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FINAL PROJECT
On
(Session 2008-2010)
Fariabad-121002
N B A – A I C T E Accredited Institute
Declaration
original work and the same has not been submitted to any other institute for the award of any
other degree. The interim report was presented to the supervisor on 20 Feb,2010 and the pre-
submission presentation was made on 15 Feb,2010. The feasible suggestion have been duly
Countersigned
Forwarded by
Director/Principal
Concentration, dedication, hard work and application are essential but not the only factor
to achieve the desired goal. Those must be supplemented by the guidance assistance and
I express my deep and sincere gratitude to Dr. R.N SINGH, under whom guidance I did
my project. I express my deep and sincere gratitude towards him for providing me first
I would like to extend my heart filled gratitude to, Dr. Parul Khanna, Dr. HARI OM
SHARMA, Lect. S.B.Dubey whose directions & valuable inputs kept me motivated and
I would like to extend my heart filled to my parents. Without their contribution this
At last but not least, I would like to thank GOD as God is everything. God gives us mind
Project Report is an essential part of any professional study. It introduces the students to
the real world in which he/she is going to step in after his/her professional studies. Project
Report introduces the student to the industry and tells him/her about the job aspects in the
near future when he/she is about to leave the college for a job.
In the field of management apart from the theoretical knowledge practical knowledge is
also an essential part, because it helps the student to gain knowledge of the ongoing
I have tried to summarize all my observation, experience and the knowledge acquired in
Chapter 1: introduction
• Significance of problem
• Review of existing literature
• Conceptualization
• Operationalization of the concept
• Focus of the study
• Objectives of the study
• Limitations
• References
Bibliography
Appendices
Questionnaire
INTRODUCTION
SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY
Brand recognition and other reactions are created by the use of the product or service and
symbolic embodiment of all the information connected to the product and serves to create
associations and expectations around it. A brand often includes a logo, fonts, color
schemes, symbols, sound and combination of all these which may be developed to
Brand equity measures the total value of the brand to the brand owner, and reflects the
extent of brand franchise. The term brand name is often used interchangeably with
trademark, if the brand name exclusively identifies the brand owner as the commercial
source of products or services. A brand owner may seek to protect proprietary rights in
Too often even marketing professionals don't have an answer, and too many have their
'own' answer. Which makes life very confusing? We've trawled through our resources to
The Dictionary of Business and Management defines a brand as: "a name, sign or
symbol used to identify items or services of the seller(s) and to differentiate them from
goods of competitors."
Signs and symbols are part of what a brand is, but to us this is a very incomplete
definition.
Walter Landor, one of the greats of the advertising industry, said: "simply put, a brand
In his book, 'Building Strong Brands' David Aaker suggests the brand is a 'mental box'
"a set of assets (or liabilities) linked to a brand's name and symbol that adds to (or
Building from this idea of a 'mental box' a more poetic definition might be:
"A brand is the most valuable real-estate in the world, a corner of the consumer's
mind".
These are all great definitions, but we believe the best is this:
Brand monopoly
In economic terms the "brand" is a device to create a monopoly — or at least some form
of "imperfect competition" — so that the brand owner can obtain some of the benefits
this context, most "branding" is established by promotional means. There is also a legal
dimension, for it is essential that the brand names and trademarks are protected by all
means available. The monopoly may also be extended, or even created, by patent,
copyright, trade secret (e.g. secret recipe), and other sui generis intellectual property
In all these contexts, retailers' "own label" brands can be just as powerful. The "brand",
whatever its derivation, is a very important investment for any organization. RHM (Rank
Hovis McDougall), for example, have valued their international brands at anything up to
twenty times their annual earnings. Often, especially in the industrial sector, it is just the
company's name which is promoted (leading to one of the most powerful statements of
"branding"; the saying, before the company's downgrading, "No-one ever got fired for
buying IBM").
Brand Extension
An existing strong brand name can be used as a vehicle for new or modified products; for
example, many fashion and designer companies extended brands into fragrances, shoes
and accessories, home textile, home decor, luggage, (sun-) glasses, furniture, hotels, etc.
Mars extended its brand to ice cream, Caterpillar to shoes and watches, Michelin to a
There is a difference between brand extension and line extension. When Coca-Cola
launched "Diet Coke" and "Cherry Coke" they stayed within the originating product
category: non-alcoholic carbonated beverages. Procter & Gamble (P&G) did likewise
extending its strong lines (such as Fairy Soap) into neighboring products (Fairy Liquid
and Fairy Automatic) within the same category, dish washing detergents.
Multi Brands
deliberately to launch totally new brands in apparent competition with its own existing
strong brand (and often with identical product characteristics); simply to soak up some of
the share of the market which will in any case go to minor brands. The rationale is that
having 3 out of 12 brands in such a market will give a greater overall share than having 1
out of 10 (even if much of the share of these new brands is taken from the existing one).
