UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MARA

CENTRE OF STUDIES FOR CONSTRUCTION

FACULTY OF ARCHITECTURE, PLANNING AND SURVEYING

A STUDY ON IMPLEMENTATION OF BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING

(BIM) AT DESIGN STAGE AMONG BIM CONSULTANT

NURUL SHAFIQAH BINTI SALEH

2017675138

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Table of Contents

CHAPTER ONE: PREFACE 5

1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 Background of Study ................................................................................................................ 5
1.3 Problem Statement ................................................................................................................... 6
1.4 Research Question .................................................................................................................... 8
1.5 Aim and Objectives................................................................................................................... 8
1.6 Research Significant ................................................................................................................. 8
1.7 Research Scope and Limitation ............................................................................................... 9
1.8 Research Process..................................................................................................................... 11
1.9 Summary ................................................................................................................................. 13

CHAPTER TWO: BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM) 14

2.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 14
2.2. Overview of Building Information Modelling (BIM) ........................................................... 14
2.2.1. The Evolution of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) 14
2.2.2. The Definition and Concept of BIM 16
2.3. BIM Users ............................................................................................................................... 22
2.4. The Current Process and Practices in BIM at Design Stage ............................................... 23
2.5. The Roles of Designation BIM in Project Team ................................................................... 24
2.5.1. BIM Modeller 24
2.5.2. BIM Analyst 25
2.5.3. Modelling Specialist 25
2.5.4. BIM Facilitator 25
2.5.5. BIM Consultant 25
2.5.6. BIM Manager 26
2.6. BIM Technology at Design Stage........................................................................................... 26
2.6.1. Software 27
2.6.2. Hardware 28
2.7. The Benefits of BIM Implementation at Design Stage ......................................................... 28
2.7.1 Enhance Quality of Design 28
2.7.2 Shortens Timescale of Project 29
2.7.3 Reduces Cost 29
2.7.4 Shared Model 29

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2.8. The Challenges of BIM Implementation among BIM Consultants ..................................... 30
2.8.1. People 30
2.8.2. Process 31
2.8.3. Technology 32
2.8.4. Policy 33
2.9. Recommendation the Best Practice In BIM Implementation .............................................. 34
2.9.1. People 34
2.9.2. Process 36
2.9.3. Technology 37
2.9.4. Policy 38
2.10. Review on Previous Research Related To BIM Implementation in Construction Project 39
2.11. Summary ................................................................................................................................. 49

CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY 50

3.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 50
3.2 Research Strategy ................................................................................................................... 50
3.3 Research Method .................................................................................................................... 50
3.4 Research Design ...................................................................................................................... 50
3.5 Data Collection ........................................................................................................................ 51
3.6 Research Process..................................................................................................................... 52
3.7 Data Analysis .......................................................................................................................... 53

CHAPTER 4: DATA FINDING AND DISCUSSION 54

4.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 54
4.2. Data Collection from Respondent ......................................................................................... 54
4.3. Respondent Profile ................................................................................................................. 54
4.4. Current Practices of BIM Implementation at Design Stage among BIM Consultants ...... 54
4.4.1. Level of Understanding 54
4.4.2. Respondent Roles and Responsibilities 55
4.4.3. Current Practices at Design Stage 55
4.4.4. BIM Technology 56
4.5. Challenges of BIM Implementation at Design Stage among BIM Consultants ................. 57
4.5.1. People 57
4.5.2. Process 57
4.5.3. Technology 58
4.5.4. Policy 58

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4.6. Solution to the Best Practices of BIM Implementation at Design Stage among BIM
Consultants.............................................................................................................................. 59
4.6.1. People 59
4.6.2. Process 59
4.6.3. Technology 60
4.6.4. Policy 60
4.7. Summary ................................................................................................................................. 60

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 CHAPTER ONE: PREFACE

1.1 Introduction
This chapter provides a research overview. It starts by discussing the topic of research by
highlighting and providing a background to explain the main problem under exploration. This
aspect concluded in the research problem statement. The following main section addresses the
purpose of the research by clarifying the research main goal and objectives. The main research
questions that guided the investigation are also outlined. The next section shows the scope and
thesis limitation. It describes the key elements that are considered in the research and the
geographic area that is confined to the research. It then indicates the time and data collection
limitations of the research. Finally, followed by briefly explaining the research process of the
research.

1.2 Background of Study

Just another industries, industry of construction having benefit of the solution from a range
of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) when delivering their project. Construction
projects will be more effective and productive when using technology application as suggested.
One of the technology applications is Building Information Modelling (BIM) which having a ton
of benefits in construction field (Bui et al, 2016). BIM tends to have many advantages for
management, design, implementation and scheduling in terms of effectiveness and productivity.
With the help of BIM, designers, engineers and contractors manage to collaborate, visualize and
managing the work of better construction (Bui et al, 2016).

Therefore, BIM refers to a set of technologies and solutions that aims to improve inter
organizational collaboration in the industry of construction that will increase the productivity
whilst enhancing design, construction and maintenance practices. 3-Dimensional (3D) modelling
or 3D drawing began in the early 1970s based on CAD technologies advanced in the industries
(Ali et al, 2017). As a result, the industry of construction applied 2D design for utilizing CAD.
To improve the construction specific CAD, the concept of BIM was introduced in the early 2000s
that sought to integrate the ability to give an informational texture to the designed objects in terms
of properties, material, lifecycle of the project and other related data into the functional design that
have been created by consultant firms which are architects and engineers (Ali et al, 2017).

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 Traditional practices on managing information in construction sometimes has create a
miscommunication and errors between construction team. As a result, BIM was introduced as an
advanced information technology (ICT) and construction management became more efficient and
effective. BIM definition has different terms and perspectives that have been used. As the
conclusion, it can be conclude that the development of BIM is a new methodology that involves
the use of technologies in order to improve the collaboration and communication of construction
teams as well as management of documentation (A.Latiffi et al, 2014).

According to Ali et al (2017) another statement, with no doubt, BIM has a high potential
and could contribute to a wide range of changes in construction practices but however its rate of
implementation quite slow to compared its benefits. This could be due to the modest changes of
practice in construction. The rating of BIM has growth over last decade and uptake levels are
enhancing and is likely to continues as long as the risks can be systematically reduced and the
barriers can be overcome (Ali et al, 2017).

In the other hand, Ali et al (2017) also stated that the current mechanisms for integration in
construction industry comprising BIM process are substantially is restrained by current norms for
education of the various teams in Architectural, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry.
This is because the education did not expose the student how BIM can accommodate a variety of
changes in construction practices. In order to gain back the benefits of BIM techniques and
collaborative of design technologies, the restructured and rethinking must be improvise to educate
the education of the BIM in the AEC construction firms (Ali et al, 2017).

1.3 Problem Statement

According a study conducted by Latiffi et al. (2013) construction projects comprise complex
sets of relationships between parties under various professional experiences to achieve complex
goals. The study also defined complexities of construction projects result from a thousand
manually-used documents and drawings. Construction parties still use 2-Dimensional (2D)
information in traditional practice, which sometimes results in miscommunication between them
and is not suitable for complex projects. ICT is therefore required for the management of a bundle
of data and documents, the tasks of decision-making and the level of consistency and reliability
of information in construction. Thus, computer-based and integrated information management
systems were implemented in construction projects in an effective and efficient manner (Latiffi et
al. 2013). The statement can be supported by research carried out by Bui et al. (2016), BIM is the

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new revolutionary which it can widely see as an accelerator for improvement and efficiency in the
construction industry and BIM will be able to assist toward a more sustainable construction
procedure that in turn may contribute to eradicate poverty in developing countries.

However, application of BIM in construction industry during design stage is still relatively
low in Malaysia. This is because the limited or low understanding among stakeholders, unclear
process and practices of BIM and limited resources such as skill personnel to implement BIM.
The issue related to the low understanding among stakeholders can be seen in Lan et al. (2016)
study related to the understanding of BIM among structural engineer which is the familiarity and
existence of BIM make the level of understanding of construction players is predictable at the
introduction stage, even though BIM had by now been discovered in Malaysia for ten years. The
software is used to the construction players, but one of them does not know accurately about it
and in the meantime some of them never heard of it. They come to an agreement on the same use
of BIM, which is mainly used to design structural works, and each line of drawings contains some
project data.

According to Rajendran (2016) during design stage usually, planners and architects work
independently with little input and lack of communication with each other. Due to this, there is a
gap in communication between architects and users. The architect fails to explain the design and
how the design will look like after and users are still unable to imagine the design will be emerged
after the construction phase. Research conducted by Goh et al. (2014) stated that construction
process requires collaboration between construction players and they should be able to
communicate in a clear and concise channel and communication has been one of the interesting
issues studied in the construction industry.

As mentioned above, parties involved in a construction project have always been challenged
to provide construction project on budget with good control, with the use of limited resources such
as manpower and accelerated work schedule (Goh et al. 2014). A study carried out by Bui et al.
(2016) stated that an expert is needed in handling BIM. This is because the BIM implementation
requires urgent development of the reliable tools for information exchange between different
software tools at same time enabling efficient and direct coordination and monitoring processes
between project participants and team members. This is to make sure that there is no mistake while
doing design interoperability.

Many firms in the AEC sector have now implemented the BIM technology. These firms are
attempting to employ the most innovative and technically qualified design professionals

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accessible, especially when it comes to BIM. With the drastic increase in global demand for BIM
technology, the lack of individuals with BIM skills has become a major limitation that limits and
slows down the use of BIM (Barrison and Santos, 2010).

1.4 Research Question

In order to satisfy the aim and objectives of research topic, research question consists of three
questions as below:

1. What are the current process and practices of BIM at design stage in BIM projects?
2. What are the challenges faced in the implementation of BIM at design stage in BIM projects?
3. What are the solutions to deal with the challenges arise in implementing of BIM at design
stage in BIM projects?

1.5 Aim and Objectives

The aim of this research is to increase the awareness of BIM implementation at design stage in
construction industry among BIM consultants. To achieve the aim, several objectives were
identified:

1. To identify BIM applications during design stage among BIM consultants in Malaysian
Construction Industry.
2. To investigate the challenges of BIM applications during design stage among BIM
consultants in Malaysian Construction Industry
3. To propose the solutions of BIM applications during design stage in BIM-enabled projects

1.6 Research Significant

The research study could provide information on the issues of BIM technology to be implement
in construction industry. This study would also be a review on advantages of BIM implementation.
Furthermore, this study would be beneficial to the construction firm because this study would
provide the necessary information on the barrier, benefits and recommendation in using BIM. This
would expectedly give the construction firm to open their eyes and give a look into this BIM
benefits and Malaysia will be one of the developing country who use this advanced technology.
To the next researchers who may do the research related to the BIM, this study can provide
baseline information on the recent study.

