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VOLUME
NO. III
JUL-SEPT 2014
OBSESSED WITH
RICE SEEDS | 1 WHY YOU SHOULD NOT REPLANT
There was lukewarm response on the news HYBRID RICE SEEDS | 14
article we put up online on the Philippines as
Asia’s fastest-growing rice producer. RICESCAPE | 15
AN EXISTENCE OF PROBABLY
FOREVER | 19
News
PHILRICE STUDIES WIN SEED CHAIN: FROM BREEDERS’
IN SCIENTIFIC CONVENTION | 2 HANDS TO FARMERS’ LANDS | 20
ABOUT THE COVER
RICE RESEARCHERS ARE DNA FINGERPRINTING:
Before farmers harvest tons of produce, REGIONAL GAWAD SAKA CRACKING RICE’S IDENTITY
the crop starts with a little thing- the seed. AWARDEE S | 3 CRISIS | 22
The seed passes through a tedious process
Like a voter, a variety has an identity, too. It
before it reaches the field and the plate.
PH: ASIA’S FASTEST-GROWING possesses certain characteristics that make
This issue will try to enlighten you on
RICE PRODUCER | 3 it unique from other rice cultivars. And like
how varieties are bred, eventually used as
politicians, some rices perform better
seeds, and adopted by farmers. It will also
than the others.
help farmers decide on which varieties to AGRI-ENGINEERS RECOGNIZED
plant and encourage them to use high- IN CONVENTION | 4
quality seeds. DIVERSITY FOR ADVERSITY:
SECURING THE FUTURE
FOUNDATION SEEDS, EL NIÑO- THROUGH RICE VARIETIES | 24
READY VARIETIES AVAILABLE | 5
TWO STROKES TO BE
RASCO LAUDS ISABELA ON HIGH | 26
FARMERS | 5
Managing Editors: Charisma Love B. Gado • Mervalyn O. Tomas • Contributors: Andrei B. Lanuza
• Ashlee P. Canilang • Charisma Love B. Gado • Christina A. Frediles • Jayson C. Berto • Joybeth
N. Lisondra • Jungie Q. Amacanin • Mary Grace M. Nidoy • Mervalyn O. Tomas • Marlon M. Prado
• Myriam G. Layaoen • Samantha M. Hautea • Design, Layout, and Cover: Carlo G. Dacumos
• Illustration: Andrei B. Lanuza • Circulation: Ashlee P. Canilang • Administrative Support:
Michael S. Reyes • Consulting Editor: Constante T. Briones • Editorial Advisers: Eufemio T.
Rasco Jr. • Jaime A. Manalo IV
Editor’s VOLUME
There was, on the other hand, deafening noise on the PDAF scam and Kris Aquino
having a new hair style.
This is not to say that the last two issues are not newsworthy. They are. They actually
sell like pancakes. PH’s achievement as Asia’s fastest-growing rice producer, however,
is far more important especially if one were to think of feeding the poor, the rich, and
the middle class of this country.
The achievement is one defining moment for PH rice agriculture. It is something that
is largely achieved by having the right technologies, which are products of years of
research. Among these technologies are high-quality seeds. Never mind if rice is at
times vainly called “poor man’s crop.”
The Pinoy Rice Knowledge Bank cites that in the 1970s, rice yields were low with national
production at only 5.32 million tons. Adaptability to different ecosystems was poor.
Some 40 years later, the country enjoys remarkable rice yield, up to 16.82 million tons in
2008. We have rices that are adaptable to all ecosystems known in the country.
At present, the country has over 200 rice varieties; more choices for the Filipino farmers,
improved chances of getting higher rice yields.
Additionally, our inbreds now are better-performing than decades ago. Their yields are
not far inferior to the hybrids’. Data from the National Seed Industry Council indicate
that many inbreds can yield more than 10 t/ha; NSIC Rc302 (10.9 t/ha), for instance.
Highest yield for a public hybrid is 11.7 t/ha, Mestiso 20.
These did not happen in an instant. They are products of tedious years of research using
biotechnology or conventional means. Scientists, researchers, and field laborers have
matured with the varieties they are developing.