In its most extreme manifestation, a supplier pioneering a new market which it believes
competition with its first, in order to pre-empt others entering the market.
as ten detergent brands in the US market. This also increases the total number of
"facings" it receives on supermarket shelves. Sara Lee, on the other hand, uses it to keep
the very different parts of the business separate — from Sara Lee cakes through Kiwi
polishes to L'Eggs pantyhose. In the hotel business, Marriott uses the name Fairfield Inns
for its budget chain (and Ramada uses Rodeway for its own cheaper hotels).
brand takes business away from an established one which the organization also owns.
Alternatively, it may be the price the organization is willing to pay for shifting its
position in the market; the new product being one stage in this process.
CONCEPTUALIZATION
Marketers engaged in branding seek to develop or align the expectations behind the brand
experience, creating the impression that a brand associated with a product or service has
certain qualities or characteristics that make it special or unique. A brand image may be
theme. The art of creating and maintaining a brand is called brand management. A brand
which is widely known in the marketplace acquires brand recognition. When brand
recognition builds up to a point where a brand enjoys a critical mass of positive sentiment
in the marketplace, it is said to have achieved brand franchise. One goal in brand
recognition is the identification of a brand without the name of the company present. For
example, Disney has been successful at branding with their particular script font
(originally created for Walt Disney's "signature" logo) which it used in the logo for
go.com. "DNA" refers to the unique attributes, essence, purpose, or profile of a brand
and, therefore, a company. The term is borrowed from the biological DNA, the molecular
extent of brand franchise. The term brand name is often used interchangeably with
trademark, if the brand name exclusively identifies the brand owner as the commercial
source of products or services. A brand owner may seek to protect proprietary rights in
Brand energy is a concept that links together the ideas that the brand is experiential; that
it is not just about the experiences of customers/potential customers but all stakeholders;
and that businesses are essentially more about creating value through creating meaningful
experiences than generating profit. Economic value comes from businesses’ transactions
For such value to be created people first have to have positive associations with the
business and/or its products and services and be energised to behave positively towards
them – hence brand energy. It has been defined as "The energy that flows throughout the
system that links businesses and all their stakeholders and which is manifested in the way
these stakeholders think, feel and behave towards the business and its products or
not necessarily connected with the product or consumption of the product at all.
Marketing labeled as attitude branding includes that of Nike, Starbucks, The Body Shop,
whether it's the challenge to do your best in sports and fitness, or the affirmation that the
cup of coffee you're drinking really matters." - Howard Schultz (CEO, Starbucks Corp.)
The act of associating a product or service with a brand has become part of pop culture.
Most products have some kind of brand identity, from common table salt to designer
promises rather than product and services (e.g. political parties or religious organizations)
With the emergence of strong retailers, the "own brand", the retailer's own branded
product (or service), emerged as a major factor in the marketplace. Where the retailer has
a particularly strong identity, such as, in the UK, Marks & Spencer in clothing, this "own
brand" may be able to compete against even the strongest brand leaders, and may
dominate those markets which are not otherwise strongly branded. There was a fear that
such "own brands" might displace all other brands (as they have done in Marks &
Spencer outlets), but the evidence is that — at least in supermarkets and department
stores — consumers generally expect to see on display something over 50 per cent (and
preferably over 60 per cent) of brands other than those of the retailer. Indeed, even the
strongest own brands in the United Kingdom rarely achieve better than third place in the
overall market.
The strength of the retailers has, perhaps, been seen more in the pressure they have been
able to exert on the owners of even the strongest brands (and in particular on the owners
of the weaker third and fourth brands). Relationship marketing has been applied most
often to meet the wishes of such large customers (and indeed has been demanded by them
as recognition of their buying power). Some of the more active marketers have now also
switched to 'category marketing' - in which they take into account all the needs of a
retailer in a product category rather than more narrowly focusing on their own brand.
At the same time, generic (that is, effectively unbranded goods) have also emerged.
These made a positive virtue of saving the cost of almost all marketing activities;
emphasizing the lack of advertising and, especially, the plain packaging (which was,
however, often simply a vehicle for a different kind of image). It would appear that the
penetration of such generic products peaked in the early 1980s, and most consumers still
seem to be looking for the qualities that the conventional brand provides.
CONSUMER BEHAVIOUR
Whatever else is may be in our lives-child, Parent, student, worker, jogger, or stamp
collector- we are all consumers, all of our days. We buy and use goods and services
constantly, to eat; to wear, to read, to watch, to play, to travel in, to keep us healthy, to
make us wealthy, and if not wise at least better educated, the act of consumption is
therefore an integral and intimate part of our daily existence. And that is there whether
services are made every year. In the U.S. for example, the activity now accounts for most
of the economy- some $4 trillion, or about two third of the annual gross national product.
BUYING BEHAVIOUR
Consumer decision making varies with type of buying decision. The decision to buy
toothpaste, a tennis racket, a personal computer and a new car are all very different.
Complex and expensive purchases are likely to more buyer deliberation and more
participants. Assael distinguished four types of consumer buying behavior based on the
Consumers engage in complex buying behavior when they are highly involved in a
purchase and aware of significant differences among brands. This is usually the case
when the product is expensive, bought infrequently, risky and highly self-expressive.
