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1. ความหมายของเลขยกกําลัง
บทนิยาม ถา a แทนจํานวนใดๆ และ n แทนจํานวนเต็มบวก
“ a ยกกําลัง n ” หรือ “ a กําลัง n ” เขียนแทนดวย an มีความหมายดังนี้
an a a a . . . a
n ตัว
ตัวอยาง
23 อานวา “สองยกกําลังสาม” หรือ “สองกําลังสาม” หรือ “กําลังสามของสอง”
23 แทน 222
ในทํานองเดียวกัน
(2)3 อานวา “ลบสองทัง้ หมดยกกําลังสาม”
(2)3 แทน (–2) (–2) (–2)
การใชเลขยกกําลังเขียนแทนจํานวนที่คณ
ู ตัวเองซ้ํากันหลายๆตัว
เชน 5555 เขียนแทนดวย 54
23 = (2 2 2) = –8
ดังนั้น (2)3 และ 23 มีคาเทากัน
2. ใหนักเรียนเขียนจํานวนในรูปผลคูณตอไปนี้ในรูปเลขยกกําลัง
(1) 333333
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(2) (2) (2) (2) (2)
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(3) (0.1)(0.1)(0.1)
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(4) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5) (0.5)
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........................................................................................................................
1 1 1 1 1 1
(5)
2 2 2 2 2 2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 2 2 2 2
(6) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
7 7 7 7 7
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(7) (1.4) (1.4) (1.4)
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........................................................................................................................
(8) 11111111111
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........................................................................................................................
(9)
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
a a a a a
(10)
b b b b b
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) 43 = ..............................................................................................
= ..............................................................................................
(3) 34 = ..............................................................................................
= ..............................................................................................
1 3
(7) = ..............................................................................................
2
= ..............................................................................................
2 4
(8) = ..............................................................................................
3
= ..............................................................................................
เพราะวา 24 2 2 2 2 16
3. พิจารณาเลขยกกําลังคาของเลขยกกําลัง แลวตอบคําถามในแตละขอตอไปนี้
(1) ใหนักเรียนหาคาของ 21 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , ... แลวเติมคาบนเสนจํานวนใหถูกตอง
21 =.............................................................................
22 = .............................................................................
23 = .............................................................................
24 = .............................................................................
25 = .............................................................................
21 22 23 24 25
0 1
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1 2 1 3
2.2 คาของ
2
และ
2
แตกตางกันเทาใด
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1 3 1 4
2.3 คาของ
2
และ
2
แตกตางกันเทาใด
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1 n 1 n 1
2.4 คาของ
2
และ
2
แตกตางกันเทาใด
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1
2.5 ถาใหเลขชี้กําลังของเลขยกําลังที่มี เปนฐานเพิ่มขึ้นทีล่ ะ 1 ไปเรื่อยๆ
2
คาของเลขยกกําลังนั้นจะเปนอยางไร
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
1 n
2.6 เมื่อ n มีคาเปนจํานวนเต็มบวกที่มากขึ้นไปเรือ่ ยๆ คาของ
2
จะมีคาใกลเคียงจํานวนใด
และจะเปนจํานวนลบไดหรือไม
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2) (1.2)n
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3) (0.1)n
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 n
(4)
3
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2. ใหนักเรียนเขียนจํานวนตอไปนี้ในรูปเลขยกกําลังที่มฐี านเปนจํานวนเฉพาะ
เชน 24 = 2 2 2 3
= 23 31
(1) 36 = ..............................................................................................
= ..............................................................................................
3. ใหนักเรียนเขียนจํานวนตอไปนี้ในรูปเลขยกกําลังที่มเี ลขชี้กําลังมากกวา 1
เชน 16 = 4 4 หรือ 16 = 2 2 2 2 หรือ 16 = (–4) (–4)
= 42 = 24 = (4)2
(2) 81 = ..............................................................................................
= ..............................................................................................
64
(9) = ..............................................................................................
125
= ..............................................................................................
8
(10) = ..............................................................................................
27
= ..............................................................................................
(2) 23 32
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(3) 2 – 42
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........................................................................................................................
(4) 23 (3)2
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(5) (5)3 53
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(6) (2)4 24
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(7) (2)5 3
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(8) 5 26
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........................................................................................................................
(9) (7 8)10
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(10) (1 4)3 32
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(2) (2 3)3
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(3) 52 32
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(4) (5 3)2
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(5) 24 23
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(6) 32 32
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35
(7)
33
........................................................................................................................