In this issue of the PhilRice Magazine, we invite you to take this journey with our rice
breeders. We will show you the science, the hardwork, and the meticulous process of
producing rice. Leaf through the pages and peek on the work we do in producing the
next big thing in the Philippine rice fields.
NO. III
JUL-SEPT 2014
NO. III
JUL-SEPT 2014
-- NORVIE L. MANIGBAS --
One in the
endMARY GRACE M. NIDOY
The life of a plant breeder is filled with daily development of thousands of crop varieties that rice yields will be reduced by rising
semantics and pragmatism. Challenged in hundreds of species.” temperature.
by tedious processes, scorched by natural
and artificial heat, teemed with solitary Conceiving His team then identified donors or parents
moments in the laboratory and fueled by where the offspring would come from.
patience and persistence – and that’s on a Varieties are born after more or less a Breeders call this process germplasm
regular day. All in the hopes that someday, decade of study. The idea of having a identification and evaluation. Through
farmers will be using the variety they new variety is conceived by setting up the journal references and testing, they chose
developed for 10-12 years. breeding objective. In the case of Manigbas’ N22, Dular (heat-tolerant genotypes from
current study, his team began in 2007 India) and Nipponbare (Japan). And because
“It’s like bearing a child until the farmers developing a variety that could adapt to high these genotypes for potential parents are
are ready to adopt and take care of him or temperatures or the “heat-tolerant rice.” foreign germplasm, they had to request
her,” Dr. Norvie L. Manigbas, PhilRice plant from the genebank of IRRI and sign the
breeder, said. “We need to keep up with the ever- Material Transfer Agreement (MTA) that
changing temperature of the environment. would allow them to use these genotypes
Although he’s been a plant breeder for My former colleague at IRRI, Dr. Edilberto for research.
30 years, he recognizes the fact that the Redoña, former Deputy Executive Director
first plant breeders in the world were for Research and Development of PhilRice, Testing of parents or parental evaluation
the farmers themselves. Jack R. Harlan, and I thought of developing a variety that began by examining the parents in heat-
American botanist and agronomist, claimed could withstand heat up to 38-39°. In the stressed environments for two seasons.
that “since the first domestications of wild literature, 35°C is already critical for rice but Finding out that the parents are heat-
plant about 12,000 years ago, farmer plant nowadays, the temperature gets as high tolerant, they were crossed to different
breeders have been responsible for the as 37-39°C,” Manigbas said. It is expected varieties.
Allele Hybridization
- variant of a gene where the DNA sequence differs between two – selfing hybrids to separate large numbers of homozygous
or more variants. types (matching alleles controlling particular traits) with various
proportions of genes contributed by the parents.
Phenotype
- all observable characteristics and traits of an organism; the
result of the organism’s genetic composition, and environmental
Chromosome influences.
– a single DNA molecule
associated with specific proteins. Population
– a defined group of interbreeding organisms.
F1
– abbreviation for filial generation
Mass selection
or the first hybrid generation – a number of plants selected to make a new variety.
resulting from a cross between
two parents. Marker-assisted selection (MAS)
– the use of DNA markers to improve response to selection in
a population. The markers will be closely linked to one or more
target loci, which may often be quantitative trait loci.
Gene
– heritable unit of phenotypic variation; a sequence of DNA Molecular/DNA Markers
encoding a functional product. – DNA sequences that have specific locations on a chromosome.
Genome
– the complete set of genetic information of an organism
encoded in its DNA.
Germplasm
– an individual, group of individuals, or a clone representing a
genotype, variety, species, or culture, held in collection in its
original place or elsewhere.
-- NORVIE L. MANIGBAS --
hays
shades
of
ASHLEE P. CANILANG AND JUNGIE Q. AMACANIN
Out of curiosity, Alfonso Reginio of to test the profitability of hybrid seeds. Dr. This is mainly the reason why hybrid rice
Salvacion, Carmen, Davao del Norte Manuel Gaspar, former National Hybrid yields higher than inbred.
planted hybrid rice on his 30-hectare farm Rice Seed Coordinator of PhilRice, and his
in 2004. An attempt, which the 62-year- team found in 2007 that earlier on-farm In Nueva Ecija, 2013 SED data show that
old farmer did not regret, as he is now hybrid experiments had a yield advantage the average hybrid yield is 8 t/ha, while
averaging 7.2 t/ha and earning an average of at least 15% over inbred varieties. only 4.6 t/ha and 6 t/ha are harvested by
of P40,000 net income a hectare. farmers using ordinary inbred and high-
Drawing the line quality inbred rices, respectively.
