invertor, adjustment and testing of output voltage and frequency.

APPARATUS
1. Static Invertor
2. Common screw driver
3. 28 volts DC.

INTRODUCTION
These Invertor perform conversion of 28V battery supply to single phase 115V 400Hz A.C. by
means of solid static or static circuit principle. The main component of the static invertor are
fitter network; Constant current generator; Square wave generator, pulse shaper, power driver,
o/p stage, harmonic filter, turn on relay, notch control, regulator & current sensor.

PROCEDURE
1. Carry out visual inspection check the relay contact there should not be any burning or
pitting sign.

2. All the capacitor and resistance are to be checked for over heating and burning.

3. There is no voltage adjustment in this as the transformer o/p winding is fixed.

4. Only frequency adjustment can be done with the help of 400Hz square wave generator.

5. The output voltage is maintained with in limit by mean of voltage sensor and current sensor
both of which produced rectifier a.c. feed back signal to control the clutch time of pulse
shaper o/p through the medium of regulator control circuit & clutch control circuit.
 96
WORK SHEET
Observation Table

Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Voltmeter Reading

of static of static frequency Meters Action
invertor invertor

Inspection
of static
invertor
adjustment
and testing
of output
voltage and
frequency.
 97
CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
 98
QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by adjustment of output voltage in static Inverter?

2. How much should be the output of a static inverter?

3. How much should be the input of a static inverter?

4. How will you do adjustment of output frequency in static Inverter?

5. Why are we using 400Hz in aircraft?

 99
6. Explain the main conmponents name of the static Invertor.

7. Explain the main component’s name of the static inverter.

8. What is the purpose of the filter network in static inverter?

9. What is the purpose of the power drive in static inverter?

10. What is the difference between static & rotary invertor?

 100
11. What do you mean by output stage in static inverter?

12. What do you mean by current sensor?

13. What do you mean by visual inspection of a static inverter?

14. What is the purpose of relay?

15. How will you check the relay contact in static invertor?
 101
16. How will you check the capacitor, explain it.

17. What is the purpose of the current sensor in static inverter?

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

102
 103
EXPERIMENT - A (PART-15)
TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER UNIT

OBJECT
To understand constructional detail of transformer rectifier unit (TRU).

APPARATUS
Transformer rectifier unit.

INTRODUCTION
Transformer rectifier unit (TRU) are combination of static transformer and rectifier to operate
on a regulated three phase input of 200V at a frequency of 400Hz and to provide a continous
DC output of 110A at approx. 26V.

PROCEDURE
The unit consists of a transformer and two-3  bridge rectifier mounted separately in the
casing. The transformer has a conventional star would primary winding and secondary winding
is wound in star and delta.

Each secondary winding is connected to individual bridge rectifier assemblies made up of 6

silicon diodes and connected in parallel. An ammeter shunt is connected in the output side of
the rectifier to enable current taken from the main dc output terminals to be measured at
ammeter auxiliary terminals.

These terminals, together with all other associated with input and output circuit are grouped
on a panel at one end of the unit, cooling of the unit is by normal convection through gauge
covered ventilation panels in order to give warningof overheating condition, thermal switch
are provided at the transformer and rectifier assemblies and are connected to independent
warning lights.
 104
WORK SHEET
Observation Table

Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Meters Reading

of Transformer of Action
rectifier unit. Transformer
rectifier unit.

Constructional
detail of
Transformer
rectifier unit.
 105
CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
 106
QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by transformer rectifier unit?

2. What is the input power supply for T.R.U?

3. What is output power supply for T.R.U?

4. What is input power supplysource of a T.R.U?

5. What is the purpose of the bridge rectifier in T.R.U?

 107
6. How many bridge rectifier are there in T.R.U?

7. How many windings are there in T.R.U?

8. Which is the star winding in TRU?

9. How the each secondary winding is connected in TRU?

10. What is the purpose of thermal switchin TRU?

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

108
 109
EXPERIMENT - B (PART-1)
TEST A/C POWER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

OBJECT
Study and test A/C power distribution system.

PART I
To become acquant with and making up of wire length of different type of cables looms.

APPARATUS
1. Wires
2. Cables
3. Cable tying strap
4. Cutter insulated handle

INTRODUCTION
To facilate installation maintenance and repair, cable runs and looms are broken down at
specified locations by junction, such as connectors or terminal block. Before assembly to
these junctions, cables should be cut to the required length, with the out being clean and
equal and the wire conducter not deformed.

A wire is a single solid rod or filament of drawn metal enclosed in a suitable insulation material
and auto protective covering.

A cable is usally made up of a conducter composed to a group of single solid wires stranded
together to provide greater flexibiality and enclosed by insulation material and outer protective
covering. Wires and cables constitutes the frame work of power distribution system.

