AIAC-2005-054
FLUTTER AND VIBRATION OF A HINGELESS HELICOPTER BLADE IN HOVER
1 2
Metin O. Kaya
Istanbul Technical University
Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Istanbul, Turkey
ABSTRACT
In this study, flutter stability and vibration of a
uniform bearingless rotor blade in hover with
structural coupling is analysed. The blade is
modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam. The partial
differential equations of motion are derived using the
Hamilton’s principle and solved using the Differential
Transform Method, DTM. The computer package
Mathematica is used to code the resulting
expressions and to calculate the natural frequencies.
The effects of the pitch angle and the rotation speed
ratio are investigated and the results are compared
with the open literature.
INTRODUCTION
A helicopter is an aircraft that uses large
diameter rotary wings to provide lift, propulsion, and
control. Aerodynamic forces on a helicopter blade
are generated by the relative velocity of the rotating
wings with respect to air.
Vibratory loads on helicopters arise from a variety
of sources such as the main rotor system, the
aerodynamic interaction between the rotor and the
fuselage, the tail rotor, the engine and the
transmission. However, the most significant source
of vibration in a helicopter is the main rotor because
of the unsteady aerodynamic environment acting on
highly flexible rotating blades. The reduction of
vibration levels in helicopters below acceptable limits
is one of the main problems facing rotorcraft
designers. Vibrations lead to passenger discomfort,
pilot fatigue, increased noise levels, degradation of
weapon effectiveness, and premature failure of
aircraft parts.
The field of helicopter aeroelasticity has been a
very active area of research during the last 40 years.
A comprehensive review paper about this area has
been published recently [5].
In this study the blade is modeled as a slender,
deformable beam composed of isotropic and
homogeneous material. The Euler-Bernoulli
hypothesis is assumed to apply and the Blade
Element Theory is used to obtain aerodynamic
loadS. A semi analytical-numerical technique
1 2
Assosciate Professor, E-mail: kayam@itu.edu.tr
Özge Özdemir
Istanbul Technical University
Faculty of Aeronautics and Astronautics
Istanbul, Turkey
called the Differential Transform Method, DTM is
used to solve the equations. The concept of this
method was first introduced by Zhou [9] in 1986 and
it was used to solve both linear and nonlinear initial
value problems in electric circuit analysis. The
method can deal with nonlinear problems so Chiou
[8] applied the Taylor transform to solve nonlinear
vibration problems. Additionally, the method may be
used to solve both ordinary and partial differential
equations. Jang et al. [7] applied the two-
dimensional differential transform method to the
solution of partial differential equations. Hassan [6]
adopted the differential transformation method to
solve some eigenvalue problems. Since previous
studies have shown that the differential transform
method is an efficient tool to solve non-linear or
parameter varying systems, recently it has gained
much attention by several researchers [1-4].
FORMULATION
Aerodynamic Modelling
The elemental lift and drag forces can be written
from simple strip theory. The blade is seperated into
several stations and the cross-section of the blade at
one of the stations and the velocity components,
forces and angles at this cross-section are shown in
Fig.1.
Fz
L
Fy
U D
UP
θ α
φ
UT
Figure 1. Velocity components, forces and angles at
the blade cross section
Research Assistant, E-mail: ozdemirozg@itu.edu.tr
AIAC-2005-054 Kaya & Özdemir
ρac
Here L is the lift force, D is the drag force, Fz
dF y = −
2
[θU P ]
U T + U T2 C d / a − U P2 dx (7)
is the vertical force, Fy is the inplane force. U p ,
U T and U are the perpendicular velocity Incorporating the airfoil flap and lead
component, tangential velocity component and displacements (v,w) in the rotating coordinate
system, the relative velocities become
resultant velocity, respectively. θ , ϕ and α
represent, the geomentric pitch angle, the induced U T = Ωx + v& (8)
inflow angle and the effective angle of attack,
respectively. U P = υ i + w& + Ωvβ pc − (v& + Ωx )(θ + φ ) (9)

Some simplifying assuptions used in the
formulation of aerodynamic forces are as follows:
1. Since the tangential velocity component is much
greater than the vertical velocity component
Substituting Eqs. (8) and (9) into the force
equations and discarding second order products of
2 2
displacement velocities such as v& , w
& , v&w& , the
final equations are obtained.