In a study of PhilRice’s Socioeconomics
Division (SED), hybrid rice farmers like Normally, rice plants are self-pollinating. While hybrids yield more than inbreds, they
Reginio considered themselves better One rice plant has both male and female also have their limitations. Unlike inbreds,
providers than inbred rice farmers owing to organs, allowing it to reproduce on its own hybrid rice, just like other hybrid crops,
significant increase in income. They have through the process called self-pollination cannot be planted over and over again as
also acquired more assets after continuous or inbreeding. hybrid vigor is lost in the process; resulting
planting of hybrid rice than the non-hybrid in lower yield and non-uniform crop stand
farmers. A different process happens in hybrid rice. and maturity.
Two rice plants with superior qualities
Commercialization of hybrid rice are planted side by side and allowed Hybrids are also more expensive than
was revitalized in 2001 to meet the to cross-pollinate by natural or artificial inbred seeds because of the high cost of
increasing demand for rice and ensure means to produce the seeds. The seed will seed production inputs. Hybrid seeds are
its sustainability in the future. Across the express the superior characteristics of both priced from P 195/kg to P500/kg while
country, technology demonstration farms parents resulting in a very good trait called inbreds only cost P 34/kg to PhP 80/kg.
and adaptability trials were established “seedling vigor.”
MESTISO 29
using hybrid rice seeds did not again cross that the inbreds, particularly the Tubigan
his mind. varieties, have a maximum yield potential
of 10.6 t/ha, which is comparable with
Ibanez, who owns a 10-ha ricefield, also hybrid yields.
said that the maintenance of hybrid rice is
“Mestiso 29, PhilRice’s hybrid, quite expensive in contrast with inbred. Some farmers prefer to plant hybrid
demonstrated high yields in His harvest averaged 5 t/ha, with more during dry season because it is
dry and wet seasons with an than P50,000 operating expenses and a susceptible to diseases during the wet
average yield of 7 t/ha. It has net income of only P12,000/ha from season. However, PhilRice’s Mestiso 29
hybrid. hybrid averages 7 t/ha in both seasons. It
a maximum yield potential
has a maximum yield potential of 11 t/ha,
of 11 t/ha, 113 maturity days, 113 maturity days, and resistance to stem
Other than water supply and cost,
and exhibited resistance to many farmers also considered farm borers, brown planthoppers, and green
white and yellow stem borers, management of hybrid rice as tedious. leafhoppers.
brown planthoppers, and In a 2005 SED survey, farmers were
green leafhoppers.” discouraged to plant hybrid because of Hybrid may be advantageous over inbred,
additional labor requirements. Hybrid rice but there is no magic, one-variety-fits-
farmers, however, explained that except all, in rice production. Only farmers can
for seedbed preparation and seedling determine their fate by choosing the best
management, crop management for hybrid technology suited for them and their
and inbred rices is the same. respective farming ecosystems.
JAYSON C. BERTO
Hybrids yield higher than inbreds by 15-20% selection process in rice breeding. with several heavy panicles. Replanted F2
owing to heterosis or hybrid vigor, the While F1 plants from two inbred rice seeds will end up like planting in one farm
superiority of hybrids over their parents. lines look similar, the plants in the F2 are a mixture of varieties, instead of a uniform
This maximizes the combining ability of different from each other. Breeders can crop that farmers expect to see in the field.
two different parent lines. It may develop separate desirable plants from those
the crop’s vigor, fertility, and overall which are not acceptable based on general Pocsedio further said that if one parent
productivity or increase its size. morphology. of the F1 carries a gene for purple grains
and the other has gene for white grains,
The first generation after two different Dr. Dindo A. Tabanao of PhilRice said planting their F2 seeds will result in purple
lines are cross-pollinated with each other that F2 are not good materials for field and white grains.
