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Population is a set of all items that possess a
certain characteristic of interest.
Sample is a subset of population, which is taken
from a population for certain purpose.
Parameter is a characteristic of population
something that describes it.
Statistic is a characteristic of sample. It is used to
make inferences on the population parameters
that are typically unknown.
Why Sample?
Census of a population (complete enumeration of
every item) may be:
Impossible
Impractical
Too costly
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Simple Random Sample
Sampling from the population is often done
randomly, such that every possible sample will
have an equal chance of being selected.
A sample selected in this way is called a simple
random sample or just a random sample.
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Lessons Learned
Sample represents population.
There is an error.
Error can be reduced by increasing sample size.
Sampling method may affect results. (Random)
Distribution for a Targeted Process
Normal Curve and Probability Areas
PROCESS
• Requires understanding
• Has variation
• Has a capability
• Must be properly controlled
• Needs improvement
Distributions can differ in:
Analyze Display
A control chart is a line graph used to display variation on time
ordered fashion and separates special causes from common causes
of variation.
A centerline and control limits are placed on the graph to help
analyze the pattern of data. This is also called Process Behaviour
Chart. (W.A.Shewart 1924)
Abnormal situations in a control chart
The Three Core Variables
Control Charts
Individual X – Moving Range
Xbar – Range
Xbar - S
Individual X – Moving Range
Xbar – Range Chart
Xbar – s Chart
Comparison: Individual vs. Averages Charts
WHAT DO I DO NOW ?!!
Specification Limits
OK NG NG
Control Limits
OK
Specification Limits
OK NG NG
Control Limits
OK
umashankar.gautam@sonagroup.com
+91 9871194411