ρac  2 2 CD
U T >> U p and U = U P +U T ≈ U T − Ωxν i (θ + φ ) −
2 2
Fy =  νi − Ω x
2

2  a
(10)
2. Since inflow angle is small,  CD  
tan ϕ ≅ ϕ = U P U T . Therefore, the effective angle 2Ωx a + ν i (θ + φ )v& + [2ν i − Ωx(θ + φ )]w& 
  
of attack can be written as
3.
ρac
α = θ −ϕ ≅ θ −
Up
(1)
Fz =
2
{− Ωxν i + Ω 2 x 2 (θ + φ ) −
UT
xc
Ω 2 xβ pc v + Ω 2(β pc + w′) − Ωxw& + (11)
The expressions for the sectional lift and the 2
sectional drag forces are given by 3 c 
cΩxφ& + [2Ωx(θ + φ ) −ν i ]v& − w
&&
1 1 4 4 
L= ρU 2 cCl = ρU T2 caα (2)
2 2
ρac  c 2 
Mφ = −  Ωxφ&  (12)
1 1 C 2  8 
D = ρU 2 cC d = ρU T2 ca d (3)
2 2 a
Here, M φ is the aerodynamic moment, β pc is the
Here; ρ is tha air density, a is the lift curve slope, precone angle, Ω is the constant rotation speed, φ
c is the chord length, Cl is the sectional lift is the torsion angle and vi is the induced inflow
coefficient and C d is the sectional drag coefficient. velocity.
Structural Modelling
Considering the assumptions and Fig.1, the
vertical and the inplane forces can be written as In this section, Hamilton’s principle is used to
follows: derive the partial differential equations of motion. In
Fig.2, rotor blade cross-section before and after
dFz = dLCosϕ − dDSinϕ ≅ dL − dDϕ (4) deformation is shown.

dFy = −(dLSinϕ + dDCosϕ ) ≅ −(dLϕ + dD) (5)

Substituting Eqs.(2) and (3) into Eqs.(4) and (5), we

get,

ρ ac
dF z =
2
[θU 2
T ]
− (1 + C d / a )U pU T dx (6)

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Here, k A is the blade cross section mass radius
of gyration, k m1 and k m 2 are the principal mass radii
of gyration, m is the mass per unit length and T is
the centrifugal force that varies along the spanwise
direction and which is expressed as follows

L
 L2 − x2 
T ( x) = ∫ ρAΩ2 (r + x)dx = ρAΩ2 r(L − x) +  (17)
x  2 

As a byproduct of the Hamiltonian formulation,

the associated natural boundary conditions which
give the expressions for shear forces and bending
Figure 2. Rotor blade cross-section before and after moments are also obtained. These boundary
deformation conditions are

By applying Hamilton’s principle, at x = 0, v = w =φ = 0 (18)

t2
v ′ = w′ = 0
∫ (δℑ − δU + δW )dt = 0
t1
(13)
at x = R , φ′ = 0 (19)
v ′′ = w′′ = 0
where δw = δv = 0 at t1 and t 2 v ′′′ = w′′′ = 0

differential equations of motion are derived as STABILITY ANALYSIS

follows
In order to perform the stability analysis, the
displacements are written as the summation of
δv : steady and perturbation terms,ie.,

′
[
− (Tv ′) + EI z − (EI z − EI y )Sin 2θ v "" + ] v ( x, t ) = v 0 ( x ) + v ( x, t ) (20)

(EI − EI ) Sin2θ w
z y
""
− 2mΩβ pc w& + (14) w( x, t ) = w0 ( x) + w ( x, t ) (21)
2
m(v&& − Ω v ) = F2
y φ ( x, t ) = φ 0 ( x ) + φ ( x , t ) (22)

δw : Substituting Eqs.(20)-(22) into Eqs.(14)-(16), the

perturbation equations are obtained as follows

[
− (Tw′) + EI y + (EI z − EI y )Sin 2θ w"" +
′
]
[
− (Tv ′) + EI z − (EI z − EI y )Sin 2θ v "" +
′
]
(EI z − EI y ) Sin2θ v "" + 2mΩβ pc v& + (15) Sin 2θ ""
2 (EI z − EI y )
w − 2mΩβ pc w& +
&& = Fz − mΩ 2 β pc x 2
mw
ρac 
(
m v&& − Ω 2 v = ) − Ωxν iφ −
2 
(23)