Typically the consumer does not know much about the product category and has much to
learn. For example a person buying a personal computer may not know what attributes to
look for. Many of the product features carry no meaning unless the buyer has done
handsome research: “16K memory”, “disk storage”, “screen resolution”, and so on.
Complex buying behavior involves a three-step process. First the buyer develops
beliefs about the product. Second, he or she develops attitudes about the product. Third,
he or she makes a thoughtful purchase choice. For the consumer’s information gathering
Sometimes the consumer is highly involved in purchase but sees little difference in the
brands. The high involvement is based on the fact that the purchase is expensive, in
frequent, and demanding. In this case the buyer will shop around to learn what is
available but will buy by fairly quickly, perhaps responding primarily to a good price or
After the purchase, the consumer might experience dissonance that stems from
noticing certain disquieting features of the carpet or hearing favorable things about other
carpets. The consumer will be alert to information that justifies his or her decision.
Many products are bought under conditions of low consumer involvement and the
involvement in this product category. They go to the store and reach for the brand. If they
keep reaching for the same brand it is out of habit not strong brand loyalty. There is good
evidence that consumers have low involvement with most low cost, frequently purchased
products. With low involvement products, consumer behavior does not pass through the
about the brands, evaluate their characteristics and make a weighty decision on which
brands to buy.
Some buying situations are characterized by low consumer involvement but significant
brand differences. The consumers often do a lot of brand switching. Think about cookies.
The consumer has been some beliefs about cookies, chooses a brand of cookies without
much evaluation and evaluates the product using consumption. But net time the consumer
may reach for another brand out of boredom or a wish for a different taste. Brand
Perhaps the most distinctive skill of professional marketers is their ability to create,
maintain, protect, and enhance brands. Branding is the art and cornerstone of marketing.
The American Marketing Association defines a brand as a name, term, sign, symbol, or
design, or a combination of them, intended to identify the goods or services of one seller
or group of sellers and to differentiate them from those of competitors. Thus a brand
identifies the seller or maker. Under trademark law, the seller is granted exclusive rights
to the use of the brand name in perpetuity. Brands differ from other assets such as patents
2. Benefits : Attributes must be translated into functional and emotional benefits. The
attribute “durable” could translate into the functional benefit. ”I won’t have to buy
another car for several years.” The attribute “expensive” translates into the emotional
3. Values : The brand also says something about the producer’s values. Mercedes stands
5. Personality : The brand can research research project a certain personality. Mercedes
may suggest a no-nonsense boss (person), a reigning lion (animal), or an austere palace
(object).
6. User : The brand suggests the kind of consumer who buys or uses the product. We
would expect to see a 55-year-old top executive behind the wheel of Mercedes, not a 20-
Companies need to research the position their brand occupies in the customer’s minds.
According to Kevin Keller, “ What distinguishes a brand from its unbranded commodity
counterparts is the consumer perceptions and feelings about the product’s attributes and
how they perform. Ultimately, a brand resides in the mind of the Consumers”.
DECISION PROCESS
Smart companies research the buying decision process involved in their product category.
They ask consumers when they first became acquainted with the product category and
brands what their brand beliefs are how involved they are with the product, how they
make their brand choices and how satisfied they are all.
As per the ‘Stage model’ of the typical buying process, the consumer
purchase decision and post purchase behavior, clearly the buying process start long
before the actual purchase and has consequences long after ward.
The model implies that consumers pass sequentially through five stages in
buying a product. But this is not the case, especially with low evolvement purchase.
Consumers may skip or reverse some stages. Thus a woman buying her regular brand of
toothpaste goes directly from the need for tooth to the purchase decision, skipping
information search and evaluation. However we will use the model in figure because it
captures the full range of consumer once again at Linda Brown and try to understand how
she became interest in buying a laptop computer and the stages she went through to make
her choice.
A brand is a product that provides functional benefits plus added values that some
consumers value enough to buy. Brands do differ from each other but distinctiveness over
to build up, for buyers of the brand, a resonance or mutual interaction and reinforcement
of behavior and attitudes. Once the brand is off the ground after building its position
against other brands, this position is maintained largely by two factors: the brand’s
functional performance in comparison with competitors and the added values that have
assumption:
BRAND BUILDING
Surf Excel’s advertising during the world cup was talked about. The brief was to
link Surf Excel with cricket and at the same time bring out the brand’s functions
and benefits like stain removing. “The advertisement highlighted the core benefit
of the brand – removal of stains”, says an HLL spokesperson. “That is why the
client bought the idea immediately, even though the idea was not typically lever.”
This ad. Campaign is an example of how a company can build its brand image by
keeping a close watch on events taking place all around the world.
premium brand image with an aim of cheeky arrogance. This arrogance stems
from the fact that their T.V. is the best. This time they changed their familiar and
successful devil, as they believed that the core of the brand is more important than
symbols like the devil. So the new advertising with the airplane came up. This is
Kelvinator has reinforced its ‘the coolest one’ image with series of ads. For
example, in one of its advertisements a man sings attuned but gains appreciation
when he feels cold and sings in his shivering voice once the refrigerator is
opened.
consumers still associate Kelvinator with ‘the coolest one.’ The advertisements
were basically meant to bring Kelvinator back o top of mind consciousness. The
idea came from rustic reasoning and the ads are being aired on star sports and
Sony.