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 i. Education
To encourage the construction industry's future generations to obtain productivity
improvements in the construction industry. In addition, this contributes to a growing need
to educate industry practitioners about collaborative practices and methods that use BIM
technologies (Succar, 2012).

ii. Industry
To increase the awareness of key players in construction the benefit of using BIM in project
delivery rather than using a conventional method. BIM plays an important role in
encouraging more effective interdisciplinary collaboration during a project's entire life
cycle (Succar, 2012).

1.7 Research Scope and Limitation

The limited number of research done on BIM in Malaysia is recognized by this research.
The research decide to limit the scope of study from large scale to small scale which is targeting
BIM modeller and BIM coordinator from BIM consultant during design stage in construction
industry with experience in BIM building projects. The sampling is carried out within Peninsular
Malaysia. Hence, these scopes were all considered in delivering the research findings.

i. Targeted Respondents
Target respondent for this research is BIM Consultant whom involve in project BIM. Because
of the limitation of respondent involved in project using BIM, snowball sampling was used to
develop the sample. Hence, the information collected from the targeted respondent will gives the
recommendation to solve the issue related to the topic.

ii. Research Area

This studies focus on the current practices of BIM in construction industry among BIM
Consultants. The current practices of BIM will emphasise the BIM implementation at design
stage as well as challenges during its implementation. In order to increase the level of
understanding in relation to BIM implementation at design phase among BIM Consultant the
information is required to explain the work flow process.

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1.8 Research Process

STAGE ACTIVITIES AIM

1. Selection of research topic.

General 2. Study of background topic.
First Stage introduction 3. Identification of problem
Research related to BIM statement.
Identification and research 4. Identification of research
methodology aim and objectives.
5. Identification of scope of
study

Second Stage Literature To satisfy following research

Review
Review objectives:
Research Topic
1. To identify the current status
of BIM adoption in
Qualitative construction industry.
Third Stage
Method 2. To identify problems faced
Research
Semi structured by the project team in
Methodology
interview implementing BIM projects.
3. To recommend the best
practice in BIM
Collect and implementation.
Fourth Stage analyse data
Data Finding
collected from
and Discussion
respondents

Conclusion of research
Fifth Stage objectives and recommend the
Conclusion and Conclusion and
recommendation best solution related to research
Recommendation
topic issues.

Figure 1.8.1: Research Proses Flow Chart

Based on figure above, research process comprises of five (5) stages and details of each process
will be describe as follows:

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1.6.1. First Stage: Research Identification
In first stage of the research process will starts with research identification where the
activities consist of general introduction related to BIM and research methodology. The
aim of this activities is to justify the selection and background of research topic. As for
research methodology, the activities will includes narrow down the scope of study and
identify the problem related to research topic and come out with aim and objectives.

1.6.2. Second Stage: Review Research Topic

In order to fulfil the objectives of the research proposal, the article of other previous
researcher regarding to this research was reviewed and known as literature review. From
this method, the researcher can identify more issue related to the research proposal such as
factors, challenges, barrier, and risk involves. By using literature review, the researcher
can come out with detail problem statement by review the article from the previous
researcher and found out the main focus of the problem or the main problem to the research
proposal.

1.6.3. Third Stage: Research Methodology

The researcher choose to conduct the research methodology by using qualitative approach.
The reason why researcher use qualitative approach because the researcher use sampling
method by targeting some of the expertise with experience in construction industry that
involves in BIM project. By using qualitative approach, the finding of the research become
more structure, valid and can be group into statistic category.

1.6.4. Fourth Stage: Data Finding and Discussion

As the adoption of BIM is not widely use, the research decided to do an interview with the
expertise that expert in using BIM and find out the barriers of implementation in BIM
(Langos, 2014). The fourth stage also will focus on data analysis which is the data from an
interviewed will be analyse. The information in the interview transcript will be extract out
and tabulate in the table. Information from data analysis will determine the objectives of
research topic have been achieved or not.

1.6.5. Fifth Stage: Conclusion and Recommendation

Last stage of research process is conclusion and recommendation. In this process, all the
data information will be conclude and recommendation of research topic will be made.

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1.9 Summary
This chapter has fulfilled the main content of this research by explain the research background and
highlights the aim and main objectives. The next chapter will explain on more detail on review on
BIM literature.

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 CHAPTER TWO: BUILDING INFORMATION MODELLING (BIM)

2.1. Introduction

This chapter will focus on overview of BIM, the obstacle of BIM to be implement, the benefits or
significant of BIM to the AEC industry and recommendation the best practice in BIM
implementation.

2.2. Overview of Building Information Modelling (BIM)

2.2.1. The Evolution of Information and Communication Technology (ICT)

Germany is one of the most competitive manufacturing industries in global as known. This is
because it is be able to manage complexities of industrial process which takes different tasks
performed by different teams in different location. It has been successfully performed by
Information and Communication employees for this several decades. Approximately about 90%
of all manufacturing industries are already used ICT. The evolution of Information Technology
(IT) has brought a radical transformation of the global where live and work takes place, with an
impact comparable to the first and second industrial revolutions which are mechanization and
electricity (Hu and Keliang, 2015).

Industry Revolution (IR) starts from Industry 1.0 until Industry 4.0, where Industry 2.0 is an
establishment of electricity based on mass production lines that measures the workforce and
promotion. This revolution started in 20th centuries with the idea that put forward in the process
and experienced the most vital development for the current production line. Next, Industry 3.0
have emerged in the early of 1970s where the mechanical and electrical based production machines
has been replaced by electronic devices that can be programmed. For now, the industry is currently
experiencing the revolution. Lastly, the up going revolution is known as Industry 4.0 which is it
been disclosed by the German government and this industry revolution use computerized
manufacturing. In year 2011, Industry 4.0 terms was first be introduced and this term is presented
below the intelligent production title (Mehmet et al, 2016).

The industry 4.0 concept is based on intelligent manufacturing that lead to the fourth industrial
revolution. This aim is to take full advantage of ICT combining with Cyber Physical System (CPS)

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to make the manufacturing process be transformed into intelligence. The basic model of
distributed control changes improved by centralized control and the objective is to create a highly
flexible personalized and digitized production model of services and products. Particularly, after
3-Dimensional (3D) printing technology become more popular, more traditional production mode
will changed. A new model of social manufacturing will be one of the important part of the
industry. In this model, traditional industry boundaries will be gone and new domains and
collaboration form a play role. The general public will involve in designing, sale and improving
the products. The methods of creating new value will be change and industrial chain division will
be restructured (Hu and Keliang, 2015).

According to Hu and Keliang (2015) also that Industry 4.0 is about an intelligent manufacturing
and intelligent factory based in CPS. So it is inevitable to adopt these technologies to link the
internet, pick up and store information, transform orders and many more. The mutualisation of
integration and optimization of enabling technologies, it will become more convenient, simple and
accurate to production along with processing and moulding. The more important is with these
technologies to collect, process people’s idea, covey and combine the customers need with the
product chains will make the people’s needs be more better. The main characters of CPS are to
requirements of production and to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of the whole industry.
Industry 4.0 includes several technologies including Radio Frequency Identification (RFID),
Internet of Thing (IOT) and many more (Yang, 2017).

The most basic feature of fourth industry is the awareness of all devices that communicate with
each other. This processes can be done through internet and sensors. If the industry 4.0 can be
exposed to the higher education, it will enhance the quality of education. This is because advance
technology will allows user to be able to establish an interactive system and student in the area of
education also will be able to practice and explore this features. In addition, the individuals can
adopt the idea in the design system and using that idea to develop their own projects. The fourth
industry mainly purpose to bring altogether information technology (IT) and industry (Mehmet et
al, 2016).

Industry 4.0 reflects the change of manufacture from centralized mode into distributed mode. The
progress of technology that makes the conventional production method theory comes true.
Meanwhile, distributed intelligent manufacturing represents the communication between virtual
world and real world and takes an important role in establish CPS (Hu and Keliang, 2015).

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The consequences of fourth industrial revolution is more extensive and get the impact apart from
production also the indirect departments especially processes of engineering. That means the
potential productivity of growth particularly depends in the improvement of brainwork and
making processes decision. Collaboration at all levels also can contribute in helping to accelerate
this process (Gunther et al, 2004).

BIM is related to the Industry Revolution (IR) because the similarity between this terms is using
an advancement of IT. BIM must moves parallel along with IR 4.0 because IR 4.0 practice the
intelligent features in their computerized manufacturing for example like Smart City, Smart
Factory, Smart Home and many more. Both BIM and IR have a lot of benefits in term of reduce
the time of production, improving the efficiency of product and many more (Ali et al, 2017). The
next sub topic will discuss more detail in definition and concept of BIM.

2.2.2. The Definition and Concept of BIM

2.2.3.1. Definition of BIM

In 2002, the term of BIM was first used to achieve design concept. But as for today BIM
becoming more popular in AEC industry throughout conferences, companies strategies,
manufacturing company and also in wide range of journal and researches. BIM also is a moving
target with a wide progress in the AEC industry (Bataw et al., 2016).

BIM is defined according to the Contractors ' Guide (2006), as the development and use of
computer software to simulate a facility's construction and method. As for Eastman et al.
(2011) defined BIM is an architectural process or virtual design and construction that integrates
the heavy use of technology with the virtual model.

BIM is a revolutionary development that is rapidly reshaping the Architecture-Engineering-

Construction (AEC) industry, also called n-D Modelling or Virtual Prototyping Technology.
Azhar et al. (2015) defined BIM is both a process and a technology which are BIM's technology
component helps project stakeholders visualize what needs to be constructed in a simulated
environment to identify potential design, construction or operational issues and a revolutionary
technology and process that has rapidly transformed the design, construction and operation of
buildings.