δφ :
 CD & &
′ ′ 2Ωx a + ν iθ  v + [2ν i − Ωxθ ]w 
− (GJφ ′) − k A2 (Tφ ′) + mk m2 φ&& +   
( )
mΩ 2 k m2 2 − k m21 φCos 2θ = M φ − (16)

mΩ 2 (k 2
m2 − k m21 ) Sin22θ

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[
− (Tw ′) + EI y + (EI z − EI y )Sin 2θ w "" +
′
]
d  dφ  2 d  dφ 
Sin 2θ ""
(EI − EI y )
−  GJ  − k A  T  − ω mkmφ +
2 2

z v + 2mΩβ pc v& + mw &&

dx  dx  dx  dx 
2 (31)
ρac  c 2

=
ρac  2 2 xc 2
 Ω x φ − Ω β pc xv + Ω w ′ −
2
(24)
mΩ k 2
( 2
m2
2
m1 )
− k φCos2θ = −iω  Ωxφ 
2 8
2  2 
3 c && 
Ωxw& + cΩxφ& + (2Ωxθ − vi )v& − w 
4 4  Dimensionless Parameters
The dimensionless parameters that are used in
order to simplify the equations of motion can be
′ ′
− (GJφ ′) − k A2 (Tφ ′) + mk m2 φ&& +
introduced as follows

(25) x r 3ρacR ν
ρac  c 2  ξ= ,δ = ,γ = , λi = i ,
mΩ k 2
( 2
m2 −k 2
m1 )
φ Cos2θ = −  Ωxφ& 
2 8
R R m ΩR

c ω V W
c= ,ω = , V (ξ ) = , W (ξ ) = (32)
R R R R
For the flutter case, a sinusoidal variation of
v( x, t ) , w( x, t ) and φ ( x, t ) with a circular natural The centrifugal force, T , can be expressed in the
frequency ω is assumed and the functions are nondimensional form by using the first two
approximated as dimensionless parameters

v ( x, t ) = V ( x )e iωt 1 − ξ 2 
(26) T (ξ ) = ρAΩ 2  + δ (1 − ξ ) (33)
 2 
w (x, t ) = W (x )e iωt (27) Using these parameters and Eq.(33), the Eqs.(29)-
(31) can be given by
φ ( x, t ) = φ (x )e iωt (28)

Substituting Eqs.(26)-(28) into Eqs.(23)-(25) results d 1 − ξ 2  dV  d 4V

in the following expresions −  + δ (1 − ξ ) +
 1 A +
dξ  2  dξ  dξ 4
d 4W
−
d  dV 
T
dx  dx 
[
 + EI z − (EI z − EI y )Sin θ
2 d 4V
dx4
]
+ A2
dξ 4
+ A3W + A4V + A5ξφ + A6 ξV + (34)

Sin2θ d 4W A7 ξW = 0
(EIz − EI y ) − 2iωΩmβ pcW − ω 2 mV −
(29)
2 dx4
ρac   CD 
Ω2 mV =  − Ωxν iφ − iω 2Ωx +ν iθ V d 1 − ξ 2  dW  d 4W
2   a  −  + δ (1 − ξ ) +
 1 B +
dξ   2  dξ  dξ 4
+ iω[2ν i − Ωxθ ]W }
d 4V
B2 + B3V + B 4W + B5ξ 2φ + B6 ξV + (35)
dξ 4
−
d  dW 
T [
 + EI y + (EI z − EI y )Sin θ
2
]
d 4W
+ B7 ξW + B9 ξ
dW
+ B9 ξφ = 0
dx  dx  dx 4 dξ
(EI z − EI y ) Sin2θ d V4 + 2iωΩmβ pcV − ω 2 mW
4

2 dx (30)
d 1 − ξ 2  dφ 
ρac  2 2 xc 2 dW − C1  + δ (1 − ξ )  +
=  Ω x φ − Ω β pc xV + Ω −
2

2  2 dx dξ  2  dξ  (36)
3 c  d 2φ
iωΩxW + iω cΩxφ + iω(2Ωxθ − vi )V + ω 2 W  C2 + C 3φ + C 4ξφ = 0
4 4  dξ 2

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where the dimensionless coefficients are THE DIFFERENTIAL TRANSFORM METHOD

