ELECTRICITY PROTECTION SYSTEM

Arranged by:
Muhamad Taufan Agassy
15224019

FACULTY OF S 1 ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING INDUSTRY TECHNOLOGY

INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND NATIONAL TECHNOLOGY
2019
 ABSTRACT
Electricity protection systems generally consist of several components designed to identify the
condition of the electric power system and work based on information obtained from the system
such as current, voltage or phase angle between the two. Information obtained from an electric
power system will be used to compare the amount with the threshold setting on the equipment
protection. If the amount obtained from the system exceeds the protection equipment threshold
setting, the protection system will work to secure the condition. Protection equipment generally
consists of several elements designed to observe the condition of the system and carry out an
action based on the condition of the system

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 CHAPTER I
PRELIMINARY

A. Background

Protection of electric power transmission is very important in the process of channeling power
from one place to another. This is because the principle in good electric power transmission is
that one of them is safe besides reliable and economical. Electricity protection is a part that
ensures that electricity power transmission is safe. It can be said to be safe because in electric
power transmission a device will be provided which serves to secure the transmission of
interference and even to safeguard humans from the danger caused by the transfer of electrical
power from one place to another.
Electric power transmission protection is indispensable in electric power transmission. With good
protection, the transmission will not be damaged when there is a temporary disturbance. If the
electric power transmission protection is good, then the economic value can be obtained because
if a transmission is interrupted, the damage to the equipment cannot spread to other equipment
because there is a transmission protection. Economic and safe values can be integrated into
reliable values. Reliable what is meant here is that it does not endanger humans who are around
electric power transmission so that the people around this transmission do not experience health
problems or material disturbances.
The making of this paper is based on the task of concentration courses, namely the protection
system. In addition to fulfilling the assignment of the course,

B. Problem Formulation

In this paper I will discuss some problems. Among others are :

1. What is the Definition of Electric Power Transmission Protection?
2. What is included in the electric power protection device?
3. How does electric power transmission protection work?
4. Where is the power transmission protection applied?

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C. Limitation of Problems
Considering the problems in the disruption of the electric power system are very extensive, the
writing of this paper will be limited to the notion of protection of electric power transmission,
how the protection works, where the port is located, and what are the tools.

D. Purpose
he purpose of the compilers of this paper is the first to fulfill the subject of the electric power
system protection course. The second is so that the compilers get more knowledge and
competence in terms of protection, especially the protection of electric power transmission. The
third is that this paper can be used as a reference source by readers as a rationale for
development or to be equipped.

E. Benefits
The benefits obtained after reading this paper are that the reader understands the electricity
transmission protection that is used in general, how the protection can work, the application on
which side, and the type of electric power transmission safety device.

F.SISTEMATIC WRITING
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1. Background
2. Problem Formulation
3. Limitation of Problems
4. Purpose
5. Benefits
6. Systematics of writing
CHAPTER II THEORY BASIS
CHAPTER III DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
CHAPTER IV. CONCLUSION & ADVICE
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 CHAPTER II
DISCUSSION
1. Definition of Protection of Electric Transmission

The definition of electric power transmission protection is protection that is installed on electrical
equipment in an electric power transmission so that the process of distributing electricity from
the power plant to the electricity distribution channel (substation distribution) can be channeled
to consumers of electricity users with secure. Electric power transmission protection is applied
to electric power transmission so that in the event of a disruption of equipment related to electric
power transmission there is no damage. This also includes when the treatment is turned on. If
protection works well, workers can maintain electric power transmission under voltage
conditions. If during the maintenance there is a disturbance, then the security installed by the
haurus works in order to secure the system and people who are carrying out maintenance.
The purpose of the protection system is
to identify disturbances, separate the disturbed parts of the installation from other parts that are
still normal and at the same time secure the installation from greater damage or loss, and provide
information / signs that a disturbance has occurred, which is generally followed by opening PMT.
Power Breaker (PMT) to separate / connect one part of the installation with another part of
the installation, both the installation under normal and disturbed conditions. The limit of the
installation parts can consist of one PMT or more whereas for the conditions that must be owned
by a protection system is Sensitive: i.e. able to feel the slightest interference
Reliable: that will work if needed (dependability) and will not work if it is not needed (security).
Selective: that is only able to separate the disrupted network.
Fast: that is able to work as fast as possible

This protection is different from security. If the security of a system means that the system does
not feel even a nuisance. While the protection or security of the system, the system feels the
interference, but in a short time, it can be secured. So that the system does not suffer damage
due to interference that is too long. Interference with electric power transmission can be in the
form of:

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SYSTEM DISORDERS

System disruption is a disturbance that occurs in electric power systems such as transformers,
reactors, capacitors, busbars, SUTT, SKTT, SUTET and so on. System disorders can be classified as
permanent disorders and temporary disorders.