is represented as F1 (children). The product performance testing owing to segregation
of self-pollinating F1s is F2 (grandchildren); in physical characteristics. Plants may vary In terms of maturity, when the F1 is a cross
from late and early-maturing parents, the
F2 plants can mature at different times and
”F2s are very important in the selection will produce ripening and very ripe grains
process in rice breeding. They are used that cannot be harvested all at once. When
tall is crossed with short, F2 plants will be
to identify good and inferior plants. They
inconsistent in height.
could also generate superior plants
similar to F1.” Every plant in an F2 population is different
from the other. Few plants could look
alike but actually have different genetic
-- ARNEL E. POCSEDIO -- combinations in their DNA.
Carlo G. Dacumos
Renato B. Bajit
PHILRICE MAGAZINE JUL-SEPT 2014 17
Creating a farm of abundance
An experience of wellness and burden’s relief
In every rice ecosystem, it can be achieved.
Renato B. Bajit
“Gene banks ensure that current and Ricky De Guzman, president of the San
past rice genetic resources are available Nicolas Farmers’ Association in Ilocos Norte,
anytime and can be accessed for use by also requested for NSIC Rc218 or Mabango 3
farmers, researchers, students, and other for increased seed production.
stakeholders. Farmers can request for
traditional or indigenous seeds conserved Although released in 2009, the variety’s seed
in the gene bank, and cultivate them in supply is wanting in the Ilocos region.
their fields,” Loida Perez, GRD head, said. De Guzman said that farmers in their
association want to produce enough supply
To conserve the rice varieties including of the variety because of its good eating
heirloom rices such as Tinawon, Binirhen, quality and aroma.
and Bayag, researchers at the gene bank
regenerate them in the field, characterize, “Genetic resources are considered as
conserve, and store them in cold facilities. foundation of agriculture and a principal
In medium-term storage, Perez said that element of breeding and genetic
rice seeds are made viable from 25 to 40 improvement of crops, livestock, and other
years; long-term storage keeps them in biological species. They are a must in
healthy condition until 100 years or more promoting diversity and improving the quality
with regular monitoring on viability or of our rices,” she said.
germination rate of the seeds.
However, certain sectors raise issues on
In one of the plots managed by GRD, monopolizing rice seeds, twisting the
a so-called “miracle” rice was planted objective of establishing a public gene bank.
An ofexistence
to serve the Philippine rice industry. Our
country is a signatory to the International
Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food
and Agriculture of FAO. We are mandated to
forever
probably facilitate the utilization of rice germplasm for
food and agriculture, to support food security,
and not to monopolize ownership over the
seeds,” Perez stressed.
Seed is the very core of rice farming and therefore as farmers have finally recognized their
it’s important to ensure the consistency of seed importance in successful farming.
quality across seed generations before rice
varieties are finally commercialized. According With the swelling demand for quality
to Susan R. Brena, head of the Seed Technology seeds, both private and public breeding
Division at PhilRice, the demand for high- quality institutions ensure that farmers get the best
seeds have gradually increased over the years seeds to grow.
Like a voter, a variety has an identity, For what purpose, really? another variety, s/he will use the results
too. It possesses certain characteristics of DNA analysis to determine the plants
that make it unique from other rice Alec John Jeffreys and team developed carrying the superior gene. Thus, the
cultivars. And like politicians, some rices techniques for DNA fingerprinting in 1985 selection becomes precise,” explained
perform better than the others. They mainly for identification of humans. In rice, Loida M. Perez, geneticist and head of
vary in physical traits (morphology) it works in two ways: for marker-assisted PhilRice’s Genetic Resources Division.
and production management practices selection (MAS) of target traits, and seed
(agronomic). When they look alike and identification or purity analysis. A DNA fingerprint or the clear characteristic
grow in the same manner, how then pattern of a cultivar is considered the
would it be possible to easily distinguish Molecular marker technology or MAS is a most reliable and precise reference of
one from the other? process that uses DNA markers (flanking the identity of the many rice varieties
the target gene) to indirectly select a and landraces. It facilitates studies on
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) finger- genetic trait of interest from a certain maintaining seed purity for breeding
printing allows breeders and researchers cultivar. This system is also used to assess purposes and consumer satisfaction.