A1 = EI z − (EI z − EI y )Sin 2θ The differential transform method is a

transformation technique based on the Taylor series
expansion and it is a useful tool to obtain analytical
Sin 2θ
A2 = (EI z − EI y ) solutions of the differential equations. In this method,
2 certain transformation rules are applied and the
governing differential equations and the boundary
 γ  conditions of the system are transformed into a set
A3 = −2iω  β pc + λi 
 6  of algebraic equations in terms of the differential
transforms of the original functions and the solution
γ
(
A4 = − 1 + ω 2 + iω ) 6
θλi of these algebraic equations gives the desired
solution of the problem. It is different from high-order
Taylor series method because Taylor series method
γ γ Cd γ requires symbolic computation of the necessary
A5 = λi , A6 = iω , A7 = iω θ derivatives of the data functions and is expensive for
6 3 a 6
large orders. The differential transform method is an
B1 = EI y + (EI z − EI y )Sin 2θ iterative procedure to obtain analytic Taylor Series
solutions of differential equations.
Sin 2θ
B2 = A2 = (EI z − EI y ) Consider a function f ( x ) which is analytic in a
2
domain D and let x = x0 represent any point in D.
 γ 
B3 = iω  2 β pc + λi  The function f ( x ) is then represented by a power
 6 
series whose center is located at x0 . The differential
 cγ  γ transform of the function f ( x ) is given by
B4 = −ω 2 1 +  , B5 = −
 24  6
1  d k f ( x) 
γ F [k ] =
B6 = (β pc − 2iωθ )
 
k!  dx k  x = x
(39)
6 0

γ cγ cγ []
where f ( x ) is the original function and F k is the
B 7 = iω , B8 = − , B9 = −iω
6 12 8 transformed function. The inverse transformation is
2 defined as
k  GJ c 2γ
C1 =  A  , C2 = − , C 4 = iω ∞
 R mΩ 2 R 4 48
f ( x) = ∑ ( x − x0 ) k F [k ] (40)
k =0
 k   k   k  
2 2 2

C3 = −ω 2  m  +  m 2  −  m1  Cos 2θ
 R   R   R  Combining Eqs. (42) and (43), we get

∞
( x − x0 ) k  d k f ( x) 
f ( x) = ∑  k
 (41)
The dimensionless boundary conditions are k =0 k!  dx  x = x0
at ξ = 0, V =W =φ = 0 (37)
Considering Eq.(44), it is noticed that the concept
dV dW
= =0 of differential transform is derived from Taylor series
dξ dξ expansion. However, the method does not evaluate
the derivatives symbolically.
dφ
at ξ = 1, =0 (38) In actual applications, the function f ( x ) is
dξ
expressed by a finite series and Eq. (44) can be
d 2V d 2W written as follows
= =0
dξ 2 dξ 2
m
( x − x0 ) k  d k f ( x) 
d 3V d 3W f ( x) = ∑   (42)
= =0 k! k
 dx  x = x0
dξ 3 dξ 3 k =0

which means that

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∞
 d k f ( x) 
( x − x0 ) k df ∞

f ( x) = ∑ k!  k
 is negligibly
dx
(1) = 0 ∑ kF (k ) = 0
k = m +1  dx  x = x0 k =0

small. Here, the value of m depends on the

∞
convergence of the natural frequencies. d2 f
(1) = 0 ∑ k (k − 1) F (k ) = 0
dx2 k =0
Theorems that are frequently used in the
transformation procedure are introduced in Table 1
∞
and theorems that are used for boundary conditions d3 f
are introduced in Table 2. dx3
(1) = 0 ∑(k −1)(k − 2)kF(k) = 0
k =0

Table 1. Basic theorems of DTM

FORMULATION WITH DTM

Original
DTM In the solution step, the Differential Transform
Function
Method is applied to Eqs.(34)-(36) by using the
theorems introduced in Table 1 and the following
f (x) = g(x) ± h(x) F [k ] = G[k ] ± H [k ] expressions are obtained.