PROCEDURE
Various methods depend also on size and complexity are adopted but in general they may
be grouped under three principle headings:-

1. Open loom
In this method, wires or cables to be routed to and from consumer equipment in the specific
zone of the aircraft are grouped parallel to each other in a bundle and boxed together with
waxed cording or P.V.C. strapping. A loom is supported at through out its run secured at
relevant parts of the aircraft structure.
 110
2. Ducted loom
This method is basically the same as that of open loom excpeat that the bundles are supported
inducts which are routed the aircraft and secured to the aircraft structure for identification
purpose, each loom is bound with appropriately colored waxed cording.

3. Conduits
Conduits are generally used for conveying cables in areas where there is the possibility of
exposure to oil, hydraulic or other fluids. Conduits may take from of either plastic, flexible
metal or rigid metal sheats.

PREAUTIONS
1. A dull outting edge will deform and extrude the conductor stored.

2. If neccessary the conductros of large diameter cables should be neshaped after cutting.

3. Blades of the cutting tool should be sharp and free form nick.

WORK SHEET
Observation Table

Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Reading

of wire and of Meters Meters Action
cable
111
 112
CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
 113
QUESTIONS

1. What is the purpose of the wire & cables in aircraft?

2. Explain the types of looms in aircraft.

3. What do you maen by open loom in aircraft?

4. What do you mean by ducted loom in aircraft?

 114
5. What do you mean by conduit loom in aircraft?

6. What is the difference between cables & wire?

7. What is the difference between co-axial cable & thermo couple cable?

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

 115
EXPERIMENT - B (PART-2)
FAMILIAR WITH PLUGS AND SOCKETS

OBJECT
To become familiar with plugs and sockets.

APPARATUS
1. Plug
2. Sockets

INTRODUCTION
Plugs and sockets ( or receptacles) are connecting devices which respectively contain male
and female contact assemblies.

Different type of plugs and sockets may be fixed or free items be fixed in junction box, panel
or a consumer component or free as part of a cable to couple into fixed item.

1. Fixed equipment and panel type (1, 2)

2. Fixed through type (bulk head) (3, 4)
3. Free type with cable clamp (5)
4. Fixed type angle fitting (6)
5. Fixed type rack equipment

PROCEDURE
The bodies or shells are mostly of light alloy or stainless steel finished overall with cadmium
plating provided with either a male or a female thread. Polarizing keys and keyways are also
provided to ensure that plygs and sockets make properly they also prevent relative movement
between their contacts and there by strain, when the coupling rings are being tightened.

The shelts of “free” plugs and sockets are extended as neccessary by the attachment of
outlets or and bells. These provide a meanss of supporting the cable or cable loom at the
point of entry of the plug or socket theory preventing stoaining of the conducters and the
ingress of moistures and direct plug contacts are wally solid round pins and socket contact
have resilient section to grip the mating pin.

The contacts are retained in position by insulater or inserts. The socket contacts are designed
so that their grip an plug pin contacts is not reduced by repeated connection and disconnection.
 116
PRECAUTION

1. While connecting plug and sockets make sure that the polarizing key and key are aligned
for proper making of plug and socket.

2. Plugs & sockets must be tightened properly.

3. Plugs & sockets should be locked properly.

WORK SHEET
Observation Table

Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Reading

of wire and of Meters Meters Action
cable
117
 118
CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
 119
QUESTIONS

1. What is the difference between plugs and sockets?

2. What is the purpose of the plugs and sockets an aircraft.

3. Explain the types of plugs and sockets.

4. What do you mean by fixed equipment panel type plugs and sockets.
 120
5. What do you mean by fixed through plugs and sockets.

6. What do you mean by fixed type angle fitting plugs and sockets.

7. What do you mean by free type with cable clamp plugs and sockets.

8. What do you maen by fixed type rack equipment plugs and sockets.

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

 121
EXPERIMENT - C (PART-1)
INTERNALAND EXTERNAL LIGHTING SYSTEM

OBJECT
To study and test aircraft internal and external lighting system.

APPARATUS
Various types of aircraft lighting devices.

INTRODUCTION
Lighting plays an important role in the operations of an aircraft and many of its sysstem. Its
mainly falls into 2 groups:
1. External lighting.
2. Internal lighting.

Exteenal Lighting
The making of an aircraft position by means of navigation lights.

PROCEDURE
Navigation lights
It is used for the marking of an a/c position. Every a/c in flight or moving on the ground during
the hours of darkness shall display .