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24
(8)
27
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(9) 2 3 53
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(10) 32 42
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เพราะวา 81 3 3 3 3 = 34
ดังนั้น x มีคาเทากับ 4
(1) 5x 125
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(2) 4 x 64
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(4) (3)x 27
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........................................................................................................................
1 x
5. ถา x และ y แทนจํานวนเต็มบวก ที่ทําให 1 และ 3y 81
2 32
แลว x+y เทากับเทาใด
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7. กลองทรงลูกบาศกมีความยาวดานเปนจํานวนเต็มปริมาตรตางๆดัง แบบรูปตอไปนี้
2.1 การคูณเลขยกกําลังเมื่อเลขชี้กําลังเปนจํานวนเต็มบวก
ใหนักเรียนพิจารณาการคูณกันของเลขยกกําลัง ดังตอไปนี้
2 3 24 = (2 2 2) (2 2 2 2)
= 2 2 22222
= 27
32 34 = ..................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................
สมบัติการคูณเลขยกกําลัง
เมื่อ a แทนจํานวนใดๆ m และ n เปนจํานวนเต็มบวก
a m a n a m n
หมายเหตุ
ในกรณีที่เลขยกกําลังที่นํามาคูณกันมีฐานตางกัน เราไมสามารถเขียนผลคูณโดยใชเลขชี้กําลังบวกกันได
ดังตัวอยางตอไปนี้
1 3 1 5
(5)
2 2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
2 12 2 3
(6)
3 3
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........................................................................................................................
(7) a2 a7
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........................................................................................................................
a a 5
(9)
b b
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(2) (2)5(8)
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(3) 27 34
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(4) (2)5 4
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(6) (4)11 4 4
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(7) 56 (5)7
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(3) 16 25 23
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(4) 5 25 (5)4
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(5) 72 (7)4 7 3
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(7) (3)5 34 32
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(11) (2a 2 ) a 3
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(12) (a 3 b2 ) a 4
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(13) 2x2 3x 4
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(22) (2xy)3 (x 3 y5 )
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2.2 การหารเลขยกกําลังเมื่อเลขชี้กําลังเปนจํานวนเต็มบวก
ใหนักเรียนพิจารณาการหารกันของเลขยกกําลัง ดังตอไปนี้
24 2 2 22
=
2 22 2 2 2 2
2
= 22
22
= 22 หรือ 242
37
= ..................................................................................................
33
= ..................................................................................................
= ..................................................................................................
(5)6
= ..........................................................................................
2
(5)
= ..........................................................................................
= ..........................................................................................
(2.5)7
= ..........................................................................................
(2.5)4
= ..........................................................................................
= ..........................................................................................
จากตัวอยางขางตน
am an
เมื่อ a เปนจํานวนใดที่ไมใชศูนย และ m, n เปนจํานวนเต็มบวก ซึ่ง m > n
จะเปนไปตามสมบัติการหารเลขยกกําลัง ดังนี้
จากสมบัติการหารเลขยกกําลังใหนักเรียนพิจารณา 34 3 4
34 3 3 33
ถาใชนิยามของเลขยกกําลังจะได 3333
34 3 3 33
3333
=1
ถาใชสมบัติการหารเลขยกกําลัง a m a n a m n
จะได 3 4 3 4 3 4 4
30
จากสมบัติการหารเลขยกกําลังใหนักเรียนพิจารณา 32 34
32 3 3
ถาใชนิยามของเลขยกกําลังจะได
34 3 3 33 33
1 3 3 33
=
32
ถาใชสมบัติการหารเลขยกกําลัง a m a n a m n
จะได 32 34 324
32
1
แสดงวา 32 และ ตางก็เปนผลลัพธของ 32 34 ทั้งคู
2
3
1
ดังนั้น 32
32
ซึ่งเปนไปตามบทนิยาม ดังนี้
สมบัติการหารเลขยกกําลัง
เมื่อ a เปนจํานวนใดๆ ที่ไมใชศูนย และ m, n เปนจํานวนเต็มบวก
a m a n a mn
(4) 54 57
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(2) 27 22
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(9) 23 26
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เพราะวา 4 22
43 22 22 22 2222 26
ดังนั้น 43 25 26 25 265 21 2
(1) 82 2 4
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(2) 93 36
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(3) 253 54
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(4) (2)6 43
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512 (2)8
(3) (4)
52 56 (2)2 (2)4
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
22 22 32 32 32
(9) (10)
25 33
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
6. ใหนักเรียนหาผลลัพธ ในแตละขอตอไปนี้
ตัวอยาง 24 23 213 23 (21 23 ) 23 (21 1) 23 3 23
(1) 35 34
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(2) 410 49
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(1) 253
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(2) 164
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(3) 95
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(4) 325
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จากกิจกรรมขางตนใหนักเรียนชวยกันสรุปเกี่ยวกับผลลัพธของเลขยยกกําลัง (a m )n
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(1) (3a)3
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(2) (5 a)4
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(3) (ab)6
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a 4
(4)
2
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
a 6
(5)
b
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
n a n
จากกิจกรรมขางตนใหนักเรียนชวยกันสรุปเกี่ยวกับผลลัพธของเลขยยกกําลัง (ab) ,
b
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
........................................................................................................................