A1 (k + 1)(k + 2 )(k + 3)(k + 4 )V [k + 4 ] +

f ( x ) = λg ( x ) F [k ] = λG[k ]
A2 (k + 1)(k + 2 )(k + 3)(k + 4 )W [k + 4 ] −
f ( x ) = g (x )h(x ) k
(k + 1)(k + 2 ) δ 1
V [k + 2 ] +
F [k ] = ∑ G[k − l ]H [l ] +
l =0
 2
δ (k + 1) V [k + 1] +
2
(43)
d n g (x )
F [k ] =
(k + n )! G[k + n]
f (x ) =  k (k + 1) 
dx n k!  2 + A4 V [k ] +
 
0 if k ≠ n A6V [k − 1] + A3W [k ] +
f (x ) = x n F[k ] = δ (k − n) = 
1 if k = n A7W [k − 1] + A5φ [k − 1] = 0

B1 (k + 1)(k + 2 )(k + 3 )(k + 4 )W [k + 4 ] +

Table 2. DTM theorems for boundary conditions B 2 (k + 1)(k + 2 )(k + 3 )(k + 4 )V [k + 4 ] −

df (k + 1)(k + 2 ) δ +
1
W [k + 2 ] +
(0) = 0 F (0) = 0  2
dx
δ (k + 1) W [k + 1] +
2
(44)
 k (k + 1) 
df
(0) = 0 F (1) = 0  2 + B 4 + kB 8 W [k ] +
dx  
x=0 B 7 W [k − 1] + B 3V [k ] + B 6V [k − 1] +
d2 f
(0) = 0 F (2) = 0 B 9 φ [k − 1] + B 5 φ [k − 2 ] = 0
dx 2
  1 
d3 f  C 2 − C 1  δ + 2   (k + 1)(k + 2 )φ [k + 2 ] +
(0) = 0 F ( 3) = 0   
dx 3
C 1 (k + 1) δφ [k + 1] + C 4 φ [k − 1] +
2
(45)
∞
 k (k + 1) 
f (1) = 0 ∑ F (k ) = 0  C 3 + C 1 φ [k ] = 0
x =1 k =0 2 

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Considering the theorems in Table 2 and 2.00

Eqs.(37) and (38), the following expressions can be

written and these are used in the computer program

Rotating Fundamental Flap Frequencies

written to make the related calculations.
1.80

V [0] = W [0] = V [1] = W [1] = 0

V [2] = v 2 , V [3] = v3 , W [2] = w2 , W [3] = w3 1.60

φ [0] = 0 , φ [1] = φ1
where v 2 , v3 , w2 , w3 and φ1 are arbitrary 1.40

constants.

1.20
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
The computer package Mathematica is used to
write a computer program for the expressions
obtained using DTM. The results are compared with 1.00

the ones in Refs.[10]-[11] and a very good 0.00 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60
agreement with the figures in these references is Nonrotating Fundamental Flap Frequencies
obtained.
Figure 3(a) Rotating natural flap frequency versus
When the aerodynamic terms in the rotor blade nonrotating flap frequency ( θ = 0 )
equations are eliminated, the resulting perturbation
solutions provide the rotating natural frequencies of 1.60
the rotor blade motion. For untwisted blades at zero
pitch angle (θ = 0 ) , the equations of motion are
Rotating Fundamental Lag Frequencies

uncoupled and the resulting natural frequencies are

the uncoupled natural frequencies. In the calculation 1.20
of the rotating natural frequencies, the nonrotating
natural frequencies can be used. In Figs.3 (a)-(c),
the relations between these frequencies are shown.

In Fig.4(a)-(b), the first two flap and first two lead- 0.80
lag uncoupled rotating frequencies are given. In
Fig.4(a), values for a soft inplane rotor and in
Fig.4(b), values for a stiff inplane rotor are
introduced. For the soft inplane rotors, the first
rotating lead-lag frequency is less than the nominal 0.40
rotational frequency of the rotor while for the stiff
inplane rotors, the lead-lag frequency is greater than
the nominal rotational frequency. In this figure, Ω 0
is the nominal angular velocity and ω NR is the 0.00
natural frequency that is made dimensionless with 0.00 0.40 0.80 1.20 1.60
respect to the nominal angular velocity. Nonrotating Fundamental Lag Frequencies

Figure 3(b) Rotating natural lag frequency versus

nonrotating lag frequency( θ = 0 )

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12.00 10.00

2nd Lead Lag

Rotating Fundamental Torsion Frequencies

8.00

8.00
6.00

ω
Ω0 2nd Flap
4.00

4.00

2.00 1st Lead-Lag

1st Flap
0.00

0.00 4.00 8.00 12.00 0.00 0.20 Ω0.40 0.60 0.80 1.00
Nonrotating Fundamental Torsion Frequencies Ω0
Figure 4(b). Variation of the first two uncoupled
Figure 3(c) Rotating natural torsion frequency natural frequencies with respect to the rotor angular
versus nonrotating torsion frequency ( θ = 0 , velocity ( ω βNR = 0.6 , ωξNR = 1.5 ).
(k A k m ) = 1 .5 , k A k m = 0 )
2

In this study, linear formulation is considered.

