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Properties of f(x) # ƒ x ƒ
1. The domain is the set of all real numbers. The range of f is 5y|y Ú 06.
2. The x-intercept of the graph of f1x2 = ƒ x ƒ is 0. The y-intercept of the
graph of f1x2 = ƒ x ƒ is also 0.
3. The graph is symmetric with respect to the y-axis. The function is even.
4. The function is decreasing on the interval 1- q , 02. It is increasing on the
interval 10, q 2.
5. The function has an absolute minimum of 0 at x = 0.
Below is a list of the key functions that we have discussed. In going through this list,
pay special attention to the properties of each function, particularly to the shape of
each graph. Knowing these graphs along with key points on each graph will lay the
foundation for further graphing techniques.
The domain of a constant function is the set of all real numbers; its range is the
set consisting of a single number b. Its graph is a horizontal line whose y-intercept is b.
The constant function is an even function.
Identity Function
y f (x ) = x
3
See Figure 32.
The domain and the range of the identity function are the set of all real
(1, 1)
numbers. Its graph is a line whose slope is 1 and whose y-intercept is 0. The line
–3 (0, 0) 3 x consists of all points for which the x-coordinate equals the y-coordinate. The
(– 1, – 1)
identity function is an odd function that is increasing over its domain. Note that the
graph bisects quadrants I and III.
(1, 1)
!4 (0, 0) 4 x See Figure 34.
(!1, !1) The domain and the range of the cube function are the set of all real numbers.
The intercept of the graph is at 10, 02. The cube function is odd and is increasing on
!4 the interval 1- q , q 2.
Reciprocal Function
1
f1x2 =
x
Figure 37 Reciprocal Function
y 1
2 (1–2 , 2) Refer to Example 12, page 164, for a discussion of the equation y = . See
x
f (x ) = 1
––
x
Figure 37.
The domain and the range of the reciprocal function are the set of all nonzero
(!2, ! 1–2 ) (1, 1)
real numbers. The graph has no intercepts. The reciprocal function is decreasing on
!2 2 x the intervals 1- q , 02 and 10, q 2 and is an odd function.
(!1, !1)
Absolute Value Function
!2
f1x2 = ƒ x ƒ
We obtain the graph of f1x2 = int1x2 by plotting several points. See Table 6. For
Table 6 values of x, - 1 … x 6 0, the value of f1x2 = int1x2 is - 1; for values of x,
0 … x 6 1, the value of f is 0. See Figure 39 for the graph.
y # f (x)
x # int(x) (x, y) Figure 39 Greatest Integer Function
-1 -1 (- 1, - 1) y
4
1 1
- -1 a - , - 1b
2 2 2
1 1
- -1 a - , - 1b !2 2 4 x
4 4
0 0 (0, 0) !3
1 1
0 a , 0b
4 4 The domain of the greatest integer function is the set of all real numbers; its
1 1 range is the set of integers. The y-intercept of the graph is 0. The x-intercepts lie in
0 a , 0b
2 2 the interval 30, 12. The greatest integer function is neither even nor odd. It is
3 3 constant on every interval of the form 3k, k + 12, for k an integer. In Figure 39, we use
0 a , 0b a solid dot to indicate, for example, that at x = 1 the value of f is f112 = 1; we use
4 4
an open circle to illustrate that the function does not assume the value of 0 at x = 1.