Albelda and Orleans - Electricity, Magnetism and Electronics

SPECIALIZATION: PHYSICAL SCIENCES 42
Focus: Electricity, Magnetism and Electronics

By: Prof. Jasmine Angelie V. Albelda and Prof. Antriman V. Orleans
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PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

LICENSURE EXAMINATION FOR TEACHERS (LET)
REFRESHER COURSE
WHAT TO EXPECT
SPECIALIZATION:
AREA: PHYSICAL SCIENCES

LET Competencies:
1. Describe the nature of electrical charges, their interaction, and the field they produced.
2. Differentiate parallel and series connections.
3. Determine the current, potential difference and equivalent resistance of resistors in series
and in parallel.
4. Relate current, voltage and resistance in an electrical network.
5. Analyze energy transformations and transfer that occur in a system in terms of the Law of
Conservation of Energy.
6. Identify the properties of electromagnetic waves and how they are used in
communication technology.
7. Solve problems involving electricity and magnetism.
8. Apply the different laws on electricity and magnetism to real life situations.
9. Characterize the electronic tools and components used in common household
appliances.
Prepared by: Prof. Antriman V. Orleans

Prof. Jasmine Angelie V. Albelda
PART UPDATE
PART I – CONTENT I: CONTENT UPDATES
PART I – CONTENT UPDATE

I. Electrostatics
Electrostatics is the study of electric charges that are relatively at rest.
A. Charge (Q)
Charge is a fundamental quantity that explains all electrical phenomena and is inherent
to all bodies that are composed of atoms and molecules. It has two components – magnitude
and polarity. The magnitude of a charge describes its strength and its polarity determines how it
will interact with other charges. There are two types of charge polarities – positive and negative.
The proton is the carrier of positive charge and the electron carries negative charge. The
magnitude of these carriers, however, is the same and is equal to 1.6 x 10-19 coulomb; the
coulomb (C) is the unit of charge in the metric system. Because of this, the magnitude of the
charge of an object is a multiple of the charge of the proton or the electron.
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Electricity, Magnetism and Electronics
Prof. Antriman V. Orleans and Prof. Jasmine Angelie V. Albelda
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The charge of an object is determined by the number of protons and electrons it contains.
Positively charged objects contain more protons than electrons, while negatively charged ones
have more electrons than protons. Objects having the same charge polarity repel and those
with unlike charge polarities attract. That is, a positively charged body repels another positively
charged object, but attracts a negatively charged object.
B. Electrostatic Force (F)
Electrostatic force is the degree of repulsion or attraction between charged objects. This
force is an action-at-a-distance force that was first studied and quantified by the French engineer
and physicist Charles Coulomb (1736 – 1806). Coulomb’s Law states that the force of interaction
between two point charges, F, is directly proportional to the product of the magnitudes of their
charges, q1q2, and is inversely proportional to their separation distance, r. Equation 1 captures
the mathematical equation of this law.
q1 q2
q1q2
F k r
r2
Equation 1: Coulomb’s Law Figure 1
The direction of this force is along the line connecting the two charges. Figure 2
illustrates this force. It must be noted that F12 (force on q1 due to q2) and F21 (force on q2 due to
q1) are action-reaction pair of forces, thus, they have equal magnitudes.
q1 F12 F21 q2 F12 q1 q2 F21
r r
(a) Attractive force (b) Repulsive force
Figure 2
C. Electric Field (E)
Action-at-a-distance forces exist because of the force fields present in space.

Gravitational forces exist because of the gravitational field masses create around their
surroundings. Similarly, electrostatic forces can be observed because of the electric field electric
charges produce around them and because of this field, any charge placed in this region will
experience electrostatic force. The magnitude of electric field in space is equal to the force per
unit charge acting on a test charge particle. As illustrated in Figure 3, the direction of this field is
the same as that of the electrostatic force acting on a positive charge, and opposite to that of the
force acting on a negative charge. It is also said that electric field lines diverge from a positive
charge and converge on a negative charge.
E E
F F F
E
q +q -q
Equation 2: Coulomb’s Law Figure 3
E E
+q -q
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(a) Electric field due to a (b) Electric field due toMagnetism
Electricity, a and Electronics
positive charge negative charge
Figure 4
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D. Electric Potential Energy (U) and Electric Potential (V)
Inherent to a charge placed on an electric field region is electric potential energy. This
energy is similar to the gravitational potential energy of a mass in a gravitational field.
Conceptually, the electric potential energy of a charge particle at a point in an electric field region
is equal to the work done by the electric field to bring that charge from that point to a point of
infinite distance.
The potential energy per unit charge of a particle in electric field is known as electric
potential or just potential. Electric potential like electric potential energy is a scalar quantity and
its unit in the metric system is volt (V). A positive charge, when released in space, will move to a
point of lesser potential while a negative charge will move to a point of greater potential. The
difference of the potential between two points is called potential difference or voltage.
Electricity and Electric Circuits
A. Conductors and Insulators
A conductor is a material that allows charges to flow through it with relative ease. Ideal
conductors afford no resistance to flowing charges. Contrastingly, an insulator presents
significant resistance to flowing charges. Metals are good conductors, while materials like rubber
and glass are good examples of insulators.
B. Electric Current
Electric current is the rate of flow of charges in a medium. Its MKS unit is ampere (A) or
coulomb per second (C/s). Conventional current is the flow of positive charges from a point of
higher or positive potential to a point of lower or negative potential. Electron current, on the
contrary, is the flow of electrons from a point of lower or negative potential to a point of higher or
positive potential.
In circuit analysis, current in a conductor is usually referred to as electron current brought

by a potential difference between the ends of the conductor. Electric current flows only in a
complete conducting path or a close electric circuit. An ammeter measures the current in an
electric element.
C. Ohm’s Law: Resistance, Current and Voltage Relations
The amount of opposition of a medium to any flow of charges is referred to as resistance.

Resistance is measured in ohm (Ω) and the material that presents resistance to electrical current
is called a resistor. The resistance of a conductor (R) depends on the resistivity (ρ), length (l) and
cross-sectional area (A) of the conductor. Equation 3 presents these relationships.
l I Constant R I
R Constant V
A
Equation 3: Resistance
of a conductor
44 V R
(a) I-V Relationship (b) I-R Relationship
Figure 5
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V  IR
Equation 4: Ohm’s Law
In addition, the resistance of a conductor serves as the constant of proportionality in the

direct relationship of current (I) and the voltage applied to the resistor (V). This relationship is
captured in the mathematical representation of Ohm’s Law (Equation 4). Similarly, it may be
noted that current (I) is inversely proportional to resistance (R) when voltage is kept constant.
D. Series and Parallel Resistors
Because not all needed resistances are available in the market, resistors are connected
in series or in parallel. Series resistors are connected one after the other, while parallel ones are
those where corresponding terminals are connected to two separate points. The equivalent
resistance (Req) of resistors in series is greater than that of any resistors connected in the
network. Contrastingly, the equivalent resistance (Req) of resistors in parallel is less than that of
any of the resistors in the network. Figure 6 summarizes these concepts.
Series Resistors Parallel Resistors
R1 R2 R3
R1 R2 R3
n
1 n
1 1 1 1 1
Req   Ri  R1  R2  R3  ...  Rn      ... 
i 1 Req i 1 Ri R1 R2 R3 Rn
Equation 5: Equivalent Resistance Equation 8: Parallel Resistors
I1 = I2 = I3 V1 = V2 = V3
Equation 6: Current in each Resistor Equation 9: Voltage in each Resistor
VTotal = V1 + V2 + V3 ITotal = I1 + I2 + I3
Equation 7: Voltage Equation Equation 10: Current Equation
Further, series connection provides only one conducting path, while parallel connection
affords several paths. With such, the current through series resistors is the same, but the
voltages across each resistor may not necessarily be equal. The voltages are equal only when
resistors have the same resistances. For parallel resistors, the voltages across the resistors are
equal, while the current may not necessarily be the same. The currents in the resistors will only
be the same if the resistors have equal resistances.
To measure the current flowing through a resistor, the ammeter must be connected in
series with the resistor. Ammeters have negligible resistance so it will not cast any effect on the
circuit. To measure the voltage across the resistor, the voltmeter – the instrument that measures
voltage – must be connected in parallel to the resistor. Voltmeters have very high resistance.
V
A R
R
(a) Ammeter in Series (b) Voltmeter in Parallel