This case endorses the fact that advertising can play a vital role in
LG Electronics
Fridge
preserver. The ads said “from today, all other refrigerators become history;
drawing attention to something that pushed their one benefit further towards the
consumer. The advertising aimed at both the head and the heart.
CTV
It was positioned as the right set for wrinkle free vision, nothing terribly 007-ish
in it. The CTV’s eye adjusts itself to lighting conditions. This was their in other
CTV’s also, so LG used preemptive advertising strategy to build its brand image.
It is the world’s tenth most valuable brand. It is targeting the main stream market,
with a special accent on home pc market, along with office use. Its global
advertising sees the blue door opening- the viewer is sucked down a flash whirl,
virtual town. The shear technical wizardry of the ad spots gelds the aura of a very
hi- tech product and in this case well becomes the message itself. It also links it
to the excitement of surfing the internet. It has positioned the brand as the internet
dream machine.
WHEEL
Wheel detergent powder was advertised using the emotion anger. Although it
sounds negative, the trick clicked as the angry lady was calmed when she used the
detergent which brought award to her husband. A successful campaign fixing the
MAGGI
Maggi tomato ketchup is illustrated as, ‘sauce ka big boss’. The tag line of
Tomchi is ‘not too hot, not too sweet, tastes just right.’ It appears to be a direct hit
at Maggie’s ‘its different’ hot and sweet sauce. The communication is based on
positioning of ‘tom chi’ as a sauce, which has a perfect balance of tomatoes for
sweetness and spice of chilies. The Maggie sauce campaign with its famous Ajit
jokes-‘Lilly don’t be silly’ or ‘boss has gone for a toss’, was path breaking. It has
But whatever be the product, Maggie has remained and will remain etched
ICICI
ICICI has been building its identity over the last couple of years and the impact is
that now a common man knows what ICICI stands for. In the common parlance it
The new identity has given ICICI extra mileage in everything and
advertisements have built trust in the group name thus helping leverage each
product through cross-synergies, seamlessly. This trust has been built at a lower
common man about his own money. This is the financial brand in the offering.
(Currently their ad campaign has again undergone a change. Now they are
DEBEERS
The DeBeers has rocketed this non-traditional brand from 1995 and its market has
sales was 1.2:100. The DeBeers Consolidated Mines manages consumer demand
using advertising, publicity and trade. The brand plank was: diamonds are more
modern and aspiring as compared to gold. Communication had two options: the
woman as a self-purchaser buying with and without her husband’s approval or the
husband surprising the wife. The second was preferred and thus the product was
1. Architect
2. ‘Hotel spot’
diamonds were seen as more personal gifts. Nevertheless, diamonds had an upper
hand on gold only in terms of beauty and status. In 1997 only, major change was
The new wedding strategy was used and the new international ‘shadows’
Infomercials were run which addressed price, confidence and knowledge issues,
the channel thus enabled them to get a long, complex message into a medium one
VICCO
After five unsuccessful years of trying to sell Vicco Turmeric, it decided to use e fresh
strategy. Other than packaging, communication of the brand was an important aspect
used. Using the traditional ‘haldi’ ceremony, it positioned the product in the minds of the
Indian women category. The core theme rekindled memories of tradition and happiness
but also insisted upon daily application of the cream It also came up with a vanishing
cream formulation and after extensive advertising in over a thousand movie halls and the
television, the brand began to gain acceptance. Fair and Lovely’s introduction did not
dent Vicco’s sales while Sangeeta bijlani endorsed the brand. With continuous harping on
the natural benefits of turmeric cream, Vicco went ahead unfaltered by fairness creams
BRAND EQUITY
The equity of a brand is measured by the awareness and the image which it evokes. This
is a natural measurement, since the brand is the symbol. Brand awareness relates to the
number of persons who recognized the brand significance and who are conscious of the
promise which the symbol express. The aim of advertising is to reveal the meaning of the
brand and to spread it as far and as wide as possible to encourage people to try the
product offered.