to do that. It is a technique used to the genetic relationships and differentiate
see the differences in DNA fragments varieties from one another. Perez added that the accuracy in selecting the
from one organism to another. DNA rice cultivar possessing the gene of a desired
is a substance that carries genetic “Here in PhilRice, DNA fingerprints are trait is higher and faster using molecular
information in the cells of plants and most commonly used as a basis to DNA analysis than by simply relying on its
animals. As such, it enables rice breeders improve the genetic composition and morphological and agronomic characteristics.
to distinguish the fundamental and production performance of a rice plant. This is particularly true to traits with simple
individual qualities of specific varieties for When a breeder wants to combine a gene inheritance and are controlled by major genes
a certain purpose. of a superior trait from a donor variety to with dominant effects.
Plant breeders and researchers are the more prone to particular kinds of pests or
pioneers in rice production. Their efforts diseases, so plant resistance is another
produce new varieties that satisfy the ever- quality that breeders keep in mind.
growing demand for rice. But why does “We have at present more
their work never seem to end? Why do new than 200 commercial inbreds A single variety cannot possess all
rice varieties continue to be developed the qualities to perform well in varied
even when we already have hundreds to and hybrids released, but environments, but it is possible to combine
choose from? improvement must not cease some characteristics to create rice that can
flourish even under adverse conditions.
to meet the new demands and
“We have at present more than 200
commercial inbreds and hybrids released, challenges of rice breeding.” “Location-specific adaptability is the right
but improvement must not cease to meet ingredient in customizing the performance
the new demands and challenges of rice
-- THELMA F. PADOLINA -- of any variety,” Padolina stressed.
breeding,” explained Thelma F. Padolina,
PhilRice plant breeder. “We need more location adaptability
testing to fine-tune the performance of
She said that the environment is dynamic these varieties. High yield potential is still
and if breeding slows down, we might be As an archipelago, the Philippines has the foremost breeding objective and it is
overcome by emerging pests and climate- various types of terrains and ecosystems a challenge to incorporate multi-stress
related problems threatening our rice that are not equally suitable to rice tolerance, nutrient-use efficiency, and
production system and food security. production. Breeders aim to develop excellent grain quality.”
varieties that can survive in harsh areas.
“The breeders must ensure that genetic Flood and drought, high and cold The case of “Super” rice
diversity is accounted for as a tool to temperatures, salinity in coastal areas, and
sustain the gains made in rice production,” lack of reliable irrigation are only some The Green Super Rice (GSR) Project for the
Padolina emphasized. of the unfavorable conditions that can Resources-Poor of Africa and Asia, led by
affect rice production. Some areas are also the Chinese Academy of Arts and Sciences,
-- THELMA F. PADOLINA --
Two sectors produce seeds – the Farmers’ seed system In the Philippines, farmers like Luciano
informal and formal. The informal Coton, 59, of Silang, Cavite produce their
sector is composed of farmers who use A Wageningen University report says that own-saved seeds from their harvest and
their own-saved seeds or exchange farmer-produced, selected, and stored rely on their wisdom in determining healthy
seeds with other farmers for the next seed is still the predominant source of grains. Coton gets only 1.25 t/ha in his
planting season. The formal sector seeds in the world, even in European upland field, which is lower than its 3-t/ha
comprises cooperatives, rice research countries. yield potential.
How to
Pirurutong, and Miracle rice are their most After harvesting, the seed inspector takes
preferred rices. samples and verifies if the seeds hurdle
the International Rules of Seed Testing
In support of the practices of Coton and
his fellow farmers, Santiago said that it
is fine for farmers to produce their own
or as prescribed by the National Seed
Industry Council. multiply
good seeds especially when certified
seeds are not available in their area.
The seed samples then undergo testing
to determine their quality based on
the methodologies prescribed by the
healthy
However, he cautioned that this should
be done carefully to ensure quality.