1. A green light at or near the starboard wing tip, through an are of 110° to part.
2. A red light at or near the part wing tip through an arc 110° to part.
3. A white light visible from the near of the a/c in the horizontal plane through an arc of 140°
The conventional location of this light is in the aircraft tail.

Anticollision light
Anti collision lighting also fulfills a position marked function and in conjunction with navigational
lights giving steady lighting conditions, permits the position of an aircraft to be more readity
determined.

i) Rotating bean light

These lights or becomes as they all often called consists of a filament lamp unit &motor.

ii) Strobe lighting

This type of lighting system is based on principle of capacitor discharge flash tube.
 122
iii) Landing lights & taxi lights
These lights provde essential illuminated for the landing of an aircraft and for taxing it to
and from runway and terminal areas at night and at other times when visiblity condition
are poor.

iv) Ice inspection light

Ice inspection or wing scan scan lights are fitted to most type of transport a/c to detect the
formation of ice on the leading edges of wings and also at the air intake of turbine engine.

WORK SHEET
Observation Table

Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Reading

of external of external Meters Action
lighting lighting
123
 124
CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
 125
QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by external lighting in aircraft?

2. What is the purpose of the navigation lights in aircraft?

3. Explain the types of navigation lights in aircraft.

4. Explain the location of green navigation lights in aircraft.

 126
5. A typical frequency of anti-collision light beam rotation is:

(a) 40-45 cycle per minut.

(b) 80-90 cycle per second.

(c) 80-90 cycle per minut.

6. A typical speed of anti-collision light is:

(a) 40-45 rev per minut.

(b) 45-50 rev per second.

(c) 45-50 rev per minut.

7. Give a brief description of the construction of a typical landing light unit.

 127
8. At which stage of landing light will Illuminated?

9. Explain the purpose of landing light in aircraft.

10. Explain the purpose of taxi light in aircraft.

11. Explain the purpose of taxi light is combined with that of a landing light.

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor

128
 129
EXPERIMENT - C (PART-2)
INTERNAL LIGHTING ON AIRCRAFT

AIM
To perform Internal (cockpit) lighting on aircraft.

APPARATUS
Various types of aircraft lighting devices.

INTRODUCTION
Lighting plays an important role in the operations of an aircraft and many of its sysstem. Its
mainly falls into two groups:
1. External lighting.
2. Internal lighting.

Internal lighting
The internal lighting of a/c can be broadly divided into 3 categories:
1. Cockpit or operational lighting.
2. Passenger cabin lighting.
3. Servicing lighting which includes galleys, toilet compartments, freight compartment and
equipment bags.

PROCEDURE
Cockpit lighting
The most important requirements for cockpit lighting are those necessary to ensure adequate
illumination of all instruments, switches, control etc and the panel to which these items are
fitted Some of the methods adopted to meet these requirements are as follows:

1. Internal lighting is the one in which the light sorce is with in each instrument. The principle
form of integral lighting for instruments is that known as wedge or front lighting.
2. Pillar and bridge lighting in which number of lights are positioned on panels to illuminated
small adjacent areas and to provide flood lighting of individual instrument.
3. Flood lighting is used for general illumination of instrument control panels, pedestals,
side consoles and areas of cockpit.

Electro luminiscent lighting

This form of lighting is employed in a no. of aircraft as passengers information signs and also
is some cases for the illumination of instrument dials and selective positions of valves or
switches.
 130
Passenger cabin lighting
It can vary from small no. of roof connected lamp fittings to a large no. of flourscent fitting
located in ceilings and that rack and also to give conceded, pleased and functional lighting
effects.

Emergency lighting
An essential requirement concerning lighting is that adequate illumination of the cockpit and
various sections of cabin exists, escapes hatches etc. must be provided under emergency
conditions crash landing at nights.
WORK SHEET
Observation Table

Topic Physical check Serviceability Reading on Reading

of external of external Meters Action
lighting lighting
 131
CONCLUSION

PRECAUTION
 132
QUESTIONS

1. What do you mean by internal lighting in the aircraft?

2. What is the purpose of the cockpit lighting in the aircraft?

3. Explain the purpose of the integral lights in the aircraft.

4. What do you mean by pillar and bridge lights in aircraft?

 133
5. What is the purpose of the electroluminescent lighting in the aircraft?

6. Explain the purpose of passenger cabin lights in the aircraft.

7. Give the brief discription of the passenger cabin lights in aircraft.

8. What is the purpose of the emergency lighting in the aircraft?

 134
8. What is the purpose of the emergency lighting in the aircraft?

9. Explain the location of the emergency lights in aircraft.

10. Explain the safety precautions when you are operating the cockpit lights in aircraft.

11. Explain the types of the emergency lights in aircraft.

Signature of C.I. /Principal Signature of Faculty/Instuctor