The decision as to which of these different levels of awareness
should be pursued depends on the way in which customers are expected to make
BRAND POSITIONING
“Product positioning refers to the place an offering occupies in the consumer’s mind on
Market positioning is “arranging for a product to occupy a clear, distinctive and desirable
USEFULNESS OF POSITIONING
between brands in their own way. Positioning is a conscious attempt on the part of the
marketer to accentuate this natural tendency and in the process, impart a distinct identity
to his own brand to make it stand out among the competitors. The basis on which this
through his diverse and coordinated actions, tries to influence this process. The concept
of positioning is also important in various other aspects of the marketing strategy. Once
one is clear about the position one wants, the other marketing decisions like product
BRANDING OF COMMODITIES
In the past, in India, most commodities were sold in unbranded form. Today we notice
the reverse trend. It all started in early Nineties when foodgrains and spices were offered
in branded form. Vegetables followed this, and so did salt, sugar, etc. Today, more
marketers have jumped into the bandwagon. Say, Tata salt has used corporate name,
oranges are stamped with the growers level; tea s sold in special pack, design or names,
common nuts and bolts are packaged in cellophane with the distributor’s symbol, and
automobile components- spark plug, tyres, filter-bear separate brand names from the
automakers. This craze for branded commodities is also a result of the changed lifestyle
of people, specially working couples who have high disposable incomes and for whom
Marketers are flocking to the commodity market because of huge size they offer. For
instance, the branded rice market is at Rs. 1100 crore which constituted just about 10 %
of the rice market. This goes to show the immense opportunity. Generally speaking,
marketers have added value to commodities through branding, be it fertilizer, salt, spices,
Hindustan Lever has achieved a thundering success when they differentiated its DAP
fertilizer under the brand name of “paras”. Similarly, Brooke Bond has branded frozen
vegetables with its Green Valley Brand. DCW Home product had modest success when it
first launched Captain Cook Salt and followed it up with Captain Cook Atta. Siel is into
Advantages
• The brand name makes it easier for the marketer to process orders & track down
• The marketer’s brand name & trademark provide legal protection( patent or
competitors.
• Branding gives the marketer the opportunity to attract loyal and profitable
segment of customers. Loyalty created over time offers the unique advantage of
having assured customer base against competition & greater control in their
marketing programmed.
Instead, the task lies in skillfully identifying the different segments &
of customers.
• In the long run it helps to build a strong association with the consumers as well as
the trade. By highlighting the same name, they could project their quality and
• Last, but most important, to derive the first mover’s advantage and tap the huge
market potential.
CUSTOMER’S BENEFITS
Branding of commodity products not only benefits the organization but it also helps
the customer.
1) Quality: - Customer will get the quality product from the wide variety
of similar products.
the taste of the food but also affects the health of the person.
commodity which helps him to know how old the product is. For
example the local grocery shop can give the old Atta to the
customer telling as fresh Atta but for branded customer can read
right quantity of product. The grocery shop cannot give him less amount.
commodity products the shopkeeper has to charge the same price from a
customer because the customer does not have to waste time in removing
The commodity market is generally driven by price. Besides, consumers, by and large,
insensitive to price itself is a very difficult task. And, afterwards to create a preference for
more sustained efforts on the part of any marketer. Of course, the challenges are slowly
taking place in cites and big towns where consumers are able to appreciate the benefits of
consumer goods market where the marketer can play around with consumer perception,
exploring at the grass-root level. To quote, David Aaker,” It involves overturning the
rules of the market, establishing new selling propositions in the market, establishing new
selling propositions in the market which so far has been driven largely by price. And
everything from positioning, pricing, brand value & packaging takes on a new
sensitivity”.
Brand building involves cost, apart from additional cost incurred in packaging, labeling,
advertising, legal protection & a risk that if the brand should prove unsatisfactory to the
user, the company’s image would suffer & it may even affect market for other products
of the company. Thus the challenges involved are formidable. Still any marketer prefers
him “on” or “off”. Many marketers have called packaging a 5 th P along with Price,
Product, Place & Promotion. Packaging is treated as an element of the product strategy.
Well-designed packages can create an image of convenience and quality for the consumer
and promotional value for the producer. This could be a useful tool for justifying the
premium charged.
Inertia Industries Limited (IIL) launched their premium of Sand Piper beer in1993, but
the response was less than encouraging as the customer could not associate ubiquitous
brown bottle with a premium beer & hence the price charged struck a discordant note
with the customer. In 199, to rectify the defect, the company went for the relaunch & the
packaging was changed to green bottle with a golden champagne foil top. IIL now
repositioned Sand Pipers as the “champagne of beers”. The effect was startling. It sold
Packaging plays a very important role in commodity products. For example, ‘Uncle
Chipps’ potato chips are based on its delivery of freshness, crispness & retention of
flavor. This is possible by use of packaging technology wherein the product is packed in
air-tight metal foil packets filled with nitrogen atmosphere to prevent air from leaking in
& spoiling the product. Moreover, at a time when potato chips were available only in
colorless, transparent, their quality plastic packages, ‘Uncle Chipps’ was the first to use
packets made of air impermeable metal foil which was brightly colored for visual
differentiation.
FOCUS OF PROBLEM
product or a service with a consistent image of quality and value for money to ensure the
consumer’s choice is influenced by many surrogates of which the simplest one is a brand
name. Although there may be equally satisfying products, the consumer when satisfied
with some brand does not want to spend additional effort to evaluate the other alternative
choices. Once he or she has liked a particular brand, he or she tends to stay with it, unless
there is a steep rise in the product comes to his/her knowledge, which prompts the
Main Objective:-
The main objective of research is to analysis how the brand effects the customer
Sub Objective:-
The sub objective of research is to understand the choice of the customer is branded or
non-branded goods.