NON-SYSTEM DISORDERS

Non-system interference is interference not on the system, the types of which include damage
to relay components, short connected and interference / induction control cables on the control
cable.
And for the type of interference in the protection system it consists of
• Phase disorders
The connection of two phases or more, directly or indirectly. Includes two-phase and three-
phase short circuit problems. Short circuits are indicated by:
- The decrease in network system voltage.
- Increase in flow in a very short time
• Land Disorders
The connection is one phase or more with land, directly or indirectly. (pole, transformer body,
lead cable sheath).

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2. Protection Relay

Figure 2. Protection relay diagram scheme

• COMPARATIVE ELEMENTS
This element functions to receive magnitude after the amount has been received by the sensing
element to compare the electrical amount at the time of normal conditions with the flow of the
work flow.
• SENSOR ELEMENTS
This element serves to feel the electrical quantities, such as current, voltage, frequency, etc.
depending on the relay used.
In this section the amount entered will be felt by the condition, whether the protected condition
gets a disturbance or under normal conditions, then the quantity is sent to the comparison
department.
• MEASURING ELEMENTS
This element serves to make a quick change in the measurement and will immediately give a
signal to open the PMT or provide a signal.
Relay is a device that has the task of receiving / detecting a certain amount to then issue an order
in response (response) to the amount detected.
Based on how to detect quantities:
a) Primary Relay; quantities detected such as currents, are detected directly.
b) Secondary Relays; the amount detected, through assistive devices such as current
transformers / voltage transformers

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Construction Relay consists of two main parts, namely magnetic coil and induction coil

3. Types of Relays

1. Type of relay
Protection relays in distribution systems generally use overcurrent relays (OCR) and ground fault
relays (GFR). OCR and GFR relays are a relay that works based on an increase in current that
exceeds a certain security value (setting and current and certain time settings).
OCR and GFR relays function as:
- Safety of short circuit inter-phase and phase to ground
- Safety of overload
- Main or backup security
Based on its working principle, the types of OCR and GFR relays can be divided into 3 types,
namely:
1) Electromechanical Relays
2) Electronic Relays
3) Digital Relays

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Based on the characteristics of working time, the types of OCR and GFR relays can be divided
into:
1) Instantineous relay
2) Relay with time delay (Time Delay)
a. Relays with a certain delay (Definite Time)
b. Relays with time delay inversely proportional to current (Inverse Time)
Based on the direction, the OCR and GFR are divided into:
1) Non-directional relay
2) directed relay (directional)

1.1 Types of Relays Based on Work Principles

1.1.1 Electromechanical Relays

OCR and GFR electromechanical relays have several types of work principles, namely:

a. Plunger type / pull

Figure 1. Principles of Plunger Type Electromechanical Relays

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Under normal conditions (no interference), the relay force (Fp) of the relay is greater than the
electromagnetic (Fe) force of the relay. This condition causes the silent contact and relay contact
to not be connected.
When there is a disruption in the distribution system, the winding in the relay will flow with a
fault current which in turn results in a greater electromagnetic (Fe) force than during normal
conditions. If the electromagnetic force (Fe) exceeds the large spring force of the relay, then the
relay contact motion will move up until it is connected with the silent contact. This relay has a
fast working time, so it is widely used as instantaneous relay.

b. Induction type

Figure 2. Principles of Work of Induction Type Electromechanical Relays

There is a phase angle difference between flux 1 and flux 2, both of these fluxes will induce eddy
current on the disk. The interaction between the two fluxes will cause torque and move the dish,
because the motion contact is mounted on the shaft so the contact will close.