International Seed Testing Association.
own-produced
The formal sector
A certification tag is issued after laboratory
tests: white is for breeder; red, foundation; seeds
green, registered; and blue, certified
The formal seed sector is organized with seeds.
the principal goal of diffusing quality
seeds of improved varieties developed by “As a seed grower, the income is quite Use the Minus-One Element
formal breeding programs. high but it’s a very tedious work. For Technique (MOET) to determine soil
a hectare, my expenses would reach nutrient deficiency or have your soil
In the Science City of Muñoz, Nueva Ecija, P50,000 and my yield reaches up to tested in the laboratory. MOET is a
about 500 seed centers supply quality 7.5 t/ha. Selling it at P1,200 or higher reliable, low-cost, and easy alternative
seeds to farmers across the country. per sack of 40 kg, my gross income is that farmers can do to diagnose soil
P180,000,” Undan said. nutrient status.
Bridging the gap
Plow, puddle, and level the field
“To respond to the needs of the informal to control weeds and improve water
seed sector, the government is providing management. Seedlings should be
specialized training courses on producing transplanted at 21-25 days old from a
“Farmers’ seed production good seeds,” Santiago said. There are healthy, weed-free nursery or seedbed
is based on experimentation also community seed banks (CSB) where at two seedlings per hill and with
and experience that they farmers are trained on how to produce 20 cm x 20 cm-distance.
good seeds of modern rice varieties seen
accumulate over a long
suitable in their areas. Apply sufficient nutrients from
period of time. Their
tillering to early panicle initiation to
practices are often well- In 2012, the Department of Agriculture
ensure good crop growth and panicle
adapted to local conditions.” (DA) made the CSBs operational to
development. Keep the crop free from
ensure a steady supply of quality seeds.
The Agricultural Training Institute, in weeds, insect pests, and diseases to
partnership with PhilRice, IRRI, and DA- avoid yield losses.
Regional Field Offices and community-
based NGOs, leads the project. Rogue the field especially at
maximum tillering and flowering.
Based on a focused group discussion with Through the CSB, farmers can borrow or Remove diseased or insect-damaged
seed producers, the boom in the local seed barter seeds from other farmers and are plants and those with discolored
industry can be partly attributed to PhilRice assured of the quality of seeds. CSB even panicles.
as source of foundation and registered promotes biodiversity of plants as genetic
seeds. diversity is conserved and preserved. Harvest when 80-85% of the grains
are straw-colored. Thresh, clean, dry at
Additionally, supporting the needs of the 12-14% moisture content, grade, and
“To be accredited, you have to undergo a informal seed sector can help the formal label the harvested seeds.
five-day training on seed production. Then, sector concentrate on its mandate, which
your field will be inspected by an authorized is to supply seeds of improved varieties Store the labeled seeds on sealed
seed inspector from the local government from the formal breeding programs. clean containers in a cool, dry, and
unit,” said Renievoy Undan of Malayantoc, clean area.
Sto. Domingo, an accredited seed grower. After all, both sectors share the goal
of producing high-quality seeds that
Field inspection is done at least three obtain higher yields; fulfilling farmers’
times per cropping season. The inspector dreams.
Rice research primarily focuses on the R.A. 7308, or the Seed Industry Development authority of the Bureau of Plant Industry
plant itself, and on developing varieties Act of 1992, was enacted to stimulate plant (BPI). The NSIC issues directives for the
with desirable characteristics. However, in breeding activities and create a national seed industry and registers new varieties.
order for these qualities to be expressed seed industry program that would allow On the other hand, the NSQCS ensures
to their full potential, the seeds available the Philippines to become self-sufficient in that the seed materials produced in the
to farmers should be of high quality. A the production of high-quality seeds. This country conform to established standards.
well-developed and robust seed industry law created the National Seed Industry It also accredits seed laboratories.
plays a key role in ensuring stable rice Council (NSIC) to replace the Philippine
production. Recognizing its importance, Seed Board (PSB), and the National Seed The Act places a number of restrictions
Philippine policymakers have crafted a Quality Control Services (NSQCS) which on the sale and use of seeds. It limits the
number of policies to support the local replaced the Seed Certification Section. amount of seeds that can be imported
seed industry. Both NSIC and NSQCS remain under the into the Philippines; imposes a tariff rate
Good things are often missed due to chances against weeds, lower seeding rate,
chances that are allowed to pass. But no and controlled plant density.