(2 a 3b)4 a 3 b5
(5) (6)
a 4 b2 (a2b)4
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
....................................................... ...........................................................
(2) n2 n
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4. อากาศที่ระดับน้ําทะเลจะมีความหนาแนนมากทีส่ ุดมีโมเลกุลของอากาศอัดแนนกันอยูประมาณ
27 1018 โมเลกุลตอปริมาตรอากาศ 1 ลูกบาศกเซนติเมตร อากาศที่อยูเหนือระดับน้ําทะเลขึ้นไปจะมี
ความหนาแนนนอยลวตามระดับความสูง ที่ระดับความสูงประมาณ 240 กิโลเมตรเหนือระดับน้ําทะเลมี
โมเลกุลของอากาศเหลือประมาณ 3 106 โมเลกุลตอปริมาตรของอากาศ 1 ลูกบาศกเซนติเมตร
จงหาวาความหนาแนนของอากาศทีร่ ะดับน้ําทะเลเปนกี่เทาของความหนาแนนของอากาศทีร่ ะดับความสูง
ประมาณ 240 กิโลเมตร
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3
3. 0.0003 =
10, 000
3
=
104
= 3 104
3.14
4. 0.00314 =
1000
3.14
=
103
= 3.14 103
(4) 2.541010
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(5) 1.113 1010
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(4) 2.54104
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(5) 1.113 105
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4. ผลจาการจัดเก็บรายไดของรัฐบาลในป พ.ศ. 2551 เปนเงิน 1.834 1012 บาท และในป พ.ศ. 2550
เปนเงิน 1.704 1012 อยากทราบวารัฐบาลจัดเก็บรายไดในป พ.ศ. 2551 เพิ่มขึ้นจากการจัดเก็บรายได
ในป พ.ศ. 2550 รอยละเทาไร
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บรรณานุกรม
สงสริมการสอนวิทยาศาสตรและเทคโนโลยี, สถาบัน.(2541). หนังสือเรียนวิชาคณิตศาสตร รายวิชา ค๑๐๑
คณิตศาสตร ๑ ชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปที่หนึ่ง หลักสูตรมัธยมศึกษาตอนตน พุทธศักราช ๒๕๒๑
(ฉบับปรับปรุ ง พ.ศ. ๒๕๓๓). พิมพครั้งที่ 4. กรุงเทพมหานคร : โรงพิมพคุรุสภา ลาดพราว
สงสริมการสอนวิทยาศาสตรและเทคโนโลยี, สถาบัน.(2558). หนังสือเรียนรายวิชาพื้นฐาน คณิตศาสตร เลม ๑
ชั้นมัธยมศึกษาปที่ ๑ พิมพครั้งที่ 1. กรุงเทพมหานคร : โรงพิมพ สกสค. ลาดพราว
รองศาสตราจารยกมล เอกไทยเจริญ, (ม.ป.ป.). คูมือเตรียมสอบ คณิตศาสตร ม.1 เลมรวม ค101-ค102. พิมพครั้งที่ 1.
กรุงเทพมหานคร : ไฮเอ็ดพลับลิชชิ่ง.
ภาคผนวก : บัญชีศัพท
เลขยกกําลัง power
เลขชี้กําลัง exponent
ฐาน base
สัญกรณวิทยาศาสตร scientific notation
คณะบรรณาธิการ
อาจารยรังสรรค ทองสุกนอก
ครูปทุมมา กอแกว
ครูวิไลวรรณ คูบุญประเสริฐ
กลุมสาระการเรียนรูคณิตศาสตร โรงเรียนนาคประสิทธิ์
มูลนิธิวัดบางชางเหนือ สามพราน นครปฐม