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c. KWh type

Figure 3. Working Principles of the kWh Type Electromechanical Relay

The current flowing in the main coil produces L flux and u is divided into two. Flow ls is obtained
as a reaction transformer (emf in a closed circuit flows through two valves above the disk that
produces u. Then the interaction of u and L with respect to flux is obtained from the eddy current
induced on the disk, will move the disk and rotate clockwise. shaft that is connected with the
contact motion, then this rotation will close the motion contact with silent contact (work relay).
1.1.2 Static / Electronic Relays
Static relays are the next generation after the use of electromenkanic type relays. Static relays
were first introduced around 1960. The term static describes that the relay does not have
mechanical equipment that moves inside it. Compared to electromechanical relays, it has several
advantages such as longer life time, no noise when operating and better response speed.
Static relays use electronic components as a substitute for magnetic coils and mechanical
components used by previous relay types in meeting the characteristics of overcurrent relays.
Static relay electronic components are grouped according to their respective functions such as
rectifiers, level detectors, filters, integrators and comparators. This is different from
electromagnetic relays that utilize a comparison of electromagnetic forces compared to the
spring force.
In static relays, voltage waves and incoming currents are monitored by analog circuits, not
recorded or digitized. The analog wave size is then compared to the setting magnitude performed
by the user with a potentiometer in the relay.

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For example, in some static overcurrent relays, the first current will be converted into a low AC
signal, then the signal is forwarded to the rectifier and the filter is converted to a DC signal. The
signal is then channeled to the comparator to be compared with the setting value. The
comparison results are processed by a simple microprocessor to determine the relay work to
match the time curve characteristics. In addition, although a static relay is installed by a
microprocessor, the use of the term digital relay for static relay types cannot be used because
the microprocessor function is still very limited.

In the initial stage, static relays use electronic components such as transistors and diodes that
are coupled with resistors, capacitors, and inductors. The next stage, many static relays have used
lieiar and digital integrated circuits to process input signals and use logic functions.
Important components of static relays are shown as shown below. Output from CT is not suitable
to be used directly by the relay component so that the input current is adjusted by CT aids which
are then forwarded to the rectifier. The output of the rectifier is then used to supply the
measurement module that functions for the comparator, level detector, filter, and logic circuit.
If the amount entering the measurement module has reached or exceeds its limit value, the next
output signal will be amplified by the amplifier

Figure 4. Static Relay Operation Process

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Figure 5. A simple series of static relays

Note the block diagram diagram above, the AC current from CT is converted into DC voltage by a
rectifier and a shunt resistor. This voltage (Vin) is compared to setting level by level detector 1,
which will give the start command to the timer, if the level setting is exceeded. The timer can be
selected whether the definite time or time is inversely proportional to the amount of input which
in this case requires a curve shaper circuit. The timer usually fills the capacitor so that when
charging reaches the level set from level detector 2, then signals to tripping coil. For
instantaneous work, it can be opened by detector level 3.
Some of the advantages of using static relays include:
• Burden is smaller than electromechanical relays.
• Low error
• Lighter
• Requires smaller space
• Has higher reliability
• Has a larger setting range than electromechanical relays

Meanwhile, the limitations of static relays include:

• Sensitive to transient voltages caused by PMT operation
• If there is an increase in voltage, it can cause damage to the control circuit, relay contacts, and
semiconductor components in the relay.
• The characteristics of the semiconductor in the relay are influenced by the surrounding
temperature, thus affecting the performance of the relay
• High reliability of power supply is needed so the relay can still operate
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1.1.3 DIGITAL RELAY
The use of digital overcurrent relays is now commonly used by Distribution systems. Digital relay
is a technology that is more advanced than previous types of relays. Various companies have
issued superior digital relay products that are able to provide various features that can help the
reliability of distribution system protection. Some digital type overcurrent relays commonly used
in distribution systems include MiCOM P123 and P127, SPAJ 140C, VAMP 40 and so on.
In digital relays, it generally provides control and recording features in addition to the protection
function. With this feature, it allows the relay feature to work in an integrated manner both for
protection, control, data acquisition, and recording network disturbance data and events on the
network. Digital relays are generally equipped with RS485 communication ports to facilitate
reading and changing settings via a local computer or through a remote with the help of a relay
software.
Digital relays also have the advantage of providing several functions that cannot be provided by
previous generation relays. Table 1 shows examples of the main functions and block diagrams in
the OCR relay and the MiCOM digital GFR P123.