PROPOSAL
image of quality and value for money to ensure the development of a recurring preference
many surrogates of which the simplest one is a brand name. Although there may be
equally satisfying products, the consumer when satisfied with some brand does not want
to spend additional effort to evaluate the other alternative choices. Once he or she has
liked a particular brand, he or she tends to stay with it, unless there is a steep rise in the
price or a discernible better quality product comes to his/her knowledge, which prompts
LIMITATION
that the product is so good that it will sell on its own can prove to be wrong as
existing product, but claims superiority with which the consumers do not quite
capabilities & possible reactions is at times the cause of product failure. If the
product launch is based on a lower cost of production & the assurance of good
9 Poor market Research. The wrong reading of consumers’ mind & arriving
failure.
10 Poor timing of Launch. Too early or too late an entry into the market is also
Chapter 1:
This chapter contains the information about the introduction of the topic.
Chapter 2:
This chapter contains the information about the research Methodology and profile of the
organization.
Chapter 3:
This chapter contains the information about the micro analysis means objectives wise
analysis.
Chapter 4:
This chapter contains the information about the macro analysis and this analysis is
Chapter5:
This chapter contains the information about the summary of major observation &
Recommendation.
NOTES (REFERENCES)
• www.wikpedia.com
• www.ril.com
• www.google.com
• www.projectsparadise.com
• www.scribd.com
• www.spencer.com
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
various steps, the research process that is generally adopted to study the research problem
and basic logics behind them. The basic steps in this research are shown in the chart
below
Analysis of data
the data about the people. The second stage involved analysis of the data collected in the
first stage.
A sample design is a definite plan for obtaining a sample from a given population. If it
refers to the technique or the procedure the researcher would adopt in selecting items for
the sample. Sample design may as well lay down the no. of items to be included in the
sample. The researcher must prepare the sample design, which should be reliable for
research study. The universe is finite universe where number of items is finite in the
BRAND EQUITY
The equity of a brand is measured by the awareness and the image which it evokes. This
is a natural measurement, since the brand is the symbol. Brand awareness relates to the
number of persons who recognized the brand significance and who are conscious of the
promise which the symbol express. The aim of advertising is to reveal the meaning of the
brand and to spread it as far and as wide as possible to encourage people to try the
product offered.
should be pursued depends on the way in which customers are expected to make
BRAND POSITIONING
Market positioning is “arranging for a product to occupy a clear, distinctive and desirable
USEFULNESS OF POSITIONING
between brands in their own way. Positioning is a conscious attempt on the part of the
marketer to accentuate this natural tendency and in the process, impart a distinct identity
to his own brand to make it stand out among the competitors. The basis on which this
through his diverse and coordinated actions, tries to influence this process. The concept
of positioning is also important in various other aspects of the marketing strategy. Once
one is clear about the position one wants, the other marketing decisions like product
ELEMENTS OF POSITIONING
Evidence has shown that there are four distinct variables that effect the position of a
c) The competition,
d) The consumers.
The Product
How important the product is or what meaning it has for the consumer and how he relates
to it. The fact that a product involves better ingredients or processes is a matter of
indifference unless this knowledge offers distinct advantages to the consumer. There may
customer consigns it to the dustbin as soon as he has unwrapped the product. In other
words, one needs judgement of the dimensions, which are important to the customer.
Conversely, packaging may be used to lend an aura of desirability to a product but its
The Company
A product omes from a company and every company has its own history. Generally, the
stronger the company profile the better the image of its products. For instance, consumers
may perceive a better image of a product if it comes from e reputed house like Tatas. The
company’s image also matters to th various channels of distribution involving traders and
distributors especially retailers. Even where a company like Gujarat cooperative Milk
Marketing Federation Ltd., is overshadowed by its popular brand name Amul, new
product launches like Dhara(a non-Amul brand) has been well received by trade
channels. Thus, first the company’s own image lends weight to the product’s positioning.
Secondly, where it does not, as in the case of dhara, the company’s name still plays a
vital role in successfully launching the product & eventually creates the product position
in the market.
The Competition
most cases, the consumers have a tendency to judge a product in comparison to the
dominant brand, e.g., all photocopiers are compared with Modi Xerox, all PCs with HCL,
toothpastes with Colgate & so on. Leading brand enjoys some edge over others. It is
therefore imperative to assess the various competitors. In other words, selecting a slot
distinctly different from the competitors can avoid a direct confrontation with them.
While segmentation serves this purpose by dividing the market into smaller groups,
The Consumer
than factual evaluation. Hence, it becomes necessary to examine how the consumer views
a product. Here, the consumers self-perception comes into play along with his cognitive
and connotative factors. If he sees himself as modern & progressive, he will expect a
more progressive product. If, on the contrary, he sees himself as traditional and
possessing a taste for performance, then he is more likely to view changes as new
fangled. Thus, it is important to know what kind of person the archetypal consumer is, his
A research design is the arrangement of conditions for collection and analysis of data in a
manner that aims to combine relevance to research purpose with economy in procedure.
Here we have used descriptive research design. Since the aim is to obtain complete and
The process had to be started from the grass root level and it was very important
to understand the market for this IT product, which is very fast in production, distribution
and consumption.