with a Resistor with a Resistor
Figure 6
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E. Kirchhoff’s Laws
One of the fundamental laws in circuit analysis is Kirchhoff’s Laws, also referred to as
Kirchhoff’s Rules. There are two laws of Kirchhoff – the current law and the voltage law. These
laws are applied to electrical circuit that cannot be analyzed using the concepts of series and
parallel resistors.
The current law is based on conservation of

charges – charges cannot be created nor destroyed – I21
and applied to electric junctions called nodes. According
to Kirchhoff’s Current Law, the sum of the currents node
entering a node is equal to the sum of the currents I1 I41
leaving the node.
Contrastingly, the voltage law is founded on I31 I5

conservation of energy – energy cannot be created nor
destroyed – and applied on a complete electrical path
called a loop. To Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law, the sum of the  I entering   I leaving
voltage rise is equal to that of the voltage drop in a loop.
The positive and the negative terminals of electrical I 2  I 3  I1  I 4  I 5
elements determine the voltage rise or drop. Voltage
sources like batteries have permanent positive and Equation 11: Kirchhoff’s
negative terminals. As for resistors, the positive and Current Law
negative terminals depend on the flow of current in the
resistor. The positive terminal of the resistor is the terminal where the current enters the resistor
and its negative terminal is that where current leaves the element.
I R
I I
V1 Analysis V2
Analysis Analysis
R R
 VRise   VDrop
(a) Voltage Drop (b) Voltage Rise
V1  VR  V2
Figure 7
Equation 12: Kirchhoff’s
Voltage Law
F. Power and Conservation of Energy in Circuit Analysis
Power in Mechanics is defined as the rate of doing work – how fast work is done. In
circuit analysis, it is the rate of conversion of energy from one form to another. For instance, the
power delivered in a resistor is the rate of change of electrical energy to thermal energy. In dry
cells, it is the rate of conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy. All this energy
conversion obeys the law of conservation of energy.
Operationally, power (P) is defined as the product of current (I) and the voltage (V) in any
electrical element. In symbols,
P=IV (Equation 13: Power)
For resistors,
P = I2 R = V2 / R (Equation 13: Power in a Resistor)
II. Magnetism
Magnetism is the ability of a material to attract iron, steel and its alloys. Magnetic properties are
due to moving charges. A stationary charge does not exhibit a magnetic property.
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A. Magnetic Domains and Magnets
When a group of atoms or molecules called magnetic domains are aligned, the material
made up by these atoms have strong magnetic properties. Magnets always have two poles, the north
magnetic pole and the south magnetic pole. Magnetic monopole does not exist. If a magnet is cut into
pieces, each piece will have its north and south magnetic poles. Magnets can be destroyed by
heating or by constant hitting. Heat makes the molecules in the magnetic domains to vibrate and
break out from their ordered patterns resulting to the rearrangement of the magnetic domains. Like
magnetic poles repel and unlike magnetic poles attract (Law of poles).
Magnetic materials are classified as ferromagnetic, diamagnetic and paramagnetic.

Ferromagnetic materials have very strong magnetic properties since they are mostly made up of iron.
Diamagnetic materials have magnetic properties that are weaker than ferromagnets but are stronger
than paramagnets. Paramagnetic materials have the weakest magnetic properties.
B. Magnetic Field and Magnetic Force
A magnetic field is a region of space around a moving charge or around a magnet wherein a
magnetic force acts on any magnetic material that is brought near to it. Magnetic field lines are used
to visualize this magnetic field and its interaction with magnetic materials. A north magnetic pole is
represented by magnetic field lines that are pointing away from the pole while a south magnetic pole
is represented by magnetic field lines that are pointing towards the pole. Magnetic field lines that are
close to each other signify a strong magnetic field while magnetic field lines that are far apart signify a
weak magnetic field. The SI unit of magnetic field is the tesla (T). Magnetic field strength is strongest
at the poles of the magnet.
The right hand rule (Figure 8) is

used to determine the direction of the
magnetic force acting on a moving charge
in a magnetic field. The magnetic force
acting on an electron however, is opposite
in direction to the magnetic force indicated
by the right hand rule. A moving charge will
experience the maximum possible magnetic
force when the velocity of the charge and
the magnetic field in which it moves are
perpendicular to each other.
Figure 8
III. Electromagnetism
Electromagnetism is a field of physics that studies the phenomena associated with electric and
magnetic fields and their interactions with each other. A changing magnetic field creates an electric
field and a changing electric field creates a magnetic field. A coil of wire connected to a source will
become a magnet (electromagnet) especially when a ferromagnetic material is inserted to it. On the other
hand, a coil of wire attached to a load such as a bulb will enable the bulb to light when current is induced
through the coil by the changing magnetic field of a magnet brought near to the coil.
A. Electromagnetic Induction
The process by which a changing

magnetic field produces electric current is
known as electromagnetic induction.
Changing the magnetic field can be done by
moving a magnet into a coil of wire or moving
the coil of wire near a magnet. Figure 9 shows
how induction happens in a coil of wire. The
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Figure 9
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induced current is detected by the galvanometer as the magnet is brought into the coil or an
electromagnet is brought into the coil.
The current produced in the coil of wire because of the changing magnetic field is called the
induced current. Since a source of electromotive force (emf or voltage) is always needed to produce
current, the coil of wire where the induced current is produced behaves like a source of emf. This emf
is known as induced emf.
There are several of ways of changing the magnetic field in a circuit to induce emf
 Continuous movement of the magnet into a coil of wire
 Changing the orientation of the coil of wire with respect to the magnetic field
 Applying a changing electric current in the circuit (i.e., connecting the circuit to a
source that produces alternating current or AC)
Induction can either be self or mutual. A changing current in a circuit may induce an emf in
the same circuit. This effect is self-induction. Mutual induction happens when a changing current in
one circuit induces an emf in another circuit. The primary application of mutual inductance is the
operation of transformers.
B. Faraday’s Law of Magnetic Induction
The magnitude of the average emf induced in a coil of N loops is equal to the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux. Mathematically, this law is expressed as

  N
t
Equation 15: Faraday’s Law
where  is the induced electromotive force, N is the number of loops in the coil,  is the change
in magnetic flux through one loop and t is the time interval during which the change occurs. The
negative sign indicates that the polarity of the induced emf sends the induced current in the direction
so as to give rise to an opposing magnetic force.
C. Lenz’s Law
An induced emf gives rise to a current whose magnetic field opposes the change in magnetic
flux that produced it.
D. Electromagnetic Waves
A time varying electric and magnetic field arise when electric charges are being accelerated.
Electromagnetic waves or EM waves are propagated in vacuum by this variation. Both fields carry
energy and propagate outward from the accelerated electric charge. It is the fields that oscillate
perpendicular to the direction of propagation of EM waves. That is why, unlike sound and other types
of waves, EM waves do not require a medium to travel through.
EM waves are classified in a spectrum according to their frequency or wavelength. High

frequency EM waves have shorter wavelengths and low frequency EM waves have longer
wavelengths.
Type of EM wave Frequency Range (Hz) Source