Table 1. The main function of the MiCOM relay P123

NO URAIAN P123
1 Relai Arus Lebih 1 Fasa
2 Relai Arus Lebih 3 Fasa
3 Relai Gangguan ke Tanah
4 Relai Instant ineous
5 Setting Grup 2
6 CB Failure Detect ion
7 Inrush Blocking
8 Event Recording 250
9 Fault Recording 25
10 Komunikasi ( IEC60870-5-103,DNP 3.0 & Modbus RTU)

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Figure 6. Block diagram of OCR and Digital GFR Relay Work Processes

1.2 Types of Relays Based on the Characteristics of Working Time

1.2.1 Instantineous relay
The period of the relay starts pick-up until the completion of the relay work without a delay in
time, the work is very fast / time is short (20-100 milli seconds). Figure 7 shows the characteristics
of working time instantly.

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Figure 7. Characteristics of immediate work time

1.2.2 Relays with time delay (Time Delay)

1.2.2.1 Relays with certain time delay characteristics (Definite Time)
The period of the relay starts pick-up until completion of the relay work is extended with a certain
time value and does not depend on the amount of current that moves it. Figure 8 shows the
characteristics of a certain delay time of the relay.

Figure 8. Characteristics of a particular delay time relay

1.2.2.2 Relay with a delay time characteristic is inversely proportional to the current (Inverse
Time)
The characteristics of this relay work with the principle that the greater the current through the
relay, the faster the relay works, and vice versa. The period of the relay starts pick-up until
completion of the relay work extended with a certain time value and depends on the amount of
current that moves it ..
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1.3 Types of Relays Based on the Direction of the Flow
1.3.1 Non-directional relays
OCR relays and non-directional GFR work only based on current size without considering the
direction of current flowing on the network. In feeder safety which has a configuration of
operation radially, the OCR relay installed is a type of OCR relay not directed.

1.3.2 Directional Relay (Directional Relay)

OCR and GFR relays are protection relays that work because of the amount of current and voltage
that can distinguish the direction of fault currents. This relay is generally installed on high voltage,
medium voltage networks, also on power transformer protection.
This relay has 2 measuring parameters, namely the voltage and current entering the relay to
distinguish the direction of the forward current or the direction of the backward current.

Figure 10. Wiring of Directed Relay Diagrams

In grounding the transformer neutral point using detainees, this relay is installed on a 20 KV
feeder. The relay works based on current from ZCT (Zero Current Transformer) and voltage from
PT (Potential Transformers).

The PT voltage source generally uses the Open-Delta circuit, but does not rule out the possibility
of using a 3-phase direct connection.

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The direction of the fault current is determined by comparing the voltage and current phasor.
Direction based on a reference quantity (polarization scale). The commonly applied reference
magnitude is the voltage magnitude. For example for phase R as "operate signal" then as
polarizing signal can be VA, VB, VC, VA-B, VB-C or VC-A.

Figure 11. Torque with phase VA and IA

If a VA voltage is used as a polarization signal as shown in the figure above, then the maximum
torque is obtained when the current and phase voltage A are in phase.

Figure 12 is an example of a configuration for a 90 ° current-voltage relationship with a maximum

torque angle (MTA) of 30 °.

Figure 12. 90o-voltage current with Maximum Torque Angle (MTA) 30o

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 CHAPTER III
COVER
CONCLUSION
Electric power transmission protection is installed on electrical equipment so that the process of
distributing electricity can be channeled to the consumer electricity user safely.
Relay is a device that is tasked with receiving / detecting certain amount of orders in response to
the amount detected.

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 BIBLIOGRAPHY

ABB. 2007. “ANSI / IEC three-phase recloser OVR” http://www.abb.comDownload 16th

November 2007
Arismunandar, A dan Kuwahara, S. 1972. Teknik Tenaga Listrik, jilid III gardu induk.Jakarta: PT.
Pradnya Paramita
Work shop Bp Ir . Pribadi kadarisman

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