The entire process was more of a Descriptive Research type and incorporated a
formal study of the specific problems faced by most IT companies an exploring the
opportunities in the untapped market. The survey was conducted on the basis of
NOKIA’s product preference and evaluation of sales forecast in the new and
measures. The data collected had to be systematically arranged, analyzed and reported in
and outlets each retail store in the sampling frame constitute the sampling unit in brief we
ANALYSIS OF PATTERN
The collected data will be analyzed implementing appropriate statistical tools and
analysis techniques. The chi-squre, correlation and ANOVA types of statistics will be
executed to find out the trends of collected data. The trends of the obtained data will
Data has been collected both from primary as well as secondary sources as described
below.
Primary sources
The primary source of data was Questionnaire filled by people at different places of
NCR. After the collection of data it was arranged and the people who were found suitable
Secondary sources
The secondary sources of data were the various websites and insurance manuals. This
mainly provided information about the insurance sector and the company’s profile. These
helped in gaining knowledge about the industry. These sources are listed in References.
• Descriptive Research is being done which includes surveys and fact-finding
• Secondary data is being collected from different sources such as brand equity,
behavior
Graph shows that most of &60%) of the respondents are brand loyal.
2. Which attributes did attract you to purchase branded products? Rank these
Brand Name 5
Price 2
Easy Availability 4
Transparent 3
Cleanliness 5
Others 1
Most of the respondents says that cleanliness, transparency and brand name effects
3. What was the reason for the delay between the purchase decision and the
actual purchase?
Financial constraints 4
Waiting for more innovative product 10
Waiting for market response 6
4. What influenced you to buy the above stated brand(s)?
Advertising 3
Word of mouth 6
Attractive packaging 4
Dealer 0
Shop display 3
Family/Friend/Relatives 3
Others 1
advertising is differs from company to company. Some has brand awareness or some has
sales, as this main objective for adverting. But does advertising really influences
purchase decision of customers it is the biggest whirlpool for every marketer. According
to our survey about 70% of the respondents said that their purchase decisions were
influenced by advertisement.
12. Will you like to switch your brand preference if you get some promotional
Yes 7
No 13
Out 20 respondents most of them said that they were change their brand preference if
13. Do you think branded products are better than unbranded products?
Yes 14
No 6
The graph shows that 70% of the respondents prefer branded products.
MACRO ANALYSIS
A brand is more than just a product. A product is what a company makes. A brand is
brand it has built not for its real estate, plant etc., according to our survey about 80% of
the respondents agree on the fact that brand name influence the buying decisions.
Brands, which have positive image like Nike, Reebok, Mercedes, Volvo Tata etc.,
Quality is the totality of features and characteristics of a product or service that bear on
its ability to satisfy or implied needs. According to G.E’s chairman, John F. Welch Jr.
“Quality is our best assurance of customer allegiance, our strongest defense against
foreign competition and the only path to sustained growth and coming.
In the purchase decision quality of the product is one of the important factor considered
by customers. As date also shows that about 90% of the respondent either agree or
strongly agree on this aspect. During survey it company provide good quality. In market
there are brands like Sony which have better quality and have very good brand equity.
A critical marketing mix tool is price, the amount of money that customers pay for the
product company has to decide on wholesale and retail prices, discounts, allowances and
credit terms. Its price should be commensurate with the offer’s perceived value. If it is
not, buyers will turn to competitors’ product. So we can say that price is definitely one of
the important factor which influence buying decision of customers, according to the
survey about 70% of the respondent agree on this fact and rest of the respondent said that
them price is not an important consideration while buying they look for quality and
brand.
Days are gone when there are few players in the market now competition is so intense
that one can’t sustain without having good quality and advanced technology in their
products. Specially in the consumer durable segment product feature becomes more
important. And this is also reflected by the survey, 75% of the respondent said that
constitute the most influential primary group. Influence of family members in high
involvement product category is more, According to survey about 70% of the respondent
said that their purchase decisions were influenced by family members, it was quit
interesting that about 10% respondent neither agree nor disagree on this point.
Besides from the family members, our most of time spend with our peer group. Our
living style affected by the group to which we belong, and our buying behavior is also
influence by the friends and relatives. According to our survey about 60% respondents
said that peer group influenced their purchase decisions. And especially in the case when
a person did not have the sufficient knowledge about the product or brand the influence is
more.
SUMMARY OF MAJOR OBSERVATINS
Reason for failure of Branded Commodity
A number of reasons can be attributed to the success of a brand. However, the same
cannot be said for the failure of a brand in the market place. Often, the reason may could
I. Unattractive packaging.
IV. Marketers not being able to understand the core needs of the consumer
properly.
failure is that the marketers launch products, which are, simply clones of brands already
in the market. These new products failed to stand out in crowd. In fact, often lack of
options. For example Nirma Bath was launched a few years ago in competition of
lifebuoy. The brand was just me-too offering & had nothing new to offer to consumer &
market on convenience platform. That is, the consumer can get rid of some tedious
chores simply by paying little more price for the product. The point to calculate here is,
just how much will a customer pay for the product. The point to calculate here is, just
how much will a customer pay for the convenience. If the convenience-price ratio is not
All Seasons Foods’ Package chatni & sambars failed as a result of getting this
convenience-price ratio wrong. The basic idea behind the chatni & sambhars was right.