Radio waves
AM Stations 0.53 – 1.7 x 106 Electric circuits
FM Stations 88 – 108 x 106
TV 54 – 890 x 106
Microwaves 109 – 1011 Special vacuum tubes
Infrared radiation 1011 – 1014 Warm or hot bodies
Visible Light 4 – 7 x 1014 Bulbs, lamps and sun
Ultraviolet radiation 1014 – 1017 Sun, very hot bodies and special lamps
X-rays 1017 – 1019 High – speed electron collisions
Gamma Rays Above 1019 Nuclear reaction and processes
The diagram below (Figure 10) shows the difference in frequency and wavelength of the
different EM waves.
IV. Electronics
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Electronics is a field of physics that studies the development and applications of devices and
systems involving the flow of current. Some of the electronic devices that are used in household
appliance are the following:
Figure 10
A. Battery
A battery is a device that converts chemical energy to electricity. It consists of electric cells
which are made up of a liquid, paste or solid electrolyte. A direct current will flow when the electrodes
of the battery are connected to the closed circuit. Batteries are either primary or secondary. Primary
batteries are non rechargeable while secondary batteries are rechargeable.
B. Resistor
The main function of a resistor in a circuit is to reduce the flow of electric current. Thus,
resistors are used to limit the current that will flow to an element in the circuit, reduce the potential
difference or voltage in some parts of a circuit or control the voltage or current that will go into another
component of the circuit.
A typical resistor is made up of a carbon film or a metal film. The physical size of a
resistor is related to its power rating. A resistor with a high power rating is bigger in size compared to
a resistor with a lower power rating.
Resistors can be classified into two classes – fixed and variable. Fixed resistors are resistors
in which the resistance value does not change. The resistance value of a carbon film resistor is
indicated as a color code. Variable resistors are resistors in which the resistance value can be
changed by certain conditions. Examples of variable resistors are
a. Trimmer, Potentiometer or Rheostat – a variable resistor that is mainly used in place of a

fixed resistor to permit a convenient adjustment of the resistance in the circuit. (e.g. volume
knob of stereo, selector knob of power supply)
b. Thermistor or Temperature Dependent Resistor (TDR) – are thermally sensitive resistors.
The resistance value changes according to the temperature.
c. Photoresistor or Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) – are light sensitive resistors. The
resistance value changes according to the amount of light sensed by the resistor.
The schematic symbols of resistors are shown below.
Fixed resistor Variable resistor
C. Capacitor
A capacitor is a device made up of two conductive surfaces separated from each other by
a dielectric. Any insulating material such as paper, mica, mylar, glass or even air can be used as
a dielectric.
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Capacitors are used to store electrical energy through its electric field. They can be
charged up to a given potential and discharge when required. The measure of the capacity of a
capacitor to store energy is known as its capacitance. The unit of capacitance is the farad (F).
One farad is equivalent to one coulomb per volt (1 F = 1 C/V).
Capacitors maybe connected in parallel or in series. Figure 11 shows the capacitance,

voltage and charge in parallel and series capacitors
Figure 11
Other uses of capacitors in the circuit:

 Act as filters that smooth out variations in currents rectified by diodes as in power
supply circuits or analog signals
 Couple electrical signal from one circuit to another
 Supply a starting voltage to the circuit
 Maybe used as a “by pass” element that send excess current directly to the
ground
 Block DC and allow AC
Capacitors can be fixed non-polarized, fixed polarized or variable. The schematic

symbols of capacitors are shown below.
D. Inductors
A device such as a coil of wire, a solenoid or a torroid, which stores electrical energy
through its magnetic field, is called an inductor. The measure of the capacity of an inductor to
cause induction or to oppose any change in the current flowing through it is called the inductance.
The unit of inductance is henry (H). One henry is equivalent to one volt second per ampere (1 H
= 1 V·s/A). Inductors are commonly used in tuning circuits and filter circuits. The schematic
symbol of an inductor is shown below.
E. Transformer
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A transformer is a device used for increasing or decreasing an AC voltage by induction. It

consists of a core, usually made of iron, in which the primary and the secondary coils are wound.
The diagram below shows a typical transformer. The primary coil with Np coils is connected to the
AC generator. The voltage in the primary coil is known as the input voltage. The alternating
current in the primary coil creates a changing magnetic field in the iron core thereby inducing an
emf in the secondary coil. The voltage in the secondary coil is called the output voltage. Figure 12
shows the schematic diagram and the symbol model of a transformer.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer
a. Schematic symbol
a. Schematic symbol
b. Transformer model
Figure 12 b. Transformer model
Figure 12
The relationship between the voltage, current and number of turns in the primary and
secondary coils of a transformer is mathematically expressed in the transformer equation.
Vp Np Is
 
Vs Ns Ip
Equation 16: Transformer Equation
where V s , N s and I s are the voltage, number of turns and current in the secondary coil
respectively and V p , N p and I p are the voltage, number of turns and current in the primary coil
respectively. The power rating in both coils is the same. Based on the transformer equation, if
N p is less than N s , the voltage in the secondary coil (output) is greater than the voltage (input)
in the secondary coil. A transformer that increases the output voltage is called a step up
transformer. A step up transformer steps down the output current. Based on the transformer
equation, if N p is greater than N s , the voltage in the secondary coil (output) is less than the
voltage (input) in the secondary coil. A transformer that decreases the output voltage is called a
step down transformer. A step down transformer steps up the output current.
Transformers are used in the efficient transmission of electrical energy over large
distances from the power plant to the community.
F. Fuse and circuit breakers
A fuse is a device consisting of a short thin wire that melts when the current passing
through it exceeds a predetermined value thereby stopping the current from flowing into the
circuit when shorts or overloading happen. A busted fuse must be replaced with a new one. The
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operation of a circuit breaker is similar in principle to the fuse except that it turns off then opens
the circuit by means of electronic elements that work like an automatic switch. It automatically
breaks the circuit to stop the current from flowing when the current exceeds a predetermined
value. Excess current is produced when short or overloading happens. A circuit breaker maybe
adjusted manually or automatically to resume its normal operation.
Fuses and circuit breakers are always connected in series with the circuit that they intend
to protect. The schematic symbol of a fuse or circuit breaker is shown below:
G. Semiconductors
Materials, which at certain conditions, will behave like a conductor or an insulator are
called semiconductors. Generally, a semiconducting material increases its conductivity with
temperature. This is because the addition of energy or the application of heat will enable some
electrons in the valence band to move to the conduction band of the material. The more energy is
added, the higher the number of electrons that will gain the required amount of energy for the
electrons to make the conduction band transition and become charge carriers.
Another way of increasing the conductivity of semiconductors is to introduce an

“impurity”, which are actually just atoms from another element to the structure of the
semiconducting material. This process is known as doping. Based on the doped impurity,
semiconductors are classified as P-type (positive type) or N-type (negative type). If a
semiconductor is doped with a material that has fewer electrons, or which have extra protons,
“holes” can be used to allow current to flow in the material. This results to a positive current
carrier or P-type semiconductor. If a semiconductor is doped with a material that has greater
number of electrons, or which have extra electrons, the extra electrons will freely move and
produces current. This results to negative current carrier or N-type semiconductor.
The arrangement of N-type and P-type semiconductors in a component results to the

following electronic semiconducting elements:
a. Diodes - is composed of two electrodes known as the anode and the cathode. The anode is
the positive region which is primarily made up of P – type semiconductors. The cathode is the
negative region which is primarily made up of N-type semiconductor. Its most important
function is to act as a one-way passage valve for electrons to flow. It permits current to flow
only in one direction. Some common diodes are listed below:
 Rectifier diode – converts AC signal to DC signal

 Zener Diode – used as voltage regulator
 Light Emitting Diode (LED) – emits light when current flows through the diode. It comes in
red, white, blue and green colors. It can be used as a power on indicator or condition
indicator of a circuit.
 Infrared LED – used in remote control transmitters and in security systems or digital
systems that uses infrared in the transmission of information
 Photodiode and Laser diodes – used as receiver of infrared light in infrared transmission
systems, used as the pick – up system of compact disc players and in laser printers
and fiber optics communications systems
 PIN diodes –used in modulating devices or systems and in the operation of a DC
controlled switch.
 The schematic symbols of diodes are shown below
Diode Light Emitting Diode Zener Diode

b. Transistors – semiconductor device consisting of three terminals known as the emitter,
collector and base. Transistors can either be NPN or PNP. The acronyms represent the
arrangement of the P-type and N-type semiconductor. Transistors can be used as an
amplifier, a switch, a rectifier and/or an oscillator. The schematic symbol of a transistor is
shown below
PNP NPN Bipolar