chance will be wasted if the beholder of
chance can perceive more than what the “Whenever I dream of a He said that direct seeding is emerging as
eyes see. This gift of discerning may bring variety and work on it, I ask for a preferred method of establishing rice
out the best in creations, even in rice. because it addresses labor shortage and
God’s guidance on the right high cost of farm inputs and capital without
NSIC Rc298 or Tubigan 23, the first direct and specific rice that I have to reducing yield.
wet-seeded variety, was left unnoticed for choose. “
two years in the breeding nursery before it In their 2011 paper titled, Direct Seeding of
was included in the Participatory Varietal Rice: Recent Developments and Future Needs,
Selection (PVS) in 2006. - DR. NORVIE L. MANIGBAS - Virender Kumar and Jagdish K. Ladha, said
that direct seeding has more potential to
“Based on the variety’s then designation, reduce water and labor-use than trans-
PR34159-13-1, the line was sort of planting. They cited on-farm studies in the
overlooked in 2004. I came across the Philippines showing that direct seeding can
line’s fourth generation when I started save an average of 11-18% in irrigation water.
working at PhilRice in 2006. I nominated
it in the National Cooperative Testing testing showed that it can average 5.3 t/ Direct seeding can also help solve labor
in 2007-2008,” Dr. Norvie L. Manigbas, ha and matures in 104 days; has moderate shortage. Labor sources in agriculture,
former lead of the Development of Inbred resistance against yellow stem borer in they said, are declining at 0.1 – 0.4% per
Varieties for Direct Wet-Seeding (DIRECT) Nueva Ecija and brown leaf hopper. year in Asia. They said that in Bangladesh,
project and one of the variety’s breeders, Malaysia, and Thailand, the decline rate
said. “Most of our varieties could be direct- is much higher at 0.25-0.40%; followed
seeded, but they are not tested in this by India, the Philippines, and Cambodia at
Perceiving its potential, Manigbas tested condition. This variety has been tested for 0.18%. Direct seeding reduces labor cost as
the line in PVS regional trials for direct and its germination capacity when flooded and it does not require nursery raising, seedling
wet seeding in San Antonio, Aliaga, and its genes are targeted to have very good uprooting, and transplanting.
Rizal, Nueva Ecija; Dingle, Iloilo; and San seedling vigor,” he said.
Jacinto, Pangasinan in 2006-2007. “Labor requirement in direct-seeded rice
Dr. Oliver E. Manangkil of the DIRECT can be 60% lower, with an average savings
After four years of testing, NSIC Rc298 project said that rice varieties are mainly of 27% than transplanted rice,” Kumar and
was approved in 2012. Multi-location bred for transplanting because of better Ladha said.
Farmers and non-farmers alike can now Certain varieties are singled out by many price, suitable to their farms, have good
hardly keep track of the number of existing farmers in the Philippines, as a recent study quality, or grains are fully filled.
rice varieties. done by our Socio-Economics Division
shows. For the cool-elevated ecosystem, PSB
In fact, over 400,000 varieties of rice Rc44 (Gohang), 46 (Sumadel), 92 (Sagada),
currently exist world-wide. In the The top rice varieties adopted for all 94 (Hungduan), 96 (Ibulao), and NSIC Rc104
Philippines alone, 215 varieties were ecosystems during the 2011 wet season are (Balili) are the choices for farmers.
released since 1968 through 2011. Rc18, 82, 160, 222, 128, 122, 216, 152, and
158. For saline-prone irrigated lowland, PSB
Rice varieties abound as researchers Rc48 (Hagonoy), 50 (Bicol), 84 (Sipocot), 86
develop rices that suit different eco- In irrigated lowland, PSB Rc10, 18, 82; and (Matnog), 88 (Naga), 90 (Buguey); and NSIC
systems, while improving their quality NSIC Rc122, 128, 152, 160, 214, 216, and 222 Rc106 (Sumilao), 108 (Anahawan), 182 (Salinas
and yield. topped the list. 1), 184 (Salinas 2), 186 (Salinas 3), 188 (Salinas
4), 190 (Salinas 5), Rc290, 292, 294, and 296.