According to Miettinen and Paavola (2015), BIM is one of technology developments involving
the application and maintenance of an integral digital representation of all building information

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data for different stages of the project cycle. A study by Roger et al. (2015) BIM is the
technology that delivers value across many stakeholder groups when it comes to modernizing
construction, increasing productivity. BIM is a phenomenon that can impact the building
industry's progress while adoption in Malaysia is relatively slow, as Malaysia remains in
developing countries (Roger et al. 2015).

Azhar et al. (2015) stated that BIM can be linked as a virtual process that includes all aspects,
discipline and facilities systems, a virtual model that allows all team members, such as
architects, engineers, contractors, and so on, to work together more accurately and effectively
than traditional or conventional processes. As the model is being created, all members of the
team will constantly clarify and adjust their work to project specifications and change designs
to ensure that the model is as accurate as possible before the project is delivered. BIM is
founded on two important collaborative and communication pillars (Azhar et al. 2012).

BIM is about sharing knowledge resource or information data that will form a reliable basis for
decision-making throughout its life cycle. In other words, in a basic premise, BIM is a
collaboration between different stakeholders at various stages such as facilitating, extracting,
updating and modifying information to support and reflect the stakeholder's roles. BIM is not
just a software tool, but a process and communication, to be clearer. In addition to using 3D
models, BIM also makes important changes in the process of workflow and project delivery
(Azhar et al, 2012).

2.2.3.2. Concept of BIM

2.2.3.2.1. Difference in Conventional and BIM Concept

The work of the designer has changed dramatically over the past decades. For centuries,
classical structural design methods have been developed and remained unchanged over time.
An architect was liable for the entire investment project and could be regarded as a walking
database containing all approved information as well as information on identified crashes to
be resolved. Architects and engineers stopped using traditional drawing and calculating tools
in the second half of the 20th century. At present, the design engineers ' most frequently used
tools are CAD systems (Czmoch and Pekala, 2014).

However, the next step called BIM is coming fast and wide forward, according to Czmoch
and Pekala, (2014) again. An evolutionary process was the development of CAD design

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software. Only the use of increasingly accurate computational methods as well as computer
graphics (2D and 3D) development made it possible to give up very expensive laboratory
experiments in small-scale models or full-scale testing (Czmoch and Pekala, 2014).

Figure 2.2.3.2.1.2: Design Team Typical Members

Architectural and engineering design is a task for large teams of experts such as architects,
builders, installation engineers, quantity surveyors, project managers. The concept of
architecture usually differs fundamentally from the final design and structural design.
Architects mainly use body sketches such as 3D elements shown in perspective while civil
engineers show plans or drawings in detail (Czmoch and Pekala, 2014).

It is necessary to use a model or, in the last decade, a virtual model to obtain visualizations in
3D. Although this model allows to visualize the project volumetrically, in addition to its
materials, does not contain any information about the elements that compose it beyond pure
geometry (Granero, 2016). When something changes during installation on a single layer, it
is very often not only on 2D drawings that changes in architectural and structural design, but
also with cross - sections or elevations (Czmoch and Pekala, 2014). With the 3D model, the
same problem appears as in 2D planes: it is not interconnected with the rest of the project
more than by reference, so that every change in the project, apart from having to do it in each
plane, must also be independently modified in 3D model (Granero, 2016).

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 Figure 2.2.3.2.1.3: Conventional Process of Flow Chart

In conventional process, the process is usually like a hierarchical management system, which
means that each project participant's construction player does not communicate and there is
also no cooperation between each party (Reizgevičius et al. 2015). Figure 2.2.3.2.1.3
describes the conventional project delivery process in the construction industry. The
consultants will be appointed by the client to design based on their requirements. As a
reference to the contractor during construction, consultant team will prepare 2D and 3D
drawing at this stage. However, this drawing does not contain information and always causes
conflict during construction when there is a lack of communication during the design stage
(Reizgevičius et al. 2015).

Figure 2.2.3.2.1.4: BIM Process of Flow Chart

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Because the real benefit of a BIM is for the project owner, a customer-driven development
will most likely be the push to use a BIM. Many owners view the single point of responsibility
in integrated practice as an attractive alternative to the over-the-wall design and construction
method where an architect completes a design and hands it over to a construction contractor.
Speed, accessibility, community and adaptability are achieved through the use of a common
database, early input of information users, knowledge and information technology
representation, team splitting and exchange of information in small batches. Based on expert
studies, other advantages of BIM include lower risks, increased productivity, updated
production, design intent maintenance and quality control facilitation through clear
communication and sophisticated systematic tools (Reizgevičius et al. 2015).

The BIM approach retains digital format interface information, making it easy to update and
transfer interfaces within the 3D CAD environment. The 3D interface maps are designed to
integrate easily with CAD objects and interface events. Assisted by the 3D BIM approach, it
is possible to identify, trace and manage interface information in 3D interface maps and solve
problems during construction projects. The latest interface problems and solutions can be
obtained from the engineers involved and then shared and saved as 3D CAD map units for
efficient management and future reference. (Lin, 2015).

Figure 2.2.3.2.1.5: Revolution of Technology within AEC Industry

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Several other software tools have been developed since the early 1990s to assist the roles of
other industry professionals and stakeholders, such as project management software,
programming software, planning software, and the development of excellent pricing software.
These software tools provided the industry with enhanced time, cost and quality control, but
it was still a fragmented way of working as each team member worked on a separate software.
(Bataw et al. 2016).

Therefore, it was necessary to create a collaborative virtual building model such as BIM to
complete the missing part of the virtual design concept jigsaw as shown in Figure 2.2.3.2.1.5.
The term 'Building Information Modelling' was first used to achieve the concept of virtual
design in 2002. Since then, BIM has progressed rapidly, with many construction teams having
observed values in the construction industry when using BIM; with the continuous
development of BIM tools it has become more attractive (Bataw et al 2016).

The key players in the construction industry use BIM in various ways in project development.
For example, the architect is implementing BIM to produce architectural drawings, followed
by engineers producing structural or energy data management and contractors are developing
the building's coordination model. Model design provides not only a design framework in
terms of its structure, spatial layout, and environmental condition, but also cost estimates,
construction practices, and aesthetic considerations. In addition, BIM provides several tools
to assist designers involved in the design phase, which is Autodesk Revit, composed of Revit
Architectural, Revit MEP Revit Structural, as well as Bentley and Tekla, currently practicing
in the construction industry in Malaysia. Briefly, designers can use different types of BIM
tools to develop project designs (Kasim et al 2017). The next sub topic will discuss in more
detail related to current practices and process of BIM at design stage.

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2.3. BIM Users

Today, the most progressive designers, mostly architects (Gamayunova and Vatis, 2014), are the
primary activists in the implementation of BIM in architectural and building practices. The
advantages of new technology have been initially realized and gradually began to be applied
through a BIM through the chain of all other participants in the design and construction process
(Gamayunova and Vatis, 2014). And the closer architect-related members of other professions,
the faster they engage in a new business. Nearly all BIM programs started with architectural
sections or specialized architectural versions, and then overgrown modules and other applications
such as construction, electrical, air ducts, etc. (Gamayunova and Vatis, 2014).

The architects are restricted in their potentialities and the power of BIM in the complicated tasks
with an object, according to Gamayunova and Vatis (2014). In other words, in full cooperation
with practitioners in various design sectors, preparing estimates and simulations, manufacturing
products and designs, building construction, building management and facility, and many others
(Gamayunova and Vatis, 2014). The main groups of specialists directly related to BIM and
participating in the creation of the model and its use, are shown below in Table 2.4.1.

Table 2.4.1: BIM Users in Construction Practices

22
 Based on these illustrations, the plan, design, operation and maintenance phases of BIM can be
used for different purposes (Brahim, 2018). BIM uses are selected based on a project's identified
BIM goals. However, adopting all the uses of BIM in construction projects is not suggested
(Brahim, 2018). This is because the implementation of BIM uses will depend on construction
experts able to understand the uses and also the competence of current country practices (Brahim,
2018). In addition, determining BIM uses also varies on construction experts ' ability to execute it
in construction project mechanisms. It is therefore important to understand how BIM uses could
be implemented by construction professionals in construction projects (Brahim, 2018).

2.4. The Current Process and Practices in BIM at Design Stage

Figure 2.3.6: BIM Process Work Flow

i. BIM Setup
It is a parametric documentation that contained within model which is data is located in one
location file and reduces discrepancies on drawing. Parametric documentation also calculate
loads and schedules automatically and will be updated to reflect changes on plan and vice
versa.

ii. BIM Modelling

The process where the visualisation enabling design take place. This visualisation will verify
the vertical clearance and mounting heights and verify design of system in 3D model.

23
iii. Clash Detection and Resolution
This is where the checking of clash detection will occurs. After BIM model completed, the
integrated drawing will be check if there is any clash detection occur.

iv. Coordinated BIM Model

Coordinating BIM model will include other design elements in the model where it can have
the turn on and off mode of various trades as needed during design stage. Coordinated BIM
model also sharing design information which are same mode elements used by all trades and
can implement automatic notification of changes.

v. Construction Model
The construction model will include the sequence of process to erect the construction project
during the construction phase.

vi. Change Management and Constructability Analysis

The calculations and verification using model database which is it will automate system
diagrams and calculations. The shared model in analysis will includes energy and solar
analysis, photometric analysis and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis.

vii. As Built Model

A set of revised drawing submitted by a contractor upon completion of a project. The drawings
reflect all changes made in the specifications and working drawings during the construction
process and show the exact dimensions and location of all elements of the work.

2.5. The Roles of Designation BIM in Project Team

2.5.1. BIM Modeller

Barrison and Santos (2010) stated that a BIM Modeller's functions include creating, developing
and extracting 2D documentation from BIM models. BIM Modeller also known as BIM Operator.
The BIM Modeller may take the Draftsperson's position, but not always a CAD specialist will
become a BIM Modeller, as the more knowledgeable CAD users are more resistant to change. A

24
BIM Modeller must therefore be familiar with the design process because BIM Modeller must
design with BIM (Barrison and Santos, 2010).

2.5.2. BIM Analyst

BIM Analyst's function is to perform analyses and simulations based on the BIM model, such as
performance analysis, circulation analysis and security analysis. This specialist can work as a
design consultant in design firms, mostly MEPs (Barrison and Santos, 2010).

2.5.3. Modelling Specialist

Modelling Specialists are IT professionals who contribute to the Industry Foundation Classes
(IFC) standard, from initial requirements to the final characteristics of a software product, together
with experts in various areas of the AEC / FM industry (Barrison and Santos, 2010). They are the
advocates of IFC extensions and must be acquainted with the data structure and modelling
concepts of the IFC. They are also in charge of mapping Exchange Requirements (ER) to IFC
classes. Barrison and Santos (2010) explains that BIM models are very complex in structure and,
in most circumstances, the use of IFC data exchange still needs that each company has qualified
people to ensure the reliability of the data exchanged.

2.5.4. BIM Facilitator

Barrison and Santos (2010) study discuss a BIM facilitator's function is to assist other
professionals who are not yet qualified to operate BIM software in the visualization of model
information. BIM Facilitator usually works with whom the building will be built physically,
helping the work of the engineer to communicate with foremen or contractors. There are maybe a
similar function may exist to assist facility managers in extracting asset management, space
planning, and maintenance scheduling information from BIM models (Barrison and Santos, 2010).

2.5.5. BIM Consultant

Large and medium-sized businesses that have implemented or will adopt BIM and do not have a
skilled expert to be part of the project team can hire a BIM consultant to monitor project designers,

25
developers and builders in the implementation of BIM (Barrison and Santos, 2010). BIM
Consultant may have three types: Strategic Consultant, Functional Consultant, and Operational
Consultant. The Strategic Consultant creates typically medium to long-term plans based on a
vision of accomplishment. According to these strategies, Functional Consultants generate action
plans. The Operational Consultants are the ones that actually carry out the implementation process.
A software provider trains registered Operational Consultants to develop implementation plans
for their BIM products (Barrison and Santos, 2010).

2.5.6. BIM Manager

A BIM application plan should take account of the definition of coordinators and the BIM
Coordinator can improve and carry out the in depth implementation of BIM for each of the parties
after the primary objective has been set. Thus, a BIM Manager's main function is to manage people
in implementing and/or maintaining the BIM process (Barrison and Santos, 2010). The BIM
Manager is responsible for coordinating the team and producing and utilizing the model within
the company. For this purpose, BIM Manager should study and appraise the goals of the BIM
progress and then improve a plan to meet customer necessities and desires, project team
experience, and resource availability (Barrison and Santos, 2010). The BIM Manager may assist
various additional purposes such as setting design masters, coordinating entity model integration,
coordinating model access and much more, but the most essential function is to guide the team in
decision-making (Barrison and Santos, 2010).

2.6. BIM Technology at Design Stage

Rapid IT development requires a fundamentally new approach to architectural design and building
documents development. For a wide range of users, from architects and designers to building
owners and operators, it is important to create computer building models that contain all the
information about future facilities (Gamayunova and Vatin, 2014). Autodesk introduced the term
BIM in 2002. BIM is the common informational modelling of a building. The characteristic of the
building is that it is designed as a whole. Changing in any of its parameters involves changing the
remaining parameters automatically, for example, to dimensional plan, specifications and time
schedule. (Gamayunova and Vatin, 2014).

26
Using BIM software systems for the architectural and construction industries can enhance the
quality and speed of project credentials development, increase work profitability, and reduce
building and operating risks related with design errors (Gamayunova and Vatin, 2014). BIM-
technology assists architects, engineers, contractors and clients in visualizing and simulating, in
calculating the estimated cost and performance of buildings and infrastructure, and in making
decisions on restoring and replacing aged infrastructure (Gamayunova and Vatin, 2014). There
are two types of BIM technology at design stage which are hardware and software.

2.6.1. Software

In the design phase alone, BIM software is available on the market today in a variety of software
packages, especially the authoring tools developed by different companies. The simplicity of use,
the ability to creäte drawings, the complexity of predefining basic objects, the ease of describing
new object libraries, the process of updating objects, the types of surfaces that can be used, the
capability to handle a large number of objects, and the interfaces with other software and the
extensibility are dissimilar from one product to another (Haron, 2013). According to Haron (2013)
studies, choosing the most proper software is a basis on which the selection of the software must
support the strategic business necessities and should be based on the explanation for enhancing
the organization's revenue-generating potential. Therefore, the software must be capable to
increase productivity, make more efficient workflow, increase the quality of the goods and
services produced, decrease operating costs, and thus increase the profits produced (Haron, 2013).

BIM software is also concerned about the compatibility of BIM software with legacy coordination
and the interoperability of BIM software with the software of business partners, as addressed by
Haron (2013). Before implementing BIM, the business is using numerous IT tools to bring
business, referring to the legacy system. Studies by Haron (2013) indicated that the legacy system
software includes a general-purpose business system such as Microsoft Word and Excel, software
design and construction applications such as STAAD-Pro for structural analysis, Primavera for
project planning and scheduling and estimation planning and software for information
management such as SAP and OpenText. Consequently, the presence of legacy systems needs the
organization to address the compatibility necessities in order to evade unnecessary problems, and
BIM hardware and software requirements will also change over time in line with the sophistication
and advancement of BIM implementation, requiring the company to review its ICT system
regularly (Haron 2013).

27
2.6.2. Hardware

According to Haron (2013), the implementation of BIM necessitates particular hardware

requirements that meet the designated BIM software to guarantee a good relationship of both for
the smooth process of the BIM tool. The requirements for hardware vary from product to product,
and costs vary from manufacturer to manufacturer. Again, according to Haron (2013), this
variance is largely dependent on designated software, organizational needs, market powers, and
contract provisions such as maintenance, updating, and structured technical care. BIM necessitates
dominant work place hardware, server setup, plotting and printing outlines, network access, and
other company-specific hardware and IT infrastructure issues as evidenced in the case studies
conducted by previous researcher (Haron, 2013).

Since BIM technology disturbs the physical and, most importantly, the workstation to deliver the
BIM-associated job, a committed policy may need to be in place to tolerate the interference to
occur. The organization has made the policy flexible to permit people in the BIM team to have a
work place away from their pay grade for the BIM hardware as part of the management
engagement (Haron, 2013). Some organizations may therefore need new hardware to be acquired
while some organizations require only minor or major improvements to their existing installations.
Either procurement of new hardware or improvement of current hardware or infrastructure is based
on current hardware provisions, the level of application of BIM, and the organizations ' plans for
future use of BIM (Haron, 2013).

2.7. The Benefits of BIM Implementation at Design Stage

2.7.1 Enhance Quality of Design

The 3-D modelling and sophisticated analytical capabilities were considered to improve the whole
design standard, which was typically more precise and with less errors. The possibility of
visualizing complex concepts was also valuable for qualified engineers. The technical
requirements of the parametric 3D modelling method were regarded as a constraint on creativity
by the older generations, but they were much less restrictive for the younger generations that grew
up with them. Due to the prototype nature of the creation initiatives, there may be an inherent
inability to show great development in design, as there is no project control to examine in

28
opposition. There are no measurements to evaluate quantifiable upgrades. The design stage may
also have some software, but it was not tested anywhere else (Roger et al. 2015).

2.7.2 Shortens Timescale of Project

Clash detection became a valuable tool to shorten the overall challenge timescales by using
decreasing complications at the site. The design stage is considered as an extension due to the
additional burden of 3D modelling, but this has changed as a brief condition that improves the
familiarity and functionality with 3D and BIM engineers who had mature 3D capabilities
considered that workplace or studio productivity were significantly improved. Like the design
standard, the lack of a control venture with managed variables means that checks for
improvements in the assessment time scale can only be subjective. Improving the productivity of
the engineering company is more objective and after a first reduction there can be a long - term
improvement in productivity resulting from 3-D modelling (Roger et al. 2015).

2.7.3 Reduces Cost

Like exceptional time measurements, the lack of control projects prevents objective evaluation.
The hypothesis became that advanced design accuracy, in particular the detection of conflicts,
would reduce discrepancy orders and claims. With regard to ECS companies adopting BIM, there
was consternation that some customers had begun to apply for BIM expertise but were unwilling
to pay higher charges. It was felt that higher costs were justified by the idea of supplying advanced
and prolonged offers, value and the price of transferring to a 3D and BIM environment. It became
clear that the few large developers who had achieved some modest BIM success paid consultants
expenses to help them adopt BIM. These were considered exceptions, but they were largely
companies that achieved dividends from the use of BIM. A small increase in the costs of experts
as a percentage of the total project prices was considered trivial and frustration was shown that
most customers were short - sighted and could not now benefit from BIM (Roger et al. 2015).

2.7.4 Shared Model

The minimal BIM obligation for field models that are shared and incorporated with different
disciplines has been taken into account as very uncommon in Malaysia. The right examples were
defined by some massive and sophisticated developers with design and construction skills. Most
of the BIM projects were actually the manageable 3D modelled projects. Some developers started
to pre-qualify consultants for BIM functionality and the patterns of this have grown, although it

29
remains very small and at the bottom. Estimations of project using BIM is a most of 1 percent
(Roger et al. 2015).

2.8. The Challenges of BIM Implementation among BIM Consultants

2.8.1. People
2.8.1.1. New Technology Perception

According to Haron (2013), many people within the company involved either directly or
indirectly during the early stage of BIM implementation were not convinced with the benefits
that BIM could offer, even though some of the awareness programs had been organized. The
problem has been aggravated by the need to learn new software and many mistakes made during
the learning and delivery process that have slowed down their core business activities (Haron,
2013).

2.8.1.2. Skill Personnel / Expertise

Considerable issues were recognized concerning calibre, capability and quantity of human
sources. Local graduates had been missing in BIM education training in universities, a situation
acknowledged by the college representatives. Correspondingly, the universities recognized that
the expert bodies had been not accrediting BIM modules and without the accreditation there was
little impetus or justification to consist of BIM modules in their syllabuses (Roger et al. 2015).

Huge investment of time and money were required to teach students 3D modelling skills,
however, without complimentary understanding of the general design and construction operation
pre-BIM and with BIM, 3D modelling capability alone changed into insufficient to provide a
valuable BIM modeller. People with combination of 3D enjoy and real design studio or web page
enjoy are very uncommon, therefore, a severe skills shortage existed and companies had been
now searching for overseas group of workers to bridge this shortfall. Key workforce loss through
natural wastage and more ominously, poaching of skilled group of workers by competitors that
had been recognized as threats to project achievement. BIM became recognized as placing huge
obligation and power into the palms of regularly junior staff of workers. The loss of one
personnel member may want to jeopardize a BIM project (Roger et al. 2015).

30
2.8.2. Process
2.8.2.1. Collaborative Each Team

Working with all construction professionals in BIM projects is a challenge. The construction
sector has predominantly been treated as decentralized and separated as if different construction
practitioners do not communicate or combine understanding that links them (Brahim, 2018). The
use of BIM in building projects was seen not just as a change in the use of technological
advances, but also in the participatory practices that link all construction experts (Brahim, 2018).
Creating collaborative work is practically impossible for construction practitioners if they do not
have BIM technical understanding related to improvements in a project's activities and BIM
roadmaps. Despite the need for collaborative work at BIM, it could still create other trust issues,
lack of information in duties and responsibilities, and integration (Brahim, 2018). In addition,
collaborative work may also require a change in construction experts ' workplace environment,
including the use of acceptable BIM software or facilities to enable BIM adoption (Brahim,
2018).

2.8.2.2. Pressure Due To Project Dateline

BIM implementation's early stage was very tough. The BIM administrator and designer had to
participate in formal as well as on-job training yet at the same time delivering on-time project
results (Haron, 2013). In the meantime, the BIM software itself needs a dedicated customization
task in order to produce the drawings that satisfy the requirements of the clients, particularly the
isometric drawings. The several severe activities that needed to be delivered have been
aggravated by the client who, aside from making BIM compulsory, had not changed the project
dateline and requested that the digital 3D model be forwarded immediately (Haron, 2013).

2.8.2.3. Senior Staff Acceptance

During the initial stage of execution, the company recognized internal resistance by senior staff
as the greatest challenge. The client's compulsory demand could not convince the staff to
embrace the change. The situation has also deteriorated with one from middle-level management
(Haron, 2013). The seniority and management post they held was deemed very important
because they were able to affect the superiors and people around them to disengage the adoption.

31
 One of the major reasons for their actions is that they found it difficult to learn something new
as they were all aged and very comfortable with the flow of the CAD process. While the other
possible explanation was that the employees did not want to reluctance in their position (Haron,
20103).

2.8.3. Technology
2.8.3.1. Interoperability

One of the driving factors of BIM software adoption is to carry out automated clash checking
between interconnected drawings. Nevertheless, during the infancy of execution, the nature of
both software generated by different disciplines and companies created an integration issue
whereby the model generated in the BOCAD software was not automatically integrated into the
PDMS software (Haron, 2013). Furthermore, the PDMS program also cannot transmit the clash
check. Integration is very essential for the company as it would save a considerable time and
effort through automated clash checking. The company has therefore pursued its own ways to
resolve the problem by calling on PDMS and BOCAD agents to sit down with their PDMS
administrator to work out the dispute (Haron 2013).

2.8.3.2. Cost

The software is generally quite costly in developed countries where put Malaysia at a
disadvantages to purchase it. Structural engineering software expertise is expensive. The pattern
of software expenditure was taken into account as decreasing and more competition entered the
market and dragged down costs. Entry level software, inclusive of simple Computer Aid Design
(CAD) software, and a few 3-Dimentional software, together with Sketch Up have been very
reasonably-priced or loose, and even though no longer imparting proper BIM functionality, they
had been beneficial in supplying a Precursor BIM capability that reduced the variety of real / full
Building Information Modelling (BIM) software licenses required (Roger et al. 2015).

Generally, the software prices had been now not considered a massive barrier to entry. Software
fees have now not been taken into account any entry barriers and the vital dealing out power of
genuine BIM software has become universal. It was also mentioned that the cloud handling
services provided by Autodesk for representation and environmentally friendly analysis further
reduced the need for costly software. Provider software becomes a viable solution or

32
 recommendation. The highest price for adopting the BIM was defined as the downtime required
for the knowledge of individuals and organizations (Roger et al. 2015).

The progression for those or groups implementing BIM (to a lowest BIM degree in which
character discipline can be shared with design team members) was defined as a minimum of
three to six (6) months before accomplishing an productivity comparable to what was
accomplished before the BIM. Maximum productivity could be lost with this mastering time.
Organizational knowledge was suggested to take a minimum of 9 to 12 months. This turned into
well thought-out to signify a good sized investment for a company and accordingly can purpose
severe economic difficulties to a company (Roger et al. 2015).

The failure charge of BIM adoption is recommended as 70% failure and this turned into
extensively apportioned to the price of downtime. Furthermore, a further cost of employing a
BIM technician over a CAD technician was diagnosed. BIM technicians usually need to be of a
higher calibre and as a result usually attract better salaries (Roger et al. 2015).

2.8.4. Policy
2.8.4.1. Legal Agreement

There are uncertain legal obligations and practices in the context policy that are applicable to
BIM in areas such as initiatives, agreement standardization, data property, insurances,
consequences, and roles and responsibilities allocation (Jamal et. 2019). Since the allocation of
privileges and roles to the project was unclear, smooth project development is difficult to
achieve, thereby imposing higher risks on the project. BIM will require a change to the working
process of an organization (Jamal et. 2019). By improving communication and collaboration
across disciplines, a fully integrated BIM model is achieved. Therefore, to assign obligations and
carry out design reports and validation, shared protocols and standard guidelines are required
(Jamal et. 2019).

2.8.4.2. Procurement

The engineering community are skilled in operating in procedurally driven environments. The
new demands of 3D modelling have levels of guide from BIM requirements and so forth, and
that generally, these methods can be followed but there is inconsistency and absence of a
commonplace platform, mentioned as being ironic in a motion condoning collaboration and

33
 standardization. Important blame was located upon the software program providers for
advancing vendor orientated recommendation and that interoperability turned into nevertheless
poor (Roger et al. 2015).

The software program became additionally defined as “massive” and “bulky” despite the fact
that iterative upgrades were cited. Commonly, the complexities and idiosyncrasies of the general
construction system have been deemed as a hindrance and that lack of expertise by using many
of the overall method hampered the introduction of BIM. A lack of awareness of BIM via
adopters and a poor of a focused cause for adopting BIM was recognized as similarly
impediments, successful BIM tasks had been taken into consideration as having a clear motive
for each BIM version (Roger et al. 2015).

A lack of knowledge of the way BIM impacted the design and creation method changed into
agreed as concerning and worth of continued regard. The Malaysian design process changed into
described as being one where normally the engineering representative gives single-line isometric
or idea drawings and the exchange or sub-contractors offer the detail that is then verified and
followed by the engineer. As the detail drawings are produced post-tender, it leaves little time
for superior analysis (Roger et al. 2015).

2.9. Recommendation the Best Practice In BIM Implementation

2.9.1. People
2.9.1.1. Personnel Training

According Ghaffarianhoseini et al. (2016) the design development enabled by Building

Information Modelling (BIM) must be fully integrated into the project management method.
This is essential to successfully meet the requirements of customers in terms of project
performance as well as the requirements of contractors and consultants in terms of probable
financial and legitimate possibilities. It has been observed that the most common peril factors
of BIM during all stages are insufficient experience in project and shortage of available expert
workforces. Many companies will still lack BIM expertise and the circular circumstances could
be reinforced by themselves. Companies without BIM experience could also be disqualified
from entering into future BIM-enabled projects for tendering.

34
2.9.1.2. Education In Institutional

One of the very instrumental applications of virtual reality in architectural teaching is the BIM.
This is one of the benefits of BIM application in design teaching. The student should be
practically exposed to reality in such a manner without for them to fear to try new applications
in approaching a design issues within the virtual environment. In this case they are wide-open
to practical learning, testing and observation. Learning in this case becomes a constructivist
methodology with BIM as a constructive learning instrument, and eventually systems can now
be applied practically to realities. BIM improves an approach to design that delivers a platform
for solving the difficult issues in a design in such a manner that some and different experts and
students can work on the same project at the same time and regardless of geographical location.
However, the demands of society today and the necessity for environmental protection requires
a educational shift from transferred knowledge that be memorized by students to knowledge
gained over a largely method oriented teaching (Elinwa and Agboola, 2013).

Over the years, architecture has developed from the level of just provided that functional spaces
for users in order for them to feel a certain level of comfort and rights to deal with the rising
rate of natural catastrophes and other environmental issues. This need has led to the issue of
sustainability in terms of architecture and the construction of buildings. Through introducing
virtual studies in designing into education will make the entire construction industry tries to
cope with the information during its completion of lifecycle. Integration of the diverse parties
involved in a design and the management and involvement of information between them is a
very vital part for a successful design process (Elinwa and Agboola, 2013).

2.9.1.3. Exposure the Benefits of BIM

The possible problems associated with the common adoption of BIM and the unknowns of BIM
in building projects appear to be important. Companies are concerned in detail with the
preliminary costs of BIM and the possible long - term effects of investing in rapidly outdated
technology without sufficient time to make the investment return. There is a need to measure
the benefits of BIM systematically beyond the level of modest case readings and to provide
clear data on BIM efficiency. The result of this developed dataset of potential will provide the
industry with the data it needs to adopt on key technologies, stages and investment levels with
a practical return expectation. (Ghaffarianhoseini et al, 2016).

35
 The recognized elements of best practice cover the management and planning of the
construction team, the scope of work of the designer and the technology as well. . People,
processes and technology are interconnected to improve a tactical plan for the success of BIM
best practices in the design phase through its recognized elements of best practices. In short,
BIM calls on the adopters to improve a tactical plan to ensure that it is best practice for all
stakeholders. The tactical plan must include people, processes and technology, as BIM modifies
the entire design method through its wide range of technology and construction stakeholders.
It is essentially the factors for effectiveness of best practices (Kasim et al, 2017).

2.9.1.4. Improve the Awareness of Using BIM in AEC Industry

In response, BIM education syllabuses should be established and implemented in institutions

throughout the world. In many ways, it seems from the addition of BIM software exercises to
the current CAD courses to the organization of a new syllabus trade with BIM. Although many
previous studies on BIM awareness and acceptance are available among practitioners, there are
only a few studies on students. Students would also be affected by the lack of awareness, so
that BIM education can be assessed by determining the level of student awareness and
acceptance. A more effective approach to BIM education is predictable. It can be concluded
that architecture students in Asia mainly use CAD software instead of BIM software, and half
of them never have BIM software or education. However, there is a high demand for BIM
education (Ahn and Kim, 2016).

Rahman (2017) stated that BIM was proposed for full implementation in all disciplines and
geographical constraints for its innovative developments and improved construction
performance. However, in some developing countries it is still rather new and unknown. In
developing countries, the construction industry still uses conventional means of delivering
projects, for example in terms of procurement provisions, design documentation, document
control, project control and post-building services.

2.9.2. Process
2.9.2.1. Communication

According to Harun (2013), the construction sector is too comfortable with the current state of
the system and technology in the process change strategy. A suitable means of interacting
change is indeed important in order to rationalize the need for reform as well as to direct people
36
 to embrace and adopt the improvements that BIM will make. Interaction should be made on a
regular basis, as Harun (2013) added, addressing the concerns, thoughts but also concerns that
all individuals have in mind. Although Harun (2013) studies agree with the significance of
interaction as part of mechanism adapt, he also emphasised that it is not an easy process to
provide effective form of communication (Haron, 2013).

2.9.2.2. Collaboration between All the Project Team

It is recommended that BIM is a broad concept and should be considered a method. This would
interchange its recent reference as a common name for a diversity of actions related to object -
oriented computer aided design (CAD) for the representation of building components in 3D
geometric and non-geometric elements and relationships. BIM is also seen as a two - way
process that encompasses design, building and maintenance, and offers open data standards for
all project participants. In the imaginable future, a large percentage of the construction industry
will probably be BIM aware and competent rather than BIM expert. The threshold for expertise
is high and is likely to increase over time. A built-in design methodology and an effective
engagement with investors are expected to be the key to sustainable BIM success.
(Ghaffarianhoseini et al, 2016).

Kasim et al. (2017) stated that it is more appropriate to involve all stakeholders in project
development when it derives from the formulation of a tactical plan to achieve best practices
in BIM implementation during design development. Top - down and bottom - up management
would be the basis for encouraging stakeholders to develop a tactical plan for best BIM
implementation practices.

2.9.3. Technology
2.9.3.1. Monitoring and Controlling of BIM

Studies in Brahim (2018) agreed on the need to monitor implementation of BIM. Monitoring
is aimed at tracking work progress and ensuring that BIM is delivered by involved construction
professionals using the right process. Brahim (2018) also suggested that a progress meeting
could be used to monitor the work. The observing mechanism could be done by referring to the
development of the documented work. The aim of performing a progress meeting is to discuss
any matters that blocked the delivery of BIM by constructing practitioners. Furthermore, added
that the monitoring mechanism could be carried out through work phases. Improvements could
37
 be made from the concerns to make sure that they can adopt BIM and accomplish the objective
of using BIM in the projects (Brahim, 2013). Haron's (2018) studies somewhat stated that the
BIM application monitoring and control discussion based on management, time and expense
needed to implement BIM.

2.9.3.2. BIM and CAD Coordination

Haron (2018) described that BIM and CAD coordination is required since the construction
industry's schematic design and deliverables are delivered in full using CAD. By imagining
BIM could substitute the role of CAD and then become prevalent in the future, he stressed that
many issues need to be addressed in order to take BIM forth and that substitution will not occur
in the future. Some of the concerns are also emphasised in improving the need for CAD and
BIM coordination, including the use of CAD in agreement documents, the majority of industrial
players currently use CAD and the local council and client requirement to deliver designs in
CAD (Haron, 2013).

2.9.4. Policy
2.9.4.1. BIM Policies

Meanwhile, Haron (2013) referred to the importance of continuous use of BIM and explained
that only binding BIM use to market demand is very risky to sustain BIM use. Harun (2013)
suggests that while there is no market demand, senior management needs to enforce an internal
regulations to ensure continued use of BIM. He acknowledged the challenge of imposing BIM
on each project, but for at least one project per year, the company must ensure continuity of
BIM use. In addition to the high expenditure forcing BIM to be used once it has been invested,
the other justifications for ensuring continuous practice and on-the-job training to increase staff
competency and confidence, to continually test and refine the best BIM implementation process
and procedure, and to share and endorse the management determination of BIM application
(Haron, 2013).

38
2.10. Review on Previous Research Related To BIM Implementation in Construction Project

Table 2.10.2: List of Review Article

NO AUTHOR/ TITLE AIM SCOPE METHOD FINDINGS
YEAR
2019 Khairool Challenges of To probe the Architects at Questionnaire 1. Lack of skilled and experienced
Aizat Ahmad Building current state of management and workforce.
Jamal, et al. Information BIM operational level 2. Steep learning curve for especially for
Modelling (BIM) implementation, those who are unfamiliar with BIM.
from the Malaysian primarily on the 3. High cost to obtain and operate the
Architect’s challenges that technology.
Perspective hinders its
adoption.
2018 N.F. Azmi, Building To evaluate the Government Questionnaire 1. The BIM framework reveals that cost,
C.S. Chai Information BIM adoption representative, knowledge and stakeholders are key
and L.W. Modelling challenges in developers, civil factors to drive the BIM adoption.
Chin (BIM) in AEC sectors. engineer, 2. Also, it acts as a precaution guideline
Architecture, contractors, to new BIM user/investor in the
Engineering education industry.
and Construction professional and 3. Many researchers had identified that
(AEC) Industry: A architects. the BIM implementation level in
Case Malaysia AEC is still at minimal level
Study in Malaysia due to several challenges.
2017 Md Motiar Awareness of BIM To examine the Construction Questionnaire 1. Brunei construction industry is not well
Rahman Adoption in Brunei awareness of industry experts, aware of BIM
the Brunei who had 2. Private sector is slightly more aware
construction experience in BIM than public sector.
industry 3. Know about BIM, but do not know its
participants on technical aspect and application in
BIM. construction
4. Not sure about its main benefits, but
they seem to be aware of what BIM
can bring to construction,
5. The industry seems to acknowledge
the need for training

39
 6. on BIM and cliental sponsorship to
adoption
7. Do not have any idea of cost
involvement, but acknowledge the
need for initial investment to kick-start
BIM.
2017 M M Tahir, N Applications Of To reaffirm Architects, Semi 1. The adoption rate in Malaysia has
A Haron, A H Building findings of the engineers, project structured witnessed a great setback since the
Alias,A T Al- Information Model applications of managers, and interview introduction of the alternative
Jumaa, I B (BIM) In Malaysian BIM from the BIM coordinators technology (BIM) in 2009. This is as a
Muhammad Construction literature and to who are experts result of low research and active
and A N Industry uncover other and have government and client participation in
Harun. applications in knowledge and the adoption process.
Malaysia. understanding of 2. The result of the study shows that
the applications quantity take-off and estimation is one
and benefits of of the main application of BIM in the
BIM. management of construction projects.
3. The result of the research also showed
that BIM is been applied in the
management of construction projects
to detect clash in designs and
coordination of work
4. The integration and collaboration of
stakeholders was also identified as
one of the main applications of BIM in
the management of construction
projects.
5. The use BIM reduces waste and also
optimises efficiency throughout the
project life-cycle as it supports
integrated project delivery through
collaborative process.
2017 N Kasim, N A Best Practices Of To investigate Designers of Semi structure 1. The current practices of BIM tools
Zainal Abidin, Building the current different interview implementation in the design stage are
R Zainal, N Information practices of BIM organisations Autodesk Revit (Revit Architecture,
Sarpin, M H I Modelling (BIM) implementation which adopt BIM

40
 Abd Rahim Implementation In in the design in the design Revit structure and Revit MEP),
and M Design Phase For phase as well as phase. Archicad, Bentley and Tekla Structure.
Saikah Construction the best 2. All the tools have specific challenges
Project practices factors and weakness in the implementation
of BIM of BIM in the design stage.
implementation 3. The challenges of BIM implementation
in the design in the design phase are also being
phase. identified such as before designing
(collaboration and teaming,
unenthusiastic stakeholders and
unclear BIM standards), during
designing (time constraint to develop a
model and increase the risk of
disputes) and after designing is
unclear benefits.
4. Furthermore, there are three (3)
classifications of BIM benefits in
design phase; clash detection which to
contributes to the reduction of error,
fast fabrication drawing, and great
coordination among designers.
2017 Yang Zou, A Review Of Risk To close this Expert with Literature 1. Utilising BIM and BIM-related digital
Arto Management gap, comprehensive Review and technologies to manage risks has
Kiviniemi, Through BIM And Identify the understanding of Interview been a growing research interest in
Stephen W. BIM-Related obstacles of the relation the AEC industry.
Jones Technologies BIM-based risk between the 2. Successful use of these technologies
management as traditional requires a comprehensive
well as foster methods and BIM- understanding of the fundamentals,
research based risk general process, techniques of risk
interests for the management. management and the relationship
future. between the new and traditional
methods.
3. The literature shows the
implementation of traditional risk
management is still a manual
undertaking, the assessment is

41
 heavily reliant on experience and
mathematical analysis, and the
decision making is frequently based
on knowledge and experience based
intuition, which leads to a decreased
efficiency in the real environment.
2016 Ali Building To discuss the Benefits, Current Literature 1. Significant reasons for not adopting
Ghaffarianho Information reality of BIM, its Implementation, Review BIM include the lack of demand, cost
seini Modelling (BIM) objective is to Risks and and interoperability issues.
Uptake: Clear offer a state of Challenges 2. The low value to difficulty ratio of BIM
Benefits, the art review of in some practices due to lack of
Understanding Its the current software interoperability and non-user-
Implementation, levels of BIM friendly format combined with the lack
Risks And implementation of skills and experience is a major
Challenges and the concern.
associated 3. Successful BIM adoption requires
benefits and significant investments by AEC firms
challenges including investment in software,
available to hardware, training and other
industry requirements.
stakeholders.
2016 Enegbuma Factors Affecting To develop a Construction Interview and 1. An anathematised state of
Wallace Building building professionals Questionnaire collaboration leading to significant
Imoudu Information information such as decrease in BIM adoption rate.
Modelling Adoption adoption model architects, 2. BIM perception exhibited indirect
By Malaysian for Malaysian quantity effect on collaborative processes
Consultants And construction surveyors, through strategic IT implementation.
Contractors industry from a engineers and 3. Business process re-engineering
strategic IT contractors. exhibited significant direct effect while
perspective. computer integrated construction
exhibited a significant indirect effect on
BIM adoption.
2016 Euisoon Ahn BIM Awareness The purpose of The students Questionnaire 1. Architecture students in Asia mainly
and Minseok and Acceptance by this study is to participating in the use CAD software to design rather
Kim Architecture assess the 2014 Busan than BIM software, and half of them
Students in Asia awareness and International have never experienced BIM

42
 acceptance of Architectural education or software. Nevertheless,
BIM, and BIM Design the demand for BIM education is high.
education Workshop. 2. Regarding Industry Foundation
among Classes IFC, the students were not
architecture aware of it at all and had never
students in Asia. experienced using it.
3. Because utilizing IFC is important for
practicing BIM, it means that present
BIM education in colleges is neither
sufficient nor comprehensive enough
to train students for practice.
4. The fact that BIM education is focused
on the upper class curriculum.
2016 Nam Bui, A Review Of Established how Technology Literature 1. Limited attention is given to BIM
Christoph Building construction transfer, seeking Review implementations in infrastructure and
Merschbrock, Information firms struggle to import facilities projects in developing
Bjørn Erik Modelling For from several technology, countries. This leads us to conclude
Munkvold Construction In limitations standards, and that more work is needed to develop
Developing having to do with collaboration new BIM solutions that better address
Countries the socio- approaches from the context of the local construction
economic and developed industries in developing countries.
technological countries to the 2. Almost no research on BIM in
environment context of developing countries exists prior to
found in developing 2013, and the focus of the present
developing countries. work is limited to the three countries of
countries. China, India, and Malaysia.
2016 Matti The Effects Of BIM Focused on BIM management Literature 1. The absence of a BIM coordinator,
Tauriainena, And Lean design and Review and 2. Not defining designers responsible for
Pasi Construction On management communication Semi the modelling,
Marttinen, Design practices practices, design structured 3. Not creating sufficient instructions.
Bhargav Management between and modelling Interview 4. The non-collaboration culture between
Dave, Lauri Practices structural and practices used, design disciplines
Koskelaa building services important
design on an schedule related
operational level issues,
of BIM projects. challenges and

43
 problems that
have affected the
case projects.

2015 A. M. Overview of To identifying Expert opinions Questionnaire 1. New methods of team collaboration
Aboushady Building building about the BIM and Case require new definition of individual
and M. M. G. Information information criteria Study responsibility and liability to be
Elbarkouky Modelling modelling defined.
Applications in criteria in 2. Provide Building Information
Construction developing and Modelling techniques to bidders for
Projects developed cost estimation purposes so that the
countries, quantity variation may be lessened.
3. The construction project team must
have good communication skills
since the Building Information
Modelling standards are not fully
defined.
2015 Ho kui Lan et Building To determine Experienced civil Interview 1. Familiar with the software but one of
al. Information the level of and structural them does not exactly know about it
Modelling (BIM): understanding of (C&S) engineers meanwhile a principal never heard of
Level Of professionals in working in it.
Understanding And the construction construction 2. Understand that the software was built
Implementation industry about industry for modelling the building structural
Among Civil And Building works that coordinate all elements and
Structural Information it also the ‘brain’ to other software as
Engineers In Modelling such Autocad, Revit, Autopipe and
Penang others. It is more reliable to amend
construction drawings or working
drawings using BIM compared to
manual change by only drawing
software such as Autocad.
3. Although they have experience in
construction line of more than ten
years, they seem to know about BIM
about eight to ten years only.

44
2015 Marius The Need Of BIM To analyse BIM Design firms Interview 1. Implementation of BIM to design
Reizgevičius, Technologies technologies using BIM companies is a complex process,
Laura Implementation To need to the program changing three areas in the company:
Reizgevičiūtė Design Companies design technology, processes and people
Leonas companies. 2. The greatest impact on BIM
Ustinovičius technologies implementation to the
design company has 3D design
calculations. It is convenient to use a
single BIM design program for
companies, which maintain a full
complex project, because
constructions are calculated in the
same model, where all of the building
information model central file is being
created.
3. Building information model technology
is more often used by large production
companies, design centres.
4. The most common reasons why
designers’ refuse to work with BIM: the
design of small objects, 2D drawings
demand (detail drawings, site plans),
doubtful return of investment,
copyright issues.
2014 Aftab Hameed BIM in Malaysian Focused on Type and Questionnaire 1. Rate of BIM implementation in
Memon, Construction assessing category of construction industry is very low
Ismail Abdul Industry: Status, current status of organization, 2. BIM implementation benefits in
Advantages, BIM working construction industry through
Rahman,
Barriers and implementation experience, developing and providing improved
Irfana Memon Strategies to in Malaysian working position scheduling, improved drawing
and Nur Enhance the construction and qualification coordinated, controlling time and cost
Iffah Aqilah Implementation industry. It has level and detailed model.
Azman Level also investigated 3. BIM has certain limitations such as
advantages and requires enhanced collaboration,
disadvantages requires coordinated drawing
together with interoperability.

45
 barriers to 4. Major barriers to implementing BIM
implementations are lack of competent staff to operate
of BIM the software, unawareness of the
and proposing technology and non-availability of
effective parametric library.
strategies for 5. Provision of trial software, training of
enhancing the construction staff and introducing of
BIM BIM in university curriculum are very
implementation effective strategies in enhancing the
in construction implementation of BIM.
industry. 6. For improving the level of
implementing BIM in Malaysian
industry, a flexible training program of
BIM for all practitioners must be
created.
2014 Aryani The Development To explore the Design, Literature 1. The revolutionary of BIM enhanced to
Ahmad of Building notion of BIM estimation, Review overcome the complexities in
Latiffi, Information development construction construction projects.
Juliana Modelling (BIM) from the year of process, building 2. BIM is a set of digital tools that helps
Brahim and Definition 1975 to 2013. life cycle, AEC industry to manage projects
Mohamad performance and effectively by improving the planning
Syazli Fathi technology process, design and others activities
in construction.
3. Since its development, it has
expanded into six perspectives which
are design, estimation, and
construction process, building life
cycle, performance and technology.
4. Ever since that, BIM is used as a
design management tools by the AEC
industry in order to improve
collaboration and communication
among construction players as well as
the management of documentation in
the construction projects.

46
2014 Aryani Building To explore roles Project Semi 1. The implementation of BIM in the
Ahmad Information of BIM in the consultants and structured Malaysian construction industry is still
Latiffi, Suzila Modelling (BIM) Malaysian BIM consultants interview and new.
Mohd, Roles in The construction involved in two Literature 2. BIM implementation in both projects
Juliana Malaysian industry. government Review showed positive effects.
Brahim Construction projects. 3. BIM in the projects improved
Industry communication and collaboration
among construction players,
minimized design changes, reduce
Request for Information (RFI) during
construction stage, and avoid project
delay.
4. The Malaysian Government also
observes BIM as a new technology to
increase quality of projects by
reducing construction problems.
5. The Government has also made BIM
Standard Manual and Guidelines and
BIM Roadmap to encourage
construction players to engage with
BIM implementation in construction
projects and as a guideline for them to
implement BIM.
2014 John Rogers Adoption of To explore the Malaysian ECS Interview and 1. The lack of well-trained personnel,
Building overview and firms Questionnaire guidance and governmental supports
Information adoption of BIM were identified as the main barriers to
Modelling from the adoption.
technology (BIM) perspective of 2. The firms were prepared to adopt BIM
Perspectives from Malaysian ECS where market demands and
Malaysian firms. competitive advantage were the main
engineering drivers to adoption within two years.
consulting services
firms

47
2014 M.F.I Mohd- Building To look into the Architectural firms Survey 1. More high profile construction projects
Nor Information insight of how in Malaysia are seen to be using BIM throughout
and Michael Modelling (BIM) in architect firms in the design, construction and operation
P.Grant the Malaysian Malaysia are phase.
Architecture coping up with 2. It is a positive sign that more than 80%
Industry the of the architecture firms in Malaysia
Introduction of are aware of BIM and its benefits.
BIM in the 3. BIM trend in Malaysia in general is not
country. very different from earlier reports of
BIM trends from other parts of the
world.
4. The architecture industry in Malaysia
can also avoid the mistakes and
mishaps that had happen in those
countries and try to strategize for a
better roadmap towards full BIM
implementation.
2014 Wei Wu, BIM Education and To investigate The perspectives Survey 1. The adoption of BIM has made
A.M.ASCE1; Recruiting: Survey- these issues and experiences substantial gains in both education
and Raja R. Based using a carefully of the educational and business arenas.
A. Issa, Comparative Designed dual- and professional 2. Curriculum coverage of BIM has
F.ASCE2 Analysis of Issues, track survey. communities with significantly improved and a stronger
Perceptions, respect to BIM BIM market has created an impetus for
and Collaboration education, career more effective and efficient recruiting.
Opportunities development, and 3. BIM-oriented career development was
recruiting still novel to most academic AEC
practices. programs and had little or no existing
track record.
4. Companies preferred to hire seasoned
professionals instead of fresh college
graduates for BIM staffing.

48
By reviewing and listing all the article related to the BIM implementation at the design stage,
it results that there is a lot of studies related to the BIM implementation among architect
perspective. Thus, the gap of the study shows that the previous research only focuses on the
architect and engineer perspective while only a few research related to the contractor
perspective. Hence, the conclusion can be concluded from the listing of the reviewed article,
to fill the gap of the research study, the author decided to make further study related to the BIM
implementation in the project at design phase among BIM consultants. The results of this study
will open new guideline for future research and may serve as a source of problem statement for
further qualitative research.

2.11. Summary

The evolution of ICT leads to the implementation of BIM in the construction industry. The
understanding and concept of BIM widen the use to BIM in the construction projects. The
current practices of BIM at design stage clear the difference in process of using BIM in the
project and using the conventional method. This chapter also emphasises the roles and
responsibilities of the BIM designation.

Despite all the benefits explanation given, BIM still facing challenges to be implemented in
the construction industry among construction players. This important to gather the information
from the literature review for best practices to implement BIM in the construction industry.
Next chapter will discuss the methodology to collect data.

49
 CHAPTER THREE: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Introduction
This chapter will summarise the research methodology of the dissertation as it is
indicated in the title. In more details, the framework of this chapter will comprises of
the research strategy, the research method, the research design, the methods of data
collection, research process and the data analysis.

3.2 Research Strategy

In research strategy, the author choose to use qualitative approach to conduct the research
studies. Since the application of BIM in Malaysia is in its infancy, the author will focus
on the BIM Consultants as a target respondent for the research data collection. The
finding of the research will become more reliable, structure, valid and can be categorized
into group. Table 1 shows the difference between using qualitative research and
quantitative research.

3.3 Research Method

In order to fulfill the objectives, the author decides to use qualitative research. The main
characteristic of qualitative research approach been selected is phenomenological
method. Phenomenological is a study of combination of procedures, such as conducting
interviews, reading documents and depend on the participants’ own viewpoints to
provide understanding into their motivations. The outcomes of the qualitative is not
measurable and quantifiable. This type of research gives a complete description and
analysis of a research subject. Therefore, the author will interview targetted respondents
to get information about BIM. This respondents will be categorized as experted and
skilled personnel in using BIM. The data from these respondents become more reliable
because of their experiences in using BIM.

3.4 Research Design

The research design is a strategy to logically integrate different parts of the research. This
will ensure that the research problems are efficient in achieving their objectives. A good

50
 research is when all parts work and succeed in achieving goals. In the meanwhile,
research designs are types of method in doing research which is using qualitative analysis
to approach for specific direction for research procedures.

3.5 Data Collection

Primary data collection involves an interview with the expertise or qualified personnel in
the construction industry who have experienced the implementation of BIM at the design
phase. The secondary data for this research includes literature review covering the
challenges in implementing BIM in the construction industry and the best practices to
overcome the challenges. The interview will be conducted during the working hours of
the respondent. It's from 8am to 6pm on weekdays. The duration of each interview
depends essentially on the respondents. In short, the interview will take at least 45
minutes until a maximum of 2 hours depends on the answers, explanation and personal
thoughts, judgments and recommendations of the respondent.

51
3.6 Research Process

STAGE ACTIVITIES AIM

6. Selection of research topic.

General 7. Study of background topic.
First Stage introduction 8. Identification of problem
Research related to BIM statement.
Identification and research 9. Identification of research
methodology aim and objectives.
10. Identification of scope of
study

Second Stage Literature To satisfy following research

Review
Review objectives:
Research Topic
4. To identify the current status
of BIM adoption in
Qualitative construction industry.
Third Stage
Method 5. To identify problems faced
Research
Semi structured by the project team in
Methodology
interview implementing BIM projects.
6. To recommend the best
practice in BIM
Collect and implementation.
Fourth Stage analyse data
Data Finding
collected from
and Discussion
respondents

Conclusion of research
Fifth Stage objectives and recommend the
Conclusion and Conclusion and
recommendation best solution related to research
Recommendation
topic issues.

52
3.7 Data Analysis
Content of data analysis was used to analyse the data collected from personal interviews.
The main benefit of content analysis is that it helps to reduce and simplify data collection
while producing results. In addition, content analysis gives researchers the ability to
structure the qualitative data collected in a way that meets the achievement of research
objectives. Human error, however, is heavily involved in content analysis, as researchers
are at risk of misinterpreting the collected data, thus generating false and unreliable
conclusions (Krippendorff & Bock, 2008). All the data information will be reviewed,
analysed and recorded using Microsoft Word which was gathered from interviews.

53
 CHAPTER 4: DATA FINDING AND DISCUSSION

4.1. Introduction

This chapter will discuss in more detail of data finding which respondents profile, the
discussion of current practices, challenges and the best practices of BIM implementation at
design stage among BIM consultants.

4.2. Data Collection from Respondent

The purpose of this section is to collect the data related to current practices of BIM
implementation in construction industry. There is 4 element of the data collection as follows:
i. Respondent Profile
ii. The currents practices of BIM Implementation at Design Stage
 Level of Understanding among BIM Consultant
 Roles and Responsibilities of BIM Consultant
 BIM Technology Involved During Project Using BIM
iii. The Challenges of BIM Implementation at Design Stage among BIM Consultant
iv. The Recommendation to the Best Practices of BIM Implementation at Design Stage

4.3. Respondent Profile

Respondent Experience in BIM Project Experience in Construction Industry

1 4 4
2 2 4
3
4
5

4.4. Current Practices of BIM Implementation at Design Stage among BIM Consultants

4.4.1. Level of Understanding

Question Level of Understanding

54
 Respondent 1 The important thing in understanding of BIM
definition is about full information from
design stage until as built stage in one model.
Respondent 2 To resolve at site issues
Respondent 3
Respondent 4
Respondent 5

R1 stated that the definition of BIM is about the full information in one integrated model
from conceptual design until the as built model. R2 mentioned that BIM is used to
resolve any issue at site such as clashes of drawing and taking off.

4.4.2. Respondent Roles and Responsibilities

Question Roles and Responsibilities

Respondent 1 BIM Coordinator, BIM Specialist, BIM
Modeller
Respondent 2 BIM Coordinator
Respondent 3
Respondent 4
Respondent 5

R1 mentioned that roles and responsibilities might changes in every project they are
handling. Every project they are handling have difference roles and responsibilities. For
instance sometimes as a BIM modeller where activities in extracting the 2D drawing
from 3D model While BIM specialist is to assist the client or consultant in using BIM
correctly to suits to the requirement. BIM Coordinator will manage the project to be
implement into BIM project. R2 stated that BIM Coordinator responsibilities is to
advice client or consultant in terms of clashes, updating and revised construction
drawing or any design changes occurs.

4.4.3. Current Practices at Design Stage

Question Current Practices at Design Stage

55
 Respondent 1 The current practices of BIM at design stage
there will be a conceptual design to the 3D
model then to the check of clash model and
to the 2D drawing.
Respondent 2 Start from 2D until 7D
Respondent 3
Respondent 4
Respondent 5

R1 stated that the current practices at design stage will involving the conceptual design
and have a checking clash model that will suit to the planner planning work. Meanwhile,
R2 mentioned that current practices involving BIM still same like construction site
except in term of ease the drawing work based on 3D, 4D, 5D 6D and 7D element. All
the process must have all the element that can integrate into the model information.

4.4.4. BIM Technology

Question BIM Technology

Respondent 1 In term of hardware, the technology use must
be high graphic. While in term software, they
will have an open software.
Respondent 2 In term of hardware, the specification must
be high. While in term of software, any
platform can be use.
Respondent 3
Respondent 4
Respondent 5

R1 mentioned that technology involved during BIM project in term of hardware must
be high enough to support the BIM process to avoid any lagging since they work with
many software that need high graphic while in term of software they do not limit the
use of software except for SketchUp Software because BIM does not integrate with
Sketchup software. R2 also agree with R1 that in terms of hardware, the technology

56
 must have high specification to support the BIM process and in term of software, R1
stated that any platform can be used to integrate BIM.

4.5. Challenges of BIM Implementation at Design Stage among BIM Consultants

4.5.1. People

Question People
Respondent 1 The understanding of BIM and do not want
to adapt new technology.
Respondent 2 To convince people
Respondent 3
Respondent 4
Respondent 5

R1 mentioned that the biggest challenge during BIM implementation at design is the
people itself. This is because they do not fully understand on how BIM process. In other
hand, the challenge is when the aged people that work with conventional method do not
want to adapt and accept the new technology. R2 stated that challenge related to people
is to convince people to use BIM in the project delivery. They tend to reliable in their
past experience rather than to adapt new technology to ease the work process.

4.5.2. Process

Question Process
Respondent 1 Conventional to BIM
Respondent 2 Senior construction player does not interest
in BIM.
Respondent 3
Respondent 4
Respondent 5

R1 stated that challenge involving process is from conventional method to BIM

implementation. This is because BIM will integrate straight forward to 3D model

57
 instead of 2D drawing. Thus, the client or consultant will have difficulties to adapt with
BIM. Statement by R1 can be supported by R2 statement where R2 mentioned that
mostly senior contractor does not interested in BIM hence they do not want to
implement BIM and adapt to this new technology.

4.5.3. Technology

Question Technology
Respondent 1 Costing software
Respondent 2 Interoperability
Respondent 3
Respondent 4
Respondent 5

R1 stated that some of companies or firms do not want to invest in buying of software
that will integrate with BIM because the software is quite costing. R2 explained that in
terms of challenges in technology is interoperability. This is because to merge all the
file in one software tools sometimes can have errors.

4.5.4. Policy

Question Policy
Respondent 1 Not stated in the contract
Respondent 2 To get the latest updated drawing
Respondent 3
Respondent 4
Respondent 5

R1 explained that in the contract do not acquire the use of BIM but still consultant want
to use BIM, thus it is useless because the client do not mention in the contract. R2 stated
that challenges in policy is to get the latest updated drawing from site because BIM only
use the latest updated drawing to integrate in the model.

58
4.6. Solution to the Best Practices of BIM Implementation at Design Stage among BIM
Consultants

4.6.1. People

Question People
Respondent 1 Increase BIM awareness
Respondent 2 Provide training
Respondent 3
Respondent 4
Respondent 5

R1 explained that BIM awareness must be done to increase the level of understanding
to the client and consultant team. They must aware the advantages and disadvantages
of BIM and the element of BIM. R2 stated that it is important to provide training to the
people who do not have any skill or knowledge in relation to BIM.

4.6.2. Process

Question Process
Respondent 1 Discussion with client and consultant to
change from conventional into BIM.
Respondent 2 Create a forum to solve the discrepancy
Respondent 3
Respondent 4
Respondent 5

R1 recommend to have a discussion with client and consultant to change from method
of conventional to the BIM. Thus understand of BIM can be clear and agreement to
implement BIM can be done. R2 mentioned that to solve any discrepancy during BIM
process it is better to create a forum to accommodate all the team involve. If there is
any discrepancy, the BIM Specialist can advise to solve the problem.

59
 4.6.3. Technology

Question Technology
Respondent 1 BIM Authoring
Respondent 2 Create one centre of BIM
Respondent 3
Respondent 4
Respondent 5

R1 recommend to do BIM authoring among the consultants. This is because BIM

authoring enable the consultant to choose the best software that will suit with their work
field. R2 recommend that every companies must have one centre of BIM and everyone
can view and refer to that centre when it comes to BIM implementation.

4.6.4. Policy

Question Policy
Respondent 1 Aware of BIM requirement
Respondent 2 Make a latest checklist
Respondent 3
Respondent 4
Respondent 5

R1 mentioned that policy must be clear before implement the BIM. This is because the
contract must mention the requirement of BIM hence that the roles and responsibilities
can be clear. R2 stated that it is important for a Document Contract Person to make a
latest checklist of revised drawing so that BIM Consultants can prioritise the latest
drawing to be review. Document Contract Person also need to verify all the revise
drawing with qualified consultant and make documented.

4.7. Summary

60