Bipolar Transistor
Transistor
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c. Integrated Circuits – semiconductor device consisting of active and passive elements like
diodes and transistors that are combined in a single package called a chip that performs a
complete electronic function. IC’s are classified as Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS),
Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS), Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field
Effect Transistor (MOSFET) and Transistor –Transistor Logic (TTL)
d. Logic Gates – are the building blocks of digital circuits. It is composed of a combination of
semiconducting materials such as transistors, diodes and CMOS or MOSFETS that behaves
like a switching circuit in performing logic functions – (1) for a high voltage or true statements
and (0) for low voltage or false statements. These gates are combined to form multiplexers,
flip-flops, registers, counters, decoders, multi-vibrators, semiconducting memories and a lot
more which are widely used in computer memories, encoder and decoders systems and
other digital devices.
The basic logic gates used in digital circuits are as follows:
 AND gate – produces an output of 1 when all of its inputs are 1, otherwise, its output is 0.
The schematic symbol of an AND gate is
 OR gate – produces an output of 1 when either one of its input is 1, otherwise, its output
is 0. The schematic symbol of an OR gate is
 NOT gate or an inverter – produces an output of 1 when the input is 0 and an output of 0
when the input is 1. The schematic symbol of a NOT gate is
 NAND gate – when an AND gate is paired with a NOT gate, the output is the inverse or
complement of the output of an AND gate. The schematic symbol of a NAND gate is
 NOR gate – when an OR gate is paired with a NOT gate, the output is the inverse or
complement of the output of an OR gate. The schematic symbol of a NOR gate is
H. Multitester – a device that maybe used as an ohmmeter to measure resistance, an ammeter to

measure current and a voltmeter to measure voltage or potential difference in a circuit or in a
circuit element. It can also be used to test the condition of different electronic components.
 To measure the voltage across a component in a circuit, the voltmeter must be connected
in parallel with the component.
 To measure the current flowing in a component in a circuit, the ammeter must be
connected in series with the component. An ammeter that can detect very small amount
of currents is known as a galvanometer.
 To measure the resistance of a resistor, the resistor must be disconnected from the
source first before it is connected in parallel with the ohmmeter probes.
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V. Some Important Applications
A. Generators and Power Distribution
One of the most important applications of electromagnetism and electromagnetic

induction is the generation and distribution of electrical energy in the community. Figure 13 shows
how energy is transformed from a power plant to electricity in the household.
Figure 13
Electricity is generated at a power plant with the use of a generator. A hydropower plant
for instance converts the gravitational potential energy of the water in the dam to kinetic energy of
the turbines. As the turbine turns, it converts mechanical energy into electrical energy by
induction through the generator. The generator is connected to a step up transformer. The step
up transformer increases the voltage of electricity before it is transmitted over large distance in
electrical wires. Power must be transmitted at very high voltage over large distance to minimize
system losses. High voltage means low current and low current in wires means lower wire
resistance and lesser dissipation of energy. The transformer stationed in the community steps
down the voltage before it is transmitted to the houses and buildings.
B. Telecommunications Systems
The operation of transmitters and receivers in telecommunications systems can be

explained by the basic concepts of electricity and magnetism. Figure 14 shows a typical
telecommunications system.
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Figure 14
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From the information source, the information carried by analog signals is

converted into a digital signal through a digital circuit composed of logic gates. The encoded
information is then modulated in preparation to its transmission in the transmission antennas. At
this point, the information is carried by electromagnetic waves (radio waves). After the receiver
antenna receives the signal, it is then demodulated and decoded through a digital circuit that
converts digital information to analog information.
Radio waves carry information through signals in one of two ways: Amplitude
Modulation (AM) or Frequency Modulated (FM). All telecommunication systems start with a
carrier wave which has a fixed frequency known as the broadcast frequency. AM radio stations
typically have broadcast frequencies ranging from 530 – 1600 kHz while FM radio stations have
broadcast frequencies ranging from 88 – 100 MHz. TV broadcasting systems use ultra high
frequency or very high frequency carrier waves. The video or picture signal of a TV is transmitted
on an AM signal and the audio or sound signal is transmitted on an FM signal.
The picture tube of a television set is a cathode ray tube that shoots beams of electrons
onto a screen that is coated with chemical phosphors. Chemical phosphors glow when electrons
strike on them. The beams of electrons are guided by the magnetic fields of the magnetic coil
inside the picture tube across the screen, horizontally and vertically, while the internal electronics
of the TV set adjusts the beam intensities to match the incoming signal from the broadcast
station. This produces dots of right strength and color known as pixels to create the desired
picture.
C. DC Motors
A motor is a device that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. Its operation
is the reverse of the operation of generators. The current moving along the loop of wire
surrounded by a magnetic field causes the coil to rotate mechanically. Below is a picture of a
simple model of a DC motor
D. Magnetic Strips in credit cards, ATM cards and/or ID cards
The magnetic strips of cards are encoded with information in a particular pattern of
magnetic fields associated with small grains of magnetic material embedded in the card. When
the card is swiped into the reader, the magnetic area induces currents in the reader which are
decoded by the digital circuit inside the reader, transmitting the information to other devices for
verification.
E. Recording and Play back of audio tapes
The recording of music or audio information in magnetic tapes commonly used in

cassettes are made possible by the magnetic effects of electric currents while the playback uses
the electric effects of magnetic fields. The recording head of the cassette becomes an
electromagnet when music is being recorded in the magnetic tape. This creates a pattern of
magnetic field in the magnetic tape which corresponds to the pattern of sound waves in the
original music. When the tape is played back, the magnetized areas of the tape induce currents
as it passes through the magnetic field of the playback head. This current signal is interpreted by
the digital circuit in the cassette as sound, recreating the original music.
F. Pick up of Musical instruments and microphones
The pick up of musical instruments such as a guitar and some microphones consists of
coils that move with the vibrations of sound, inducing current through the magnetic field of the
magnet near the coil. The metal strings of an electric guitar, for instance, induces a current as it
vibrates to create sound that is amplified in the pick up.
G. Magnetically Levitated Trains (MAGLEV)
The efficient and fast of operation of magnetically levitated trains uses the law that states;
like poles of a magnet repel and unlike poles attract. The track of MAGLEV trains is an
electromagnet which has an opposite pole with the surface in which the wheels of the train are
supposed to be placed. MAGLEV trains do not have wheels. The levitation created by the
opposing magnetic poles allows the train to slide through the track.
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H. Metal Detectors
Metal detectors at airport, harbors, and bus terminal and commercial establishment’s
checkpoints also use electromagnetic induction in its operation. As a person carrying a piece of
metal pass through the detector, the metal will interact with the field and induces current in the
detector.
I. Applications in medicine
The operation of some medical equipment that creates images or patterns of how an
internal organ in the body functions or that stimulates senses is based on the concept of
electromagnetic induction. Some of these medical devices are listed below
 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
 Endoscope
 Electrocardiogram (ECG)
 Electroencephalogram (EEG)
 Hearing Aids
 Defibrillator
PART II – ANALYZING TEST ITEMS
PART II – ANALYZING TEST ITEMS
PART II: ANALYZING TEST ITEMS
1. Which statement is true about a positively charged object?

a. It contains more electrons than protons.
b. It contains more protons than electrons.
c. It contains equal number of protons and electrons.
d. It contains more positively charged molecules than negatively charged ones.
Answer: b. It contains more protons than electrons.

Explanation:
An object having more protons is positively charged since the proton itself has
positive charge and the magnitude of the charge of a proton is equal to that of the electron.
“a” cannot be right, because if an object has more electrons than protons, it will be negatively
charged. An object containing equal number of protons and electrons is electrically neutral or
has zero net charge. Thus, “c” is wrong. Similarly though more positively charged molecules,
“d” does not indicate that the negatively and positively charge molecules have equal charge
magnitude. There can be less negatively charged molecules, but the combined charge
magnitude may be greater than that of positively charged molecules. Letter “d”, therefore,
cannot be the correct answer.
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2. When resistors are connected in parallel __________.

a. the voltage across each resistor is the same
b. the current flowing through each resistor is the same
c. both the current through and the voltage across each resistor are equal
d. neither of the current through nor the voltage across each resistor is the same
Answer: a. the voltage across each resistor is the same

Explanation:
When resistances or any electrical device are connected in parallel, these circuit
elements receive the same voltage. This is a characteristic of parallel connection. Letter “b”
is true if and only if the resistors have equal resistances. The steam of the item is general and
it does not indicate that the resistors have equal resistances. Thus, this option cannot be the
correct answer. Because of this principle, the rest of the options are also incorrect.
3. If R1 is doubled, ___________.
a. the current drawn from the voltage source decreases
b. the resistance of the network increases
c. the current in R2 and R3 decreases
d. all of the above
Answer: d. all of the above

Explanation:
When R1 is increased, the equivalent resistance of the network will increase as well.
This increase in resistance results to lesser current which the voltage source will supply to
the network. It the current supplied to the network is reduced, then it follows automatically
that the current in R2 and R3 is decreased. With such, “a”, “b”, and “c”, therefore, are
correct.
4. Which of the following statements is NOT true about radio waves?

a. Radio waves may be considered as low frequency light waves.po
b. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves.
c. Radio waves are transverse waves.
d. Radio waves are sound waves.
Answer: d.
Explanation:
Radio waves are NOT sound waves. Radio waves are low frequency
electromagnetic waves. Light is also an electromagnetic wave making
choice “a “ acceptable. Since the oscillating magnetic and electric field that made up
electromagnetic waves are perpendicular with each other and with the direction of the EM
wave propagation, radio waves are classified as transverse waves.
5. The primary coil of an ideal transformer has 1000 turns and the secondary coil has 100 turns.
The current in the primary coil is 2 A and the input power of the transformer is 12 W. Which of
the following is correct about the secondary current and the secondary power output of the
transformer?
Secondary Current Secondary Power Output

a. 0.2 A 12 W
b. 0.2 A 120 W
c. 20 A 1.2 W
d. 20 A 12 W
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Answer: d.
Explanation:
The power input and the power output are equal to each other. To determine
the current in the secondary coil, the transformer equation is used as shown
Np I
 s
Ns Ip
Np
Is  I p
Ns ;
 1000 
I s  2 A 
 100 
I s  20 A
6. What is the magnitude and polarity of an object if 1000 electrons were added to it?
a. + 1.6 x 10-16 C c. + 1.6 x 10-22 C
-16
b. – 1.6 x 10 C d. – 1.6 x 10-22 C
-22
c. + 1.6 x 10 C
d. – 1.6 x 10-22 C
7. The electrostatic force on a proton in an electric field is _________ to the direction of the field.
a. parallel c. perpendicular
b. opposite
b. perpendicular d. can not be determined from the
given
c. can not be determined from the given
8. When released in an electric field region, an electron will _________.

a. accelerate opposite to the direction of the electric field
b. move perpendicular to the direction of the electric field
c. accelerate to the direction of the electric field
d. not move at all
9. Which statement is true about electrostatic force between subatomic particles?

a. The force between two protons is equal in magnitude and same direction as that of a
proton and electron.
b. The force between two protons is equal in magnitude between that of a proton and an
electron.
c. The force between two electrons is equal to that of an electron and a neutron.
d. The force between two protons is equal to that of a proton and a neutron.
10. The force between two charges, Q 1 = +2 C and Q 2 = +3 C is F. What is the magnitude of F if
Q2 is replaced by – 3 C charge?
a. greater than F c. less than F
b. equal to F d. can not be determine
c. less than F
d. can not be determine
11. What happens to the force between two protons if their separation distance is doubled?
a. Doubled c. Halved
b. Quadrupled d. Quartered
c. Halved
d. Quartered
12. The force between two charges is 20 N. If the magnitude of the charges is reduced to half,
what is the magnitude of the force between them?
a. 80 N c. 10 N
b. 40 N d. 5 N
c. 10 N
d. 5 N
13. Force : newton ; electric field : ________

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a. ampere c. newton per ampere

b. coulomb d. newton per coulomb
c. newton per ampere
d. newton per coulomb
14. The resistance of a conductor is ___________.

a. directly proportional to its length
b. inversely proportional to its resistivity
c. inversely proportional to the square of its cross-sectional area
d. all of the above
15. A metal conductor has a circular cross-sectional area. What happens to its resistance if its
diameter is doubled?
c. Halved
d. Quartered
16. Which statement is true about resistors in series?

a. The equivalent resistance is less than the biggest resistance, but greater than the
least resistance connected in the network.
b. The equivalent resistance is greater than any of the resistances in the network.
c. The equivalent resistance is less than any of the resistances in the network.
d. None of the above.
For items 17 to 20, refer to the figure below.
R1
10 V R2 R3
17. What is the equivalent resistance of the network if all resistances are 5 Ω?
a. 15.0 Ω c. 3.3 Ω
b. 7. 5 Ω d. 0.6 Ω
c. 3.3 Ω
d. 0.6 Ω
18. What is the total current drawn out of this source?

a. 0.67 A c. 3.03 A
b. 1.33 A d. 16.67 A
c. 3.03 A
d. 16.67 A
19. What is the voltage across R3?

a. 1.52 V c. 6.65 V
b. 3.35 V d. 8.34 V
c. 6.65 V
d. 8.34 V
20. What is the current in R2?

a. 0.50 A c. 1.33 A
b. 0.67 A d. 3.03 A
c. 1.33 A
d. 3.03 A
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21. In the laboratory, to verify the current in a resistor, _______________.

a. an ammeter is connected in series with the resistor
b. a voltmeter is connected in series with the resistor
c. an ammeter is connected parallel to the resistor
d. a voltmeter is connected parallel to the resistor
22. Which statement is true?

a. An ammeter has negligible resistance.
b. A voltmeter has negligible resistance.
c. An ammeter measures voltage.
d. A voltmeter measures current.
23. Kirchhoff’s Current Law : nodes ; Kifchhoff’s Voltage Law : __________

a. junction c. meshes
b. loops d. b and c
c. meshes
d. b and c
24. Kirchhoff’s Laws are applicable to networks with series resistors.

a. Always true c. Sometimes true
b. Often time d. Never true
c. Sometimes true
d. Never true
25. The conservation law that served as basis for Kirchhoff’s Current Law is _________.
a. conservation of charge c. conservation of mass
b. conservation of energy d. conservation of quantum numbers
c. conservation of mass
d. conservation of quantum numbers
26. Which statement is true about Kirchhoff’s Current Law?

a. The sum of the currents entering the node is equal to that leaving the same node.
b. The current in a conducting loop is the same for all resistors in the loop.
c. The numerical sum of the currents entering a node is zero.
d. The sum of the current over a loop is zero.
For Items 27 to 32, study the figure below.
I1 R1 R2 I2
+ – I – +
3
V1 + V2
V
ε1 R3
– 3 ε2
27. Which current equation is correct?

a. I1 + I2 + I3 = 0 c. I1 – I2 + I3 = 0
b. I1 + I2 – I3 = 0 d. – I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
c. I1 – I2 + I3 = 0
d. – I1 + I2 + I3 = 0
28. Which current relationship is true when ε2 > ε1 and R1 = R2 = R3?

a. I1 < I2 c. I1 > I3
b. I1 > I2 d. I2 > I3
c. I1 > I3
d. I2 > I3
29. When R3 is increased, __________.

a. I3 increases c. I3 remains the same
b. I3 decreases d. I3 becomes zero
c. I3 remains the same
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d. I3 becomes zero
30. Which power relationship is true when R1 is decreased and ε1 = ε2?

a. P1 > P2 c. P1 = P2
b. P1 < P2 d. Cannot be determined from the given
c. P1 = P2
d. Cannot be determined from the given
31. If ε1 is equal to ε2 and all the resistances are equal, ___________.

a. the voltage across each electrical elements is zero
b. the resistance of the resistors becomes infinite
c. the current in the circuit is zero
d. all of the above
32. When R3 is removed, ___________.

a. the sum of the voltage drop equal to that of the voltage rise
b. the currents become infinite
c. R1 and R2 are in series
d. ε1 equals ε2
33. A proton is shot from the right toward a spot just between the ends of the magnet. Which will
likely happen to the proton?
a. Unaffected by the magnetic field N
b. Deflected away from the plane of the page
c. Repelled by both poles and therefore turned back
d. Attracted to one of the poles and repelled from the S
other
34. Which of the following is a possible cause for the existence of the earth’s magnetic field?
a. Iron core of the earth
b. The changing atmosphere of the earth
c. The moving tectonic plates of the earth
d. Moving charges in the liquid core part of the earth
35. A device that transforms electrical energy to mechanical energy is known as a

a. Generator c. Motor
b. Magnet d. Transformer
36. Which of the following methods will result to an induced current in a loop of wire?
I. Moving a magnet into the loop of wire
II. Moving the loop of wire into a magnet
III. Placing the loop near a wire where an alternating current is flowing
a. I and II b. II and III c. I and III d. I, II and III
37. A capacitor and an inductor are electronic components that store electrical energy. How is an
inductor different from a capacitor?
a. An inductor is an electromagnet
b. An inductor is made up of a coil of wire
c. An inductor may be made into a capacitor
d. An inductor stores energy in its magnetic field
38. Which of the following is NOT a function of a resistor in a circuit?

I. It limits the flow of current
II. It prevents short and overloading
III. It regulates the voltage of circuit elements
a. I only b. II only c. I and II d. I, II and III
39. Which of the following describes a step up transformer?
Primary Coil Secondary Coil

No. of Turns Voltage No. of turns Voltage
a. 200 10 V 50 100 V
b. 200 10 V 150 100 V
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c. 200 10 V 200 100 V

d. 200 10 V 2000 100 V
40. What is the difference between a fuse and a circuit breaker?

a. A fuse is cheaper than a circuit breaker.
b. A fuse is connected in parallel while a circuit breaker is connected in series.
c. A fuse protects a parallel circuit while a circuit breaker protects a series circuit.
d. A fuse needs to be replaced once used and a circuit breaker maybe used more than once.
41. How does a diode convert an AC signal to a DC signal?

a. By filtering the flow of current in the circuit
b. By allowing current to pass in one direction
c. By resisting the flow of current in the circuit
d. By regulating the flow of current in the circuit
42. Which of the following instrument is used to measure the amount of current flowing in an
element in a circuit?
a. ammeter b. ohmmeter c. tester d. voltmeter
43. A transformer has 250 turns in its secondary coil. The secondary voltage is 10 V. If the
transformer is connected to a 220 V source, how many turns does the transformer have in its
primary coil?
a. 5500 b. 2500 c. 500 d. 11
44. The power rating of electrical devices or appliances indicates which of the following?
a. The amount of current consumed by the device per unit time.
b. The amount of energy consumed by the device per unit time.
c. The amount of potential difference needed to operate the device.
d. The amount of electric bill the consumer will pay when using the device.
45. Which of the following semiconducting device serves as an amplifier in a circuit?

a. capacitors b. diodes c. integrated circuits
d. transistors
46. Which of the following is NOT a variable resistor?

a. Carbon film resistors c. Rheostat
b. Photoresistor d. Thermistor
c. Rheostat
d. Thermistor
47. A step up transformer is used by power plants to transmit electrical power at a very high
voltage over a large distance. Why is this so?
a. It is the cheapest way of transmitting electrical power.
b. Because large amount of power requires large amount of voltage for transmission.
c. Because high voltage transmission lines have almost zero resistance to the flow of
current.
d. Because current is small in high voltage transmission lines preventing significant waste of
electrical energy.
48. A device that transforms mechanical energy to electrical energy is known as a __________.
a. generator c. motor
b. magnet d. transformer
49. Broadcast frequencies of AM stations are between

a. 530 – 1600 kHz c. 54 – 900 MHz
b. 88 – 100 MHz d. 1000 – 2000 MHz
c. 54 – 900 MHz
d. 1000 – 2000 MHz
50. Which of the following semiconducting device is generally used as an indicator when an
appliance is turned on or off?
a. Light emitting diodes c. Photoresistors
b. Photodiodes d. Small lamps
51. What is produced when there is a rapid change in the magnetic field of a material?
a. Current c. Magnetic force
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b. Electric field d. Potential difference
52. The unit kilowatt-hours (kWh) indicates which of the following?

a. Current b. Energy c. Power d. Voltage
53. Compared to the primary coil, the number of turns in the secondary coil of a step up
transformer is _____________.
a. less c. the same
b. more d. infinite
54. What does a changing magnetic field in a coil of wire produce?

a. An induced power c. An induced resistance
b. An induced voltage d. An induced coil polarity
55. Several paper clips dangle from the north pole of a magnet. What is the induced pole in the
bottom of the lowermost paper clip?
a. North pole c. North or South pole
b. South pole d. Cannot be determined
56. Which of the following is true about a magnet that is broken into two pieces?
a. Both pieces are as magnetic as the original magnet.
b. Both magnets are stronger than the original magnet.
c. Both magnets will have a north pole and a south pole.
d. One of the pieces is a north pole and the other is a south pole.
57. A bar magnet is passed through a coil of wire. In which case would the induced current in the
coil of wire greatest?
a. When the magnet moves slowly so that it is inside the coil for a long time
b. When the magnet moves fast so that it is inside the coil for a short time
c. When the north pole of the magnet enters the coil first
d. When the south pole of the magnet enters the coil first
58. Why does alternating current replace direct current for general use?
a. Alternating current has more power than direct current
b. Alternating voltages are convenient to transform
c. Generators always generate alternating current
d. Alternating current is safer than direct current
59. How does the audio signal of television networks transmitted?

a. By modulating the frequency of the wave
b. By modulating the amplitude of the wave
c By transforming it to an analog signal
d. By transforming it to a digital signal
60. Which of the following medical devices DOES NOT use the principles of electricity and
magnetism to create images or patterns of how organs in the body functions?
a. EEG b. ECG c. MRI d. Ultrasound
PART III – ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS
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PART III – ENHANCING TEST TAKING SKILLS

PART III: PRACTICE TEST
1. Which statement is true about a negatively charged object?

a. It contains more electrons than protons.
b. It contains more protons than electrons.
c. It contains equal number of protons and electrons.
d. It contains more negatively charged molecules than positively charged ones.
2. What is the magnitude and polarity of an object if 10,000 electrons were removed from it?
a. + 1.6 x 10-15 C c. + 1.6 x 10-23 C
-15
b. – 1.6 x 10 C d. – 1.6 x 10-23 C
-23
c. + 1.6 x 10 C
d. – 1.6 x 10-23 C
3. The electrostatic force on an electron is directed downward in the electric field region. What is
the direction of the field at the point where the electron is placed?
a. Opposite c. Perpendicular
b. Parallel d. Cannot be determined from the given
b. Perpendicular
c. Cannot be determined from the given
4. A free proton in an electric field region will _________.

a. move perpendicular to the direction of the electric field
b. accelerate opposite to the direction of the electric field
c. accelerate to the direction of the electric field
d. not move at all
5. Which statement is true about electrostatic force between subatomic particles?

a. The force between two electrons is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction as that
between an electron and a proton.
b. The force between two electrons is equal in magnitude and same direction as that
between a proton and an electron.
c. The force between two protons is equal in magnitude to that between two neutrons.
d. The force between two electrons is equal to that between two neutrons.
6. The force between two charged particles is F. What happens to this force if the charge of the
particles is doubled?
a. 4F c. F/2
b. 2F d. F/4
c. F/2
d. F/4
7. What happens to the force between electrons if their separation distance is halved?
c. Halved
d. Quartered
8. The force between two charges is 20 N. If the separation distance between them is doubled,
what is the magnitude of the force between them?
a. 80 N c. 10 N
b. 40 N d. 5 N
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c. 10 N
d. 5 N
9. Electric potential energy: joule; electric potential: ________

a. ampere c. volt
b. coulomb d. watt
c. volt
d. watt
10. The graph of the resistance of a conductor versus its cross-sectional area is a ________.
a. parabola c. linear curve
b. hyperbola d. sinusoidal curve
c. linear curve
d. sinusoidal curve
11. A metal conductor has a circular cross-sectional area. What happens to its resistance if its
diameter is halved?
c. Halved
d. Quartered
12. Which statement is true about resistors in parallel?

a. The equivalent resistance is less than the biggest resistance, but greater than the least
resistance connected in the network.
b. The equivalent resistance is greater than any of the resistances in the network.
c. The equivalent resistance is less than any of the resistances in the network.
d. None of the above.
13. When resistors are connected in series, _________.

a. the voltage across each resistor is the same
b. the current flowing through each resistor is the same
c. both the current through and the voltage across each resistor are equal
d. neither of the current through nor the voltage across each resistor is the same
For items 14 to 18, study the circuit below.
R2
10 V R1
R3
14. What is the equivalent resistance of the network if all resistances are 5 Ω?
a. 15.0 Ω c. 3.3 Ω
b. 7. 5 Ω d. 0.6 Ω
c. 3.3 Ω
d. 0.6 Ω
15. What is the total current drawn out of this source?

a. 0.67 A c. 3.03 A
b. 1.33 A d. 16.67 A
c. 3.03 A
d. 16.67 A
16. What is the voltage across R2?

a. 2.5 V c. 7.5 V
b. 5.0 V d. 10 V
c. 7.5 V
d. 10 V
17. What is the current in R1?

a. 2.00 A c. 0.67 A
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b. 1.00 A d. 0.50 A
c. 0.67 A
d. 0.50 A
18. If R1 is halved, ___________.

a. the current drawn from the voltage source increases
b. the resistance of the network decreases
c. the current in R1 remains the same
d. all of the above
19. In the laboratory, to determine the voltage across a resistor, ______________.

a. an ammeter is connected in series with the resistor
b. a voltmeter is connected in series with the resistor
c. an ammeter is connected parallel to the resistor
d. a voltmeter is connected parallel to the resistor
20. Which statement is true?

a. An ammeter has negligible resistance c. An ammeter measures voltage
b. A voltmeter has negligible resistance d. A voltmeter measures current
c. An ammeter measures voltage

d. A voltmeter measures current
21. Kirchhoff’s Current Law : conservation of charge ; Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law : __________
a. conservation of mass c. conservation of quantum numbers
b. conservation of energy d. b and c
c. conservation of quantum numbers
d. b and c
22. Kirchhoff’s Laws is applicable to networks containing any electrical elements.

a. Always true c. Sometimes true
b. Often time d. Never true
c. Sometimes true
d. Never true
23. Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law is applicable to networks containing ___________.

a. capacitors c. potential and current sources
b. inductors d. resistors
c. potential and current sources
d. resistors
24. Which statement is NOT true about Kirchhoff’s Laws?

a. The numerical sum of the voltage rise and that of the potential drop in a conducting loop
are equal.
b. The sum of the voltage rise and the voltage drop in a conducting loop is zero.
c. The voltage across any resistor in a loop is always a voltage drop.
d. The voltage across a voltage source is sometimes a voltage drop.
25. An electric motor converts electrical energy into _______________.

a. chemical energy c. mechanical energy
b. light d. voltage
26. Which of the following is increased or decreased in a transformer?

a. Current c. Magnetic field
b. Energy d. Voltage
27. Rapid changes of the electric field produces ____________.

a. current c. magnetic field
b. electromagnets d. voltage
28. In order to reduce resistance losses, how do power plants transmit electric power? Power is
transmitted in the power lines ____________.
a. at low voltage
b. at high current
c. using step up transformers at the generating plant
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d. using step down transformers at the generating plant
For items 29 to 34, refer to the circuit below.
I1 R1 R2 I2
+ – I – +
3
V1 + V2
V
ε1 R3
– 3 ε2
29. Which voltage equation is correct?

a. ε1 – V1 – V3 = 0 c. ε1 – V1 + V2 – ε2 = 0
b. ε2 – V2 – V3 = 0 d. all of the above
c. ε1 – V1 + V2 – ε2 = 0
d. all of the above
30. Which voltage relationship is true if ε2 > ε1 and R1 = R2 = R3?

a. V1 > V3 c. V1 < V3
b. V2 > V3 d. V1 > V2
c. V1 < V3
d. V1 > V2
31. When R3 is decreased, the power in this resistor ___________.

a. increases c. remains the same
b. decreases d. becomes zero
c. remains the same
d. becomes zero
32. Which relationship is true when R1 is increased and ε1 = ε2?

a. I1 > I2 c. I1 = I2
b. I1 < I2 d. can not be determined from the given
c. I1 = I2
d. can not be determined from the given
33. If ε1 is negligible compared to ε2 and all the resistances are equal, ___________.
a. the direction of I2 reverses c. the V1 becomes infinite
b. the magnitude of I2 becomes zero d. none of the above
c. the V1 becomes infinite
d. none of the above
34. When R2 is removed, ___________.

a. R1 and R3 are in series c. V3 becomes greater than V1
b. I2 reverses its direction d. the current in the circuit becomes zero
c. V3 becomes greater than V1
d. the current in the circuit becomes zero
35. Compared to the primary coil, the number of turns in the secondary coil of a step down
transformer is _____________.
a. less c. the same
b. more d. infinite
36. Which of the following will most likely happen when there is a change in the magnetic field in a
closed loop of wire?
I. A voltage is induced in the wire
II. Electromagnetic induction occurs
III. Current is made to flow in the loop of wire
a. II only b. I and II c. II and III d. I, II and III
67
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
37. What is the nature of the force that is responsible in the operation of a DC motor?
a. Electrical c. Gravitational
b. Magnetic d. Electrical and magnetic
38. Faraday’s law states that an induced emf is proportional to ______________.

a. the rate of change of the magnetic field c. the rate of change of the electric field
b. the rate of change of the magnetic flux d. the rate of change of the electric flux
c. the rate of change of the electric field
d. the rate of change of the electric flux
39. When does electromagnetic induction occur in a coil of wire?

a. When there is a change in electric field.
b. When there is a change in magnetic field.
c. When there is a change in the voltage of the coil.
d. When there is a change in the polarity of the coil.
40. In which of the following cases is voltage induced in a wire

I. Moving the wire near a magnet
II. Moving a magnet near a wire
III. Changing the current in the nearby wire
a. I only b. II only c. I and II d. I, II and III
41. In what way does a circuit breaker protect the appliances or electronic elements in a circuit
when there is short or overloading?
a. The circuit breaker absorbs the excess current.
b. The circuit breaker opens the circuit when the current exceeds a certain value.
c. The circuit breaker distributes the excess current to all the appliances in the circuit.
d. The circuit breaker guides the current to the ground when it exceeds a certain value.
42. Which of the following is true about magnets?

I. Like poles of magnets attract
II. Unlike poles of magnets repel
III. Always have north and south poles
a. I only b. II only c. III only d. I, II and III
43. Which pole of a compass needle points to a south pole of a magnet?

44. How does the video signal of television networks transmitted?

a. By modulating the frequency of the wave c By transforming it to an analog signal
b. By modulating the amplitude of the wave d. By transforming it to a digital signal
c By transforming it to an analog signal
d. By transforming it to a digital signal
45. An electron is shot from the right toward a spot just between the ends of the magnet. Which
will likely happen to the electron?
a. Unaffected by the magnetic field. N
b. Deflected into the plane of the page.
c. Repelled by both poles and therefore turned back.
d. Attracted to one of the poles and repelled from the other.
S
68
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
46. Which of the following describes a step down transformer?
Primary Coil Secondary Coil

No. of Turns Voltage No. of turns Voltage
a. 50 100 V 200 10 V
b. 150 100 V 200 10 V
c. 200 100 V 200 10 V
d. 2000 100 V 200 10 V
47. Which of the following instrument is used to measure the potential difference across an
element in a circuit?
a. Ammeter b. Ohmmeter c. Tester d. Voltmeter
48. The amount of energy consumed by an appliance per unit time is indicated as the appliance’s
a. current b. power c. resistance d. voltage
49. Which of the following can be a function of a transistor in a circuit?

a. Amplifies current or electric signals c. Stores electrical energy
b. Limits the flow of current d. Regulates voltage
c. Stores electrical energy
d. Regulates voltage
50. The heart pumps blood to the body by means of specialized heart cells, called pacemaker
cells, which sends pulses of electric current inside the heart enabling it to contract and expand.
The electric waves generated during heart activity maybe recorded in an instrument called
__________.
a. ECG b. EEG c. ECE d. MRI
51. Which of the following is needed for charges to flow through a circuit?
I. A path
II. A potential difference
III. An electrical component like resistors
a. I and II b. I and II c. II and III d. I, II and III
52. Which of the following law best explains the operation of a transformer?
a. Ampere’s Law c. Law of conservation of energy
b. Faraday’s Law d. Lenz’s Law
c. Law of conservation of energy
d. Lenz’s Law
53. A battery is connected to a lamp by means of a transformer. Current flows out of the battery
once the switch is turned on. Which of the following statements is true about the light in the
lamp?
I. The lamp will never light.
II. The lamp will momentarily light when the switch is turned on.
III. The lamp will momentarily light when the switch is turned off.
a. I only b. II only c. I and II d. II and III
54. A battery has a voltage of 12 V. What does this mean?

a. Both terminals of the battery have a 12 V electric potential.
b. Both terminals of the battery have the same electric potential.
c. One of the terminals of the battery is 12 V and the other is 0 V.
d. One of the terminals of the battery is 12 V higher in electric potential than the other.
55. Which of the following device best demonstrates the concept that magnetism exerts a force on
a moving charge?
a. Diode b. Generator c. Motor d. Transformer
56. Which of the following can cause electric shock?

a. Current and power c. Voltage and power
b. Current and voltage d. Voltage and resistance
c. Voltage and power
d. Voltage and resistance
69
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
57. Which of the following can serve as a source of radio waves transmitted by
telecommunications systems?
a. Electromagnetic waves c. Electric circuits
b. Nuclear reactions d. The sun
c. Electric circuits
d. The sun
58. Broadcast frequencies of FM stations are between_____________.

a. 530 – 1600 kHz c. 54 – 900 MHz
b. 88 – 100 MHz d. 1000 – 2000 MHz
c. 54 – 900 MHz
d. 1000 – 2000 MHz
59. A fuse or a circuit breaker is always connected in series with the appliance or the circuit that it
intends to protect when short or overloading happens. Why is this so?
a. It is easier to connect a fuse in series than in parallel.
b. Short and overloading always happen in series circuits.
c. There is higher probability for overloading in parallel circuits.
d. There is only one path for current to flow in a series connection.
60. Several pins dangle from the south pole of a magnet. What is the induced pole in the bottom
of the lowermost paper clip?
PART IV– KEY TO CORRECTION
Part II
1. B 11. D 21. A 31. D 41. B 51. B
2. A 12. D 22. A 32. C 42. A 52. B
3. D 13. D 23. D 33. B 43. A 53. B
4. D 14. A 24. A 34. D 44. B 54. B
5. D 15. D 25. A 35. C 45. D 55. A
6. B 16. B 26. A 36. D 46. A 56. C
7. A 17. B 27. B 37. D 47. D 57. B
8. A 18. B 28. A 38. B 48. A 58. B
9. B 19. B 29. B 39. D 49. A 59. A
10. B 20. B 30. B 40. D 50. A 60. D
Part III
1. A 11. B 21. B 31. A 41. B 51. B
70
_________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. A 12. C 22. A 32. B 42. C 52. B

3. B 13. B 23. A, B, C, D 33. D 43. A 53. D
4. C 14. C 24. C 34. A 44. B 54. D
5. B 15. C 25. C 35. A 45. B 55. C
6. A 16. B 26. D 36. D 46. D 56. B
7. B 17. A 27. C 37. D 47. D 57. C
8. D 18. B 28. C 38. B 48. B 58. B
9. C 19. D 29. D 39. B 49. A 59. D
10. B 20. A 30. D 40. D 50. A 60. B
71

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SPECIALIZATION: PHYSICAL SCIENCES 42

Focus: Electricity, Magnetism and Electronics

PHILIPPINE NORMAL UNIVERSITY

AREA: PHYSICAL SCIENCES

Focus: Electricity, Magnetism and Electronics

Prepared by: Prof. Antriman V. Orleans

PART I – CONTENT UPDATE

Electrostatics is the study of electric charges that are relatively at rest.

B. Electrostatic Force (F)

q1 F12 F21 q2 F12 q1 q2 F21

(a) Attractive force (b) Repulsive force

C. Electric Field (E)

Action-at-a-distance forces exist because of the force fields present in space.

D. Electric Potential Energy (U) and Electric Potential (V)

Electricity and Electric Circuits

A. Conductors and Insulators

In circuit analysis, current in a conductor is usually referred to as electron current brought

C. Ohm’s Law: Resistance, Current and Voltage Relations

The amount of opposition of a medium to any flow of charges is referred to as resistance.

In addition, the resistance of a conductor serves as the constant of proportionality in the

D. Series and Parallel Resistors

Series Resistors Parallel Resistors

(a) Ammeter in Series (b) Voltmeter in Parallel

The current law is based on conservation of

Contrastingly, the voltage law is founded on I31 I5

F. Power and Conservation of Energy in Circuit Analysis

P=IV (Equation 13: Power)

P = I2 R = V2 / R (Equation 13: Power in a Resistor)

A. Magnetic Domains and Magnets

Magnetic materials are classified as ferromagnetic, diamagnetic and paramagnetic.

B. Magnetic Field and Magnetic Force

The right hand rule (Figure 8) is

The process by which a changing

B. Faraday’s Law of Magnetic Induction

EM waves are classified in a spectrum according to their frequency or wavelength. High

Type of EM wave Frequency Range (Hz) Source

a. Trimmer, Potentiometer or Rheostat – a variable resistor that is mainly used in place of a

The schematic symbols of resistors are shown below.

Fixed resistor Variable resistor

Capacitors maybe connected in parallel or in series. Figure 11 shows the capacitance,

Other uses of capacitors in the circuit:

Capacitors can be fixed non-polarized, fixed polarized or variable. The schematic

A transformer is a device used for increasing or decreasing an AC voltage by induction. It

F. Fuse and circuit breakers

Another way of increasing the conductivity of semiconductors is to introduce an

The arrangement of N-type and P-type semiconductors in a component results to the

 Rectifier diode – converts AC signal to DC signal

Diode Light Emitting Diode Zener Diode

PNP NPN Bipolar

The basic logic gates used in digital circuits are as follows:

H. Multitester – a device that maybe used as an ohmmeter to measure resistance, an ammeter to

V. Some Important Applications

A. Generators and Power Distribution

One of the most important applications of electromagnetism and electromagnetic

The operation of transmitters and receivers in telecommunications systems can be

From the information source, the information carried by analog signals is

D. Magnetic Strips in credit cards, ATM cards and/or ID cards

E. Recording and Play back of audio tapes

The recording of music or audio information in magnetic tapes commonly used in

F. Pick up of Musical instruments and microphones

G. Magnetically Levitated Trains (MAGLEV)

PART II – ANALYZING TEST ITEMS

PART II – ANALYZING TEST ITEMS