Thus, the torsion motion becomes uncoupled with
5.00 the flapping and lead-lag motions. However, the
flapping and lead-lag motions influence each other.
2nd Flap This case is introduced in Fig.5 where the dynamic
stability characteristics of the flap and lead-lag
4.00 bending motions are introduced. The results are
given in the root locus form for the first flap and lead-
2nd Lead Lag lag modes as the blade pitch angle is increased from
zero to 0.5 rad. The figure includes both soft inplane
3.00 and stiff inplane configurations. As it can be noticed
in Fig.5, the damping of the flap mode (real axis
ω component) is high while the damping of the lag
Ω0
mode is low because the lift forces associated with
2.00 the flapping velocity produce large aerodynamic
damping on the flap mode while the drag forces
associated with the lead-lag velocity produce small
damping on the lead-lag mode. However, the lag
1.00
1st Flap mode damping increases with the increasing pitch
angle and instability does not occur (none of the real
axis components are positive).
1st Lead Lag
0.00

0.00 0.20 0.40 Ω 0.60 0.80 1.00

Ω0
Figure 4(a). Variation of the first two uncoupled
natural frequencies with respect to the rotor angular
velocity ( ω βNR = ωξNR = 0.6 ).

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1.60 [8] Chiou JS and Tzeng JR, Application of The
Taylor Transform to Nonlinear Vibration Problems,
ωξ NR = 1.4 Transaction of the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers, Journal of Vibration and Acoustics, 118,
1st Flap Mode

Imaginary Component
p: 83–87, 1996.
[9] Zhou JK, Differential Transformation and Its
Application for Electrical Circuits (in Chinese).
0 .6 ωξ NR = 1.2 China: Huazhong University Press, P. R., 1986.
0 .8 1.20 [10] Dewey H.H. and Ormiston R.A., Stability of
Elastic Bending and Torsion of Uniform Cantilever
1st Lag Mode Rotor Blades in Hover with Variable Structural
Coupling, NASA Technical Note, 1976
[11] Dewey H.H. and Ormiston R.A., Nonlinear
ωξ NR = 1.4 1 .2 ωξ NR = 0.8 Equations for Bending of Rotating Beams with
Application to linear Flap-Lag Stability of Hingeless
Rotors, 1973.
0.80

ωξ NR = 0.6

-0.40 -0.30 -0.20 -0.10 0.00

Real Component

Figure 5. Root locus for the dynamic stability

characteristics of the flap and lead-lag bending motions.(
γ = 5 , σ = 0.05 , ω βNR = 0.6 , C d = 0.01 , a = 2π ,
c R = π 40 )

References

[1] Özdemir Ö and Kaya M.O, Flapwise Bending Vibration

Analysis of a Rotating Tapered Cantilevered Bernoulli-
Euler Beam by Differential Transform Method, Journal of
Sound and Vibration, 2005 (in press).
[2] Arikoglu A and Ozkol I, Solution of Boundary Value
Problems for Integro-Differential Equations by Using
Differential Transform Method, Applied Mathematics and
Computation, 2004 (in press)
[3] Chen CK and Ju SP, Application of Differential
Transformation to Transient Advective–Dispersive
Transport Equation, Applied Mathematics and
Computation, 155, p: 25–38, July 2004.
[4] Bert CW and Zeng H, Analysis of Axial Vibration of
Compound Bars by Differential Transformation Method,
Journal of Sound and Vibration, 275, p: 641–647, August
2004.
[5] Friedman, P. P. and Hodges, D. W., Rotary Wing
Aeroelasticity-A Historical Perspective, Journal of Aircraft,
40, p:1019-1046, 2003.
[6] Abdel IH and Hassan H, On Solving Some Eigenvalue-
Problems by Using A Differential Transformation, Applied
Mathematics and Computation, 127, p: 1–22, March 2002.
[7] Jang MJ, Chen CL and Liu YC, Two-Dimensional
Differential Transform for Partial Differential Equations,
Applied Mathematics and Computation, 121, p: 261–270,
June 2001.

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Ankara International Aerospace Conference