“Out of a thousand promising lines, a For rainfed, PSB Rc12, 14, 36, 38, 40, 98,
breeder is lucky to successfully breed one 100, 102; and NSIC Rc272, 274, 276, 278, For upland, PSB Rc1 (Makiling), Rc3
or two varieties. However, we still continue 280, 282, 284, 286, and 288 are the (Ginilingan Puti), Rc5 (Arayat), Rc7 (Banahaw);
breeding because pests and diseases preferred varieties. Rc9 (Apo), and Rc11 (Canlaon).
adapt and gradually develop resistance.
The existing varieties we use now will NSIC Rc192 (Sahod Ulan 1) is for drought- These varieties are released for farmers to
have to be changed in the future,” Errol V. prone rainfed lowland. NSIC Rc194 have options considering their ecosystems.
Santiago, PhilRice breeder, said. (Submarino 1) is the variety for flood-prone
rainfed lowland. “One that fits a certain farm does not
There are different kinds of rice ecosystems necessarily fit another even if they are in a
where specific varieties thrive. Every variety In rainfed dry-seeded, PSB Rc16 (Ennano), similar ecosystem. Farmers need to try which
is intended for a specific location. 24 (Cagayan), 42 (Baliwag), 60 (Tugatog), 62 thrives well and yields high in their farms,”
(Naguilian), 68 (Sacobia), and 70 (Bamban) Santiago said.
“The upland, rainfed and irrigated lowland, are the choicest varieties.
cool-elevated, flood, drought and saline- The rice retailer nearest you, however, sells
prone rice farming ecosystems are needed Farmers chose these varieties as they are what she brands as Dinorado, Sinandomeng,
to be considered also in breeding,” high-yielding, have good eating quality, Wagwag, Angelica, and so on. This is
Santiago said. accessible, early-maturing, resistant to democratic marketing at work. It’s more fun
pest and diseases, tested, sell at premium in the Philippines indeed.
“Swertified” vs certified
dahil sa kalidad ng aking mga binhing
ibinebenta.
PhilRice Central Experiment Station, Maligaya, Science City of Muñoz, 3119 Nueva Ecija • Tel: (44) 456-0277 • Direct line/Telefax: (44) 456-0112
Email: prri.mail@philrice.gov.ph • PhilRice Text Center: 0920-911-1398 • Websites: www.philrice.gov.ph; www.pinoyrkb.com
PhilRice Agusan Basilisa, RTRomualdez, 8611 Agusan del Norte • Tel: (85) 343-0778•Tel/Fax: 343-0768 • Email: agusan.station@philrice.gov.ph
PhilRice Batac MMSU Campus, Batac City, 2906 Ilocos Norte • Tel/Fax: (77) 670-1887; 670-1867 • Email: batac.station@philrice.gov.ph
PhilRice Bicol Batang, Ligao City, 4504 Albay • Cell:0905-7352078, 0918-9467493 • bicol.station@philrice.gov.ph
PhilRice Isabela Malasin, San Mateo, 3318 Isabela • Tel: (78) 664-2954, 2280 • Tel/Fax: 664-2953 • Email: isabela.station@philrice.gov.ph
PhilRice Los Baños UPLB Campus, Los Baños, 4030 Laguna • Tel: (49) 536-8620•501-1917 • Email: losbanos@philrice.gov.ph
PhilRice Midsayap Bual Norte, Midsayap, 9410 North Cotabato • Tel: (64) 229-8178 • Tel/Fax: 229-7242 • Email: midsayap.station@philrice.gov.ph
PhilRice Negros Cansilayan, Murcia, 6129 Negros Occidental • Cell:0928-506-0515 • Email: negros.station@philrice.gov.ph
PhilRice Field Office CMU Campus, Maramag,8714 Bukidnon • Tel/Fax: (88)222-5744
PHILRICE MAGAZINE JUL-SEPT 2014
34 Office,
Liaison 3rd Floor, ATI Bldg, Elliptical Road, Diliman, Quezon City • Tel/Fax:(02)920-5129, Cell:0920-9069052
Creating a farm of abundance