All Seasons calculated that housewives would be only too glad to snap up packaged
The company bought a state-of-the-art plant from US to produce the proper quality &
taste. But the product failed to take off. The reason; the products were prohibitively
priced. A chatni bottle half the size of a ketch-up bottle cost twice as much. For most
housewives, that did not make any sense. A tomato ketch-up took hours to prepare, &
most housewives were only too glad to get it in packaged form. A sambar or chatni
required far less effort to cook, & paying a premium for a bottled version was really
North India. However when the company decided to make this line extension through
Milkfood Yogurt, it did not succeed. The problem was that it was never clearly
communicated what the yogurt was all about. The advertising projected it as a superior
form of curd, but consumers mistook it as a novel form of ice cream. The Milkfood
name (associated with icecream) was there on packaging as large as life. The yogurt cost
Rs.5.50 & Rs.6.50 for different variants (against a Vanilla cup of same size which came
for Rs.4). The end result was that the consumer refused to pay the premium. Prices were
iii) For example Ruffles Chips. Pepsi’s Ruffles chips also failed due to
to carry this product through. While their soft drinks could hold out,
Improper Pricing. Success of a new brand depends to a large extent on initial price
setting. The popular saying that one must get value for one’s money, because when the
consumer has inclination to buy new offering, there should be a clear benefits.
CONCLUSION
A number of reasons can be attributed to the success of a brand. However, the same
cannot be said for the failure of a brand in the market place. Often, the reason may could
V. Unattractive packaging.
VIII. Marketers not being able to understand the core needs of the consumer
properly.
in the market. These new products failed to stand out in crowd. In fact, often lack of
options. For example Nirma Bath was launched a few years ago in competition of
lifebuoy. The brand was just me-too offering & had nothing new to offer to consumer &
market on convenience platform. That is, the consumer can get rid of some tedious
chores simply by paying little more price for the product. The point to calculate here is,
just how much will a customer pay for the product. The point to calculate here is, just
how much will a customer pay for the convenience. If the convenience-price ratio is not
All Seasons Foods’ Package chatni & sambars failed as a result of getting this
convenience-price ratio wrong. The basic idea behind the chatni & sambhars was right.
All Seasons calculated that housewives would be only too glad to snap up packaged
The company bought a state-of-the-art plant from US to produce the proper quality &
taste. But the product failed to take off. The reason; the products were prohibitively
priced. A chatni bottle half the size of a ketch-up bottle cost twice as much. For most
housewives, that did not make any sense. A tomato ketch-up took hours to prepare, &
most housewives were only too glad to get it in packaged form. A sambar or chatni
required far less effort to cook, & paying a premium for a bottled version was really
North India. However when the company decided to make this line extension through
Milkfood Yogurt, it did not succeed. The problem was that it was never clearly
communicated what the yogurt was all about. The advertising projected it as a superior
form of curd, but consumers mistook it as a novel form of ice cream. The Milkfood
name (associated with icecream) was there on packaging as large as life. The yogurt cost
Rs.5.50 & Rs.6.50 for different variants (against a Vanilla cup of same size which came
for Rs.4). The end result was that the consumer refused to pay the premium. Prices were
vi) For example Ruffles Chips. Pepsi’s Ruffles chips also failed due to
to carry this product through. While their soft drinks could hold out,
Improper Pricing. Success of a new brand depends to a large extent on initial price
setting. The popular saying that one must get value for one’s money, because when the
consumer has inclination to buy new offering, there should be a clear benefits.
FINDINGS & RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Rural market. Knowing the huge size of rural population of India it is natural that
the rural market is attractive to marketers. Company should study purchasing power, life
styles, buying habits, optimal usage level. Brooke Bond for instance could capture the
in buying decision – as influencers and decision makers. How ever, the challenge remain
how does one communicate with children? Advertising recalls being more in the case of
children-one way is clear but with every one trying to apply the same technique,
circumventing this problem may be to market the product through schools or to use the
marketers will have to find ways through which one can achieve efficient as well as
Companies should identify the requirements and pack commodities according to demand.
customer is possible only through better service. Marketers will require to devote to
more efforts to understand the customer view of quality and convenience. Marketers
and relax restriction on merger or take over many companies should install superior
technology and resort to merger – acquisition route to make their unit more efficient.
have to develop organizational structure style and functioning, which enable them to act
Kevin Lane Keller (2004), Strategic Brand Management, 2nd edition, Pearson Education,
New Delhi
Consumer Behavior, 6th Edition, by Lean G.Sehiffman and Leslic lazan Kanuk.
YLR Moorthi
QUESTIONNAIRE
Yes No
2. Which attributes did attract you to purchase branded products? Rank these
Brand Name
Price Cleanliness
Transparent
3. What was the reason for the delay between the purchase decision and the actual
purchase?
Financial constraints
Dealer
Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree
Agree Disagree
12. Will you like to switch your brand preference if you get some promotional
Yes No
13. Do you think branded products are better than unbranded products?
Yes No
ADDRESS:
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OCCUPATION:
AGE:
MONTHLY INCOME: