TBH Final 23102018 PDF

TELECOM HAND BOOK
The Material Presented in this IRISET Notes is

for guidance only. It does not over rule or alter
any of the Provisions contained in Manuals or
Railway Board’s directives.
INDIAN RAILWAYS INSTITUTE OF SIGNAL ENGINEERING &

TELECOMMUNICATIONS, SECUNDERABAD - 500 017
issued in November 2018

TELECOM HAND BOOK
S.No Chapter Page No
1. Telecom General 1
2. Radio Propagation 6
3. Measuring Instruments 12
4. Telecom Cables 23
5. Public Address System 32
6. Passenger Information System 38
7. Power Supply Arrangements 47
8. Earthing and Surge Protection 55
9. Train Traffic Control 63
10. Telephone Exchanges 69
11. PDH Principles 84
12. PDH Equipment 87
13. OFC Systems 93
14. SDH Principles 101
15. SDH Equipment 104
16. Mobile Communication 114
17. Data Communication & Networking 119
18. Data Networks of IR 134
Compiled by Telecom Faculty of IRISET

DTP K.Srinivas, JE (D)
No. of Pages 140
Date of Issue November 2018
Version No. 1.0
© IRISET
“This is the Intellectual property for exclusive use of Indian Railways. No part
of this publication may be stored in a retrieval system, transmitted or
reproduced in any way, including but not limited to photo copy, photograph,
magnetic, optical or other record without the prior agreement and written
permission of IRISET, Secunderabad, India”
http://www.iriset.indianrailways.gov.in
Telecom General
CHAPTER 1: TELECOM GENERAL (TB1)
1.1 Organization of S&T
Zonal Level
PCSTE CAOR
CSE CCE CSTE/Plg CSTE/Proj CSTE/Con
Dy CSTE/Sig Dy CSTE/Tele Dy CSTE/Plg Dy CSTE/Proj Dy CSTE/Con
SSTE/Sig SSTE/Tele SSTE/Plg SSTE/Proj SSTE/Con
SSE/Sig SSE/Tele SSE/Plg SSE/Proj SSE/Con
Divisional Level
Sr DSTE
DSTE/Sig DSTE/Tele DSTE/Works
SSE/Drg SSE/Sig SSE/Tele SSE/Works
Sub Division Section (Field Units)
ADSTE ADSTE ADSTE
SSE/Sig SSE/Tele SSE/Sig SSE/Tele SSE/Sig SSE/Tele
JE/Sig JE/Tele JE/Sig JE/Tele JE/Sig JE/Tele
Tech/Sig Tech/Tele Tech/Sig Tech/Tele Tech/Sig Tech/Tele
Helper Helper Helper Helper Helper Helper
IRISET 1 Telecom Hand Book

Telecom General
IRISET - SECUNDERABAD
DIRECTOR
Sr. Professor(Sig.) Sr. Professor(Trg.) Sr. Professor(Tele)

Dean
(SPS) (SP Trg.) (SPT)
Prof. (Admin.) Prof.(Sig.-1) Prof. (Sig.-2) Prof. (Tele)

(PS1) (PS2) (PT)
Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof. (Trg.) Asst. Prof. (Tele)

(Sig.) (APS) (AP Trg.) (APT)
Lecturer - 1 Lecturer - 2 Lecturer - 1 Lecturer - 2

(Sig.)(LS1) (Sig.)(LS2) (Tele)(LT1) (Tele)(LT2)
1.2 Important organizations in Telecommunications

International Telecommunication Union
ITU-T (CCITT)
Telecommunication sector
ITU-R (CCIR)
Radio communication sector
ITU-D
Development Sector
TEC Telecommunication Engineering Center
RDSO Research Designs and Standards Organization
TCSC Telecommunications Standards Committee
Power and Telecommunication Co-ordination
PTCC
Committee
WPC Wireless Planning & Co-ordination Committee
Standing Advisory Committee on Radio Frequency
SACFA
Allocations
ISO International Organization for Standardization
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
ETSI European Telecommunication Standards Institute
ANSI American National Standards Institute
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers

Telecom General
1.3 Telecom system in Indian Railways
a) Train Traffic Operating ckts(Block, IBS, LC gate ph, BPAC etc.)
b) Train Traffic Safety Communication (VHF, MTRC, TCAS)
c) Train Traffic Communication (Sec. Control, TPC, RC, TLC, ENGG,
Hotline, Rly auto phone)
d) Data Circuits (UTS, PRS, FOIS, RAILNET, Data Loggers)
e) Telephone Exchange (C-DOT, ISDN, VoIP)
f) Passenger Amenities (PA system, TIBs, CIBs, POET, DTES-
Touch Screen, FRBS, BSNL phone)
g) Passenger Safety System (Surveillance System & Integrated
Security System - ISS)
h) Accident site Communication (ART, ARMV, V-SAT, 6Q, OFC,
VHF,CUG)
i) Alternate Communication for Train Traffic Control (BSNL Phones,
CUG, 25W VHF)
1.4 MTBF and MTTR
a) Mean Time between Failure (MTBF) is a reliability term used to
provide the amount of failures per million hours for a product.
MTBF = Total working hours/Number of failures of sub system
Total working hours of Equipment = Σ number of Equipment
provided X working hours of Equipment system
b) Mean Time To Repair (MTTR) is the time needed to repair a
failed hardware module.
MTBF should be as high as possible and MTTR should be as low
as possible.
1.5 Registers/Documentations to be maintained at Telecom
Installations
1.5.1 Exchange Indoor
a) Exchange layout plan
b) Rack layout plan for each rack with connection details
c) MDF and IDF terminal on plan
d) Installation manual for equipment
e) Software documentation
f) Operation and maintenance manual
g) Wiring diagram for power panel
h) Manual for battery chargers
i) Battery maintenance register

Telecom General
Outdoor
a) Telephone No. wise subscriber’s details
b) Subscriber wise Telephone Directory
c) Cable/Overhead layout plan
d) Subscriber premises typical wiring plan
1.5.2 OFC system
a) KM wise diagram (soft & hard copy)
b) Channel planning chart
c) E1 allocation chart
d) STM 1 equipment Test register
e) PD MUX test register
f) SMPS battery charger test register
g) Maintenance register
h) Earth measurement register
i) Fiber joint test register with RCIL
j) Installation Manual of STM1 equipment
k) Operation Manual of STM1 equipment
l) Maintenance Manual of STM1 equipment
m) Installation Manual of PD MUX
n) Operation Manual of PD MUX
o) Maintenance Manual of PD MUX
1.5.3 Quad Cable
a) KM wise Cable route diagram (soft & hard copy)
b) Quad cable allocation chart
c) Quad cable testing register
1.5.4 Data Networks (UTS/PRS/FOIS/Railnet/MIS)

a) Approved network diagram
b) Actual network diagram
c) E1 allocation for RCIL channels and details of BSNL channels
d) E1 Ring protection for RCIL/BSNL and its channel details
1.5.5 Accident communication
a) Details of EC socket
b) Zonal Railway Telephone directory
c) Zonal CUG mobile directory
d) Satellite phone directory
e) Railway Board Telephone directory
f) Disaster Management Telephone directory
g) OFC/Quad Cable route diagram
h) Train Time Table

Telecom General
1.5.6 Passenger Amenities (at Stations)

a) Approved Installation network diagram
b) Actual network diagram
c) AMC/ARC particulars
d) Inspection registers
1.5.7 Drawings/Specifications & Circulars/JPOs (Available at

Divisional HQs/ section SSE level)
a) Set of all IRS (TC) drawings
b) Set of all RDSO drawings
c) Set of all IRS (TC) Specifications
d) Set of all RDSO Specifications
e) Railway Board Circulars & JPOs
f) Set of all Zonal Circulars & JPOs
g) Jurisdiction chart of Quad cable/OFC cable maintenance staff &
Telecommunication equipment maintenance staff
1.6 The gauge of MG line is 1000 mm and BG line is 1676 mm

1.7 The efficiency of any circuit or equipment is [ (A-B)/A ] X 100
where A is total working hrs in a month
B is total working hrs lost on account of line interruptions
1.8 Emergency Communication

(EC) sockets are available at
regular intervals of 1 KM along
the Railway track to establish
communication from site to
controller
Painting of EC post should be

alternately Black & white paint with
15cm bands
Position of EC post from centre
of railway track: 4m (permitted range 2.65m to max 5.5m)
Facing of EC socket: towards Control office side
Nearest EC socket post is identified by Telephone symbol painted on
OHE mast/Decimeter post

Radio Propagation
CHAPTER 2: RADIO PROPAGATION (TB5)
8
2.1 Radio Propagation: Radio waves travel 3 X 10 meters per second
2.2 Electromagnetic Spectrum
2.3 Ionosphere Regions

D-Layer 50KM-90KM above the earth’s surface. It will disappear at night
E-Layer 110KM above the earth’s surface
F1-Layer 220KM above the earth’s surface
F2-Layer 250-350 KM above the earth’s surface
At night F1 and F2 layers make one layer. The ionization of all the layers
is maximum at day time and minimum at night
2.4 Propagation mechanism
No. Frequency Mechanism of Propagation
1 < 500KHz Surface/Ground wave
2 500KHz - 1.5MHz Surface wave for short distance
Ionosphere wave for longer distance
3 1.5MHz - 30MHz Ionosphere wave
4 > 3 0MHz Space wave/Line of sight propagation
2.5 Frequency to Wavelength Conversion: λ = c/f
where λ = the wavelength in metres,
f = frequency in Hertz
8
c = speed of radio waves (light) (3 x 10 m/s)
2.6 Radio Frequency Spectrum
VLF Very Low Frequency 3 - 30 KHz
LF Low Frequency 30 - 300 KHz
MF Medium Frequency 300 - 3000 KHz
HF High Frequency 3MHz - 30 MHz
VHF Very High Frequency 30 MHz - 300 MHz
UHF Ultra High Frequency 300 MHz - 3 GHz
SHF Super High Frequency 3 GHz - 30 GHz
EHF Extra High Frequency 30 GHz - 300 GHz

Radio Propagation
2.7 Radio Frequency bands used in Railways
No. Frequency Range Band Application
1 VHF 30MHz - 300MHz Walkie-Talkie
a) 2GHz UHF Radio links
300MHz - 3GHz b) Train Radio through leaky
2 UHF coaxial cable in tunnels
c) GSM & GSM-R
3GHz - 30GHz 7 GHz (MW)
3 SHF (MW)
18 GHz (MW)
*HF communication (3 MHz – 30MHz band) was once used in
Railways but now obsolete
2.8 GSM and GSM-R Frequency Allocation
No. Type Uplink (MS to BTS) Down link (BTS to MS)
1 GSM-900 890 - 915 MHz 935 - 960 MHz
2 GSM-1800 1710 - 1785 MHz 1805 - 1880 MHz
3 GSM-1900 1850 - 1910 MHz 1930 - 1990 MHz
4 GSM-R 876 - 915 MHz 921 - 960 MHz
2.9 FADING: Fading is variation or the attenuation of a signal with
various variable. To avoid fading, diversity technique are used. They are
2.9.1 Frequency diversity

Radio Propagation
2.9.2 Space diversity
2.10 Antenna
An antenna is basically a transducer. It converts RF electrical current
into an EM Wave of the same frequency. It forms a part of the transmitter
as well as the receiver circuit.
The simple antenna is called a Half Wave Length Dipole.
The practical length of a half wave dipole is Lm = (142.5/MHz) meters
Isotropic antenna : Radiates equal power in all directions
Actual antenna : Does not radiate power equally in all directions
Input Impedance : Typical input impedance is 50Ω
Return loss : Return Loss (in dB) = 20 log10 SWR +1
SWR -1
Bandwidth : BW = 100 × FH - FL
FC
Where FH is the highest frequency in the band, FL is the lowest
frequency in the band, and FC is the centre frequency in the band.
Different types of antennas have different bandwidth limitations.
2.10.1 Antenna Gain: Gain of an antenna provides to a signal before
transmitting to air.
For parabolic antennas used for MW link
Antenna Gain = 17.8 + 20 log (f x dia)
where f = Frequency in GHz,
dia = Diameter of MW antenna.
dBi = used to compare the gain of an antenna with respect to an
isotropic antenna
dB = A dB is a short way to express the ratio of two values. As a unit
for the strength of a signal, dB expresses the ratio between two
power levels. To be exact, dB = log (P1/P2)
dBm = It denotes an absolute power level measured in decibels w.r.t
1 mill watt (mW). dBm = 10*log (P/1 mW)
Radio Propagation
dBr = The expression dBr is used to define signal strength
at RF and AF frequencies. The symbol is an abbreviation for
"decibels relative to reference level". If the dBr figure is
positive, then the measured signal is stronger than the
reference signal. If the dBr figure is negative, then the
measured signal is weaker than the reference signal.
2.11 Omni-directional Antennas propagate in all directions.

a) Whip antenna: The gain is 5.19 dBi and about 36.8 Ω of radiation
resistance
b) Ground-plane antenna gain is 2.15 dBi
2.12 Directional and Semi directional antennas focus radiated power

into narrow beams, which increases gain. Frequently used for long
distance links.
a) Sector antenna: Sector antennas are semi-directional antenna.
Sector antennas are used extensively for cellular communication.

Radio Propagation
b) Yagi antenna: Yagi antennas have beam width in the range of
30-80° and can provide excess of 10 dBi passive gain.
c) Gain of Parabolic antenna (7GHz band)

2
No. Antenna Type Gain of antenna 6 (D/I)
1 Fibre Antenna 17db formula not applicable
2 2.4m dia metal antenna 43db
3 3m dia metal antenna 45 db
4 3.3 dia metal antenna 46 db
2.13 Antenna Applications

VHF
- for fixed stations : Dipoles for Omni-bus
- for fixed stations : Yagi for directional
- for mobile sets : Whip antenna
UHF
- for fixed stations : Yagi, Grid
- for mobile sets (Train radio) : Whip antenna
- for GSM – BTS : Sectorized antenna
- for GSM Mobile sets : Whip antenna
MW
- for fixed stations : Parabolic Dish antenna
: Beam reflectors
: Passive reflectors
Radio Propagation
2.14 Link budget of MW link
Radio Link
This is a calculation with all the possible losses in the system and
subtracting the losses from the line of sight to give an estimated value of
your likely link performance
FM = Srx+ Ptx + Gtx + FSL + Grx - CL
FM = Fade Margin
Srx = Sensitivity of the receiver (dBm) (using + dBm instead of – dBm)
Ptx = Transmitter RF output power (dBm)
Gtx = TX Antenna Gain (dB)
FSL = Free Space Loss (dB) = 32.4 + 20 Log f + 20 log d
f = Frequency of Radio equipment
d = Diameter of Antenna
Grx = Receiver (RX) Antenna Gain (dB)
CL = Cable/Connector Loss (dB)

Measuring Instruments
CHAPTER 3: MEASURING INSTRUMENTS (TB6)
3.1 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

Measuring instrument is commonly used to describe a measurement
system to provide Information about the physical value of some variable
being measured.
3.2 Types of Measuring Instruments

• Indicating
• Integrating
• Recording
3.3 An analog instrument gives an output that varies continuously as
the quantity being measured changes. The output can have an infinite
number of values within the range that the instrument is designed to
measure.
3.4 A digital instrument has an output that varies in discrete steps and
so can only have a finite number of values.
The instruments which are most commonly used in telecommunication
systems are Voltmeter, Ammeter and an Ohm meter.
3.5 Digital Multimeter - Principle of Operation
Any given measurement cycle performed by the A/D converter can be

divided into three consecutive time periods: auto zero (AZ), integrate
(INTEG) and READ. Both auto zero and integrate are fixed time periods.
A 3-1/2 digit meter reads 000-999 plus 1000 to 1999. Since this is twice
as high as a 3-digit meter can read, it is arbitrarily called a 3-1/2 digit.
A seven-segment display for this only needs the two segments that
make up a "1" to perform this function.
3.6 ESSENTIAL QUALITIES OF A GOOD METER
Sensitivity, Resolution, Range, Linearity, Precision, Repeatability,
Reproducibility, Lag and Setting time.
Errors during the measurement process Systematic errors and
Random errors.
Some of the measuring units related to telecommunication
systems:
Decibel: It is often used to express power or amplitudes in logarithmic
ratios (gains), in preference to arithmetic ratios or percentages. One
advantage is that the total decibel gain of a series of components (such
as amplifiers and attenuators) can be calculated simply by summing the
decibel gains of the individual components.
Absolute measurements of Power

dBm or dBmW : It refers to dB(1 mW) ie., power measurement relative
to 1 milliwatt. x dBm = x dBW + 30.
dBW
dB(1 W) – similar to dBm, except the reference level is 1 watt.
0 dBW = +30 dBm; -30 dBW = 0 dBm; .001m W = -30 dbm
3.7 OUTDOOR (FIELD) MEASURING INSTRUMENTS
Various types of measurements which are carried out periodically on
telecom systems are
i. Insulation Resistance
ii. Loop Resistance
iii. Route tracing
iv. Fault locating
v. Earth Resistance
vi. Transmission Loss
3.8 GENERAL TYPES OF CABLE FAULTS
a. Earth fault: When the insulation between the earth and the
conductor in the cable becomes very low.
b. Low insulation fault: When the insulation between conductors in the
cable or between the pairs or between pair and earth falls below a
prescribed limit (normally 0.5MΩ).
c. Disconnection Fault: When the Conductor is cut or has become
open, then it is called break fault or High Resistance fault.
d. Short Circuit Fault: When the resistance between the wires or
between the pair of conductors becomes very low even without any
loop in the circuit.
e. Foreign potential: The existence of potential, even when the circuit
is idle or isolated.
3.9 MEGGER: The megger is a portable instrument used to measure
insulation resistance of cables and/or overhead lines. Meggers are
available in 100V DC, 500V DC ranges.
Insulation resistance more than 5000K ohm (5 Mega Ω) for a particular

pair is considered GOOD.
Insulation resistance less than 2000K ohm (2 Mega Ω) for a particular
pair is considered FAULTY.
3.10 CABLE ROUTE TRACER: It is used for tracing the path or route of
underground telecommunication cables and is useful for utility mapping
i.e preparing maps & to provide ready reference during emergencies.
3.11 CABLE FAULT LOCATOR is used to locate various kinds of faults

in UG copper cables and can measure the distance upto fault using
pulse reflection principle. They are of Pulse Echo Method and Time
Domain Reflectometry (TDR). Using a cable fault locator, it is possible.
• To locate low insulation faults
• To detect open and short faults (distance of fault)
• For measuring insulation resistance
• For measuring foreign voltage on cables
3.12 DIGITAL EARTH RESISTANCE TESTER is direct replacement of
the conventional hand generator type universal earth tester. It is
basically an Ohm meter designed for measurement of the resistance of
earthing used in electrical equipment as well as for measurement of
ground resistivity.
Measurement of effective earth resistance of earth electrodes
Current
C1&P1
Voltage

The value of earth resistance as per RDSO standards is less than 1 Ω
for screened cables and digital systems.
3.12 Transmission Measuring Set (TMS) is an accurate instrument
with two in one facility of frequency Oscillator & Level meter which
operate independently & hence can be used separately or can be
combined to form a Voice Frequency level test set which is used for
measurements on communication lines and monitoring of
communication facility. They are used for following measurements.
1. Signal Levels 2. Insertion Loss

3. Transmission Loss 4. Return Loss
3.13 PSOPHOMETER is an instrument that measures the

perceptible noise of a telephone circuit. The core of the meter is based
on a true RMS Voltmeter which measures the level of the noise signal.
As the human-perceived level of noise is more important for telephony
than their raw voltage, a modern Psophometer incorporates a Weighting
network to represent this perception.
Psophometer is basically used to measure interfering effect of noise in

telephone equipments caused by amplifier noise, fundamental and
harmonic frequencies of AC line supply as well as by intelligible or
unintelligible cross talk from neighboring lines. Pshophometric noise
measurement is done by passing the subjected telephone ckt. output
through a very carefully shaped (designed) frequency selective filter so
that noise measurements could be taken and referred to as
"a Psopometricaly weighted noise measurement". The equivalent
Pshophometric noise voltage in voice circuit should be <2 mili volts.

As per ITU standard, the pshophometric weighted noise should be

within the limit of 2 mili Volt.
3.14 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS USED IN OFC

Typical Fiber Optic Field Measurements: We require measurements
on OFC links for
a) Equipment output power
b) Link insertion loss
c) Finding out length of OFC cable
d) Link fault - locating
The instruments which are used are
1. Visual Fault Locator 2. Optical Power Meter 3. OTDR
3.15 VISUAL FAULT LOCATOR: Visual fault locator (also called laser
fault locator) is a handheld device using 650nm or 635nm visible Laser
source that emits a beam of laser light into a fiber, allowing the user to
visually detect a fiber fault for upto 5 KM. They are designed to locate
the following faults.
1. To locate breaks
2. To locate macro bends
3. To locate fault in connectors
4. To find end to end identification
3.16 OPTICAL POWER METER: It is used for optical power
measurement.

Laser/LED Light Source: Fiber Light source is used along with the fiber
optic Power meters to measure attenuation or loss.
POWER METER: An optical power meter (OPM) is a device used to

measure the energy in an optical signal. The term usually refers to a
device for testing average power in fiber optic systems.
3.17 OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER (OTDR)
OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) It is used to measure

attenuation of a whole Optic Fiber chain and provide attenuation details
caused by splicing, connectors and bending whose transmission loss
can be measured.
Its non-destructive one-end connection and rapid measurement has

made the OTDR an indispensable tool for maintenance of optic fiber.
The following measurements can be carried out with OTDR:
• Fiber Attenuation Characteristics (dB/KM)
• Insertion Loss (Connector)
• Splice loss
• End to End Loss Measurements (Link loss)
• Break point (fiber break)
3.18 OTDR Setup

OTDRs have four basic setup requirements
• Range/Resolution. Distance range will be typically 18, 36, 72,144 KM.
• Wavelength (1310 nm or 1550nm)
• Pulse Width
• Index of Refraction
Range is the selection of distance of fiber to be tested in the horizontal

axis (X - axis) of the trace will be in KM/full scale.
Wavelength: The selected wavelength will be displayed on LCD screen.
Pulse Width is the width of the optical pulse from the OTDR reflected in
a time frame. Pulse width will be expressed in μ seconds.
Index of Refraction enables the refractive index of the optical fiber to be

set. The index range will be 1.4000 to 1.5999 in 0.0001 steps.

3.19 ANALYZERS
An analyzer is a device that analyses given data. It examines in detail
the structure of the given data and tries to find patterns and relationships
between parts of the data. An analyser can be a piece of hardware or a
software program running on a computer.
These are classified as Spectrum Analyzers and Network Analyzers.

Spectrum Analyzer is a device used to examine the spectral
composition of some electrical, acoustic or optical waveform. It may also
measure the power spectrum. A spectrum analyzer displays signal
amplitude (strength) which varies with frequency and time. It also
determines whether a wireless transmitter is working according to
defined standards for purity of emissions.
A spectrum analyzer can also be used to determine the bandwidth of a

digital or analog signal, because its analysis is frequency domain based.
The frequency appears on the horizontal axis and the amplitude is
displayed on the vertical axis.
A Network Analyzer (RF) is an instrument used to analyze the

properties of electrical networks, especially those properties associated
with the reflection and transmission of electrical signals known as
scattering parameters (S-parameters).
A Network Analyzer (used for data communications) is also called as

a protocol analyzer or packet analyzer. It is a combination of hardware
and programming or in some cases a standalone hardware device that
can be installed in a computer or network to enhance protection against
malicious activity. It can intercept and log traffic passing over a digital
network or part of a network. Network analyzers can supplement
firewalls, antivirus programs and spyware detection and the sniffer
captures each packet and if needed decodes and analyzes its programs.
3.20 BASIC INSTRUMENT ARCHITECTURE AND OPERATION

In order to understand the network analyzer, it is useful to have a basic
understanding of how they work. The architecture of a LAN analyzer or a
WAN analyzer is virtually identical.

3.21 Applications and Use

In data communication, there is often need to observe and analyze and
monitor the following
• Monitor LAN/WAN bandwidth utilization as a function of time.

• Monitor network usage (including internal, external users and
systems). Serve as primary data source for day-to-day network
monitoring and management
• Debug network protocol implementations
• Verify internal control system effectiveness. (firewalls, access control,
Web filter, Spam filter, proxy)
• Provide detailed statistics of recent activity on the network.
• Configure alarms for defined threats and search for specific data
strings in packets
• Create application-specific plug-ins and display all statistics on a
user-friendly control panel.
3.22 SDH/PDH Transmission Analyzer

The transmission analyzer is a graphic SDH/PDH measuring instrument
designed for field use in analysis and maintenance of SDH/PDH lines to
ensure quality connections across the entire access network. It meets
ITU-T standards by performing BER, Jitter and Wander measurements.
It incorporates the most popular and advanced features for testing PDH
(2, 34 & 139 Mbit/s), T-carrier (1.5 and 45 Mbit/s) and SDH networks
(52, 155, 622 Mbit/s and 2.5Gbit/s). The transmission analyzer has optic
and electric port to evaluate and analyse the result according to ITU-
TG.821, G.826, G.828, G.829, M.2100 and M.2101. It supports both in-
service and out-of-service test applications.

3.23 In-service measurements (ISM): They are based on checking of
errors in fixed bit or allowed patterns during the flow of data from the
user (real traffic), as well as in the calculation of parity in pre-defined
data blocks, parity bit or line code violations, FAS or CRC errors. These
measurements allow us to monitor the long term behaviour of the
network and carryout preventive maintenance. DUT is Device Under
Test
3.24 Out of service measurements (OOS): are made by substituting

real traffic in a network for a known test pattern, usually a Pseudo
Random Bit Sequence generator. The correct reception of which is
checked in the distant end of the communication. These tests disrupt the
traffic, but in turn they provide exact quality measurements, since the
received signal is verified bit-by-bit against the transmitted test pattern.
Today’s analyzers come with a pre-installed demo version of test

sequencer tool, which belongs to the CATS (CVI Application Test
Sequences) family. CATS is a test automation software based on the
popular National Instruments product “Lab Windows CVI Test
Executive”, and it may be used to make routine, consecutive test jobs as
easy as the click of a mouse button in R&D, Acceptance Testing,
Installation and troubleshooting.

Telecom Cables
CHAPTER 4: TELECOM CABLES (TC1)
4.1 The four primary elements of cable

are
R = Series Resistance
L = Series Self inductance
C = Shunt capacitance
G = Shunt conductance [Leakage]
These four quantities per unit length of a pair of telephone lines are
called primary elements of the lines and condition for distortion less
condition of a transmission line is RC = LG
4.2 Core: Everything inside the sheath of the cable.
4.3 Pair: Two wires forming a single circuit, held together by twisting,
binding in common jacket.
4.4 Quad: A structured unit employed in cable. A quad consists of four
separately insulated conductors twisted together. Two Pairs have
twisted on it’s own axis.
4.5 Unit: It is made up of number of pairs stranded together in layers.
4.6 Marker Pair/Quad: The conductors having different markings on
their insulation to distinguish them from other conductors. The
counting and numbering of a pair/quad of a layer commences from
the marker pair/quad.
4.7 Paper-Insulated Cable: Cable in whom the conductors are insulated
with a paper ribbon. Either spirally or longitudinally is applied.
4.8 Plastic-Insulated Cable: Cable in which the conductors are insulated
with Plastics, such as polyethylene and polypropylene.
4.9 Insulated: A non-conducting material that can offer high resistance,
for separation from other conducting surfaces to passage of current.
4.10 Interference: Any electrical or electromagnetic disturbance, man-
made or natural, which causes or can cause undesirable response.
4.11Jacket: It is usually the outer component of a composite sheath
which covers the cable.
4.12 Di-electric: Any material used in a cable that will insulate one
conductor from another or from shield.
4.13 Di-electric Strength: The maximum voltage that a dielectric can
withstand without rupturing. Also called as “breakdown strength”.
4.14 Phantom Circuit: A superimposed circuit derived from two suitably
arranged pairs of wires called side circuits. Each pair of wires is a
circuit itself and at the same time, acts as one conductor of the
phantom circuit.
4.15 Twisted Pair: A cable composed of two small-insulated conductors
twisted together without a common covering.

Telecom Cables
4.16 Cable: An assembly of one or more insulated conductors or optical
fibers or combination of both, within an enveloping jacket.
4.17 Unit-type Cable: A cable in which the pairs are first formed into
bound units and then the units are formed together to make the
complete cable.
4.18 Moisture Barrier: In a cable, the material, usually in the form of an
axially laid aluminum foil/polyethylene laminated film is placed
immediately inside the sheath. Generally called as Poly Aluminum
laminated moisture barrier.
4.19 Filling Compound (Jelly): It is a water resistance compound. The
cable core shall be fully filled with jelly and used in joints also.
4.20 Sheath: A protective covering made of metals or plastics over the
cable core.
4.21 Types of Paired Cables
Switchboard cables Underground PIJF cables
PVC Twin flat 2 core 0.5 mm
10 pair-0.4/0.5/0.63mm
10 pair-0.4/0.5/0.63mm (dia. of conductor)
(dia. of conductor)
20 pair-0.4/0.5/0.63mm
(dia. of conductor)
50 pair-0.4/0.5/0.63mm
(dia. of conductor)
100 pair-0.4/0.5/0.63mm
100 pair-0.5/0.63mm (dia. of conductor)
(dia. of conductor)
used for Indoor extension used for outdoor extension
TEC Spec. no:
RDSO Spec. no: IRS:TC 41/97 (Amd. 2)
GR/WIR/06/03 of March 2002
4.23 The colour of PVC insulation for twisted pairs copper cable is:
Pair No. Lead A Lead B Pair No. Lead A Lead B

1 Blue White 11 Blue Black
2 Orange White 12 Orange Black
3 Green White 13 Green Black
4 Brown White 14 Brown Black
5 Grey White 15 Grey Black
6 Blue Red 16 Blue Yellow
7 Orange Red 17 Orange Yellow
8 Green Red 18 Green Yellow
9 Brown Red 19 Brown Yellow
10 Grey Red 20 Grey Yellow
Telecom Cables
Standard colour code of Paired Cables at a glance
Main/Mate White Red Black Yellow
Blue 1 6 11 16
Orange 2 7 12 17
Green 3 8 13 18
Brown 4 9 14 19
Grey 5 10 15 20
5 pair make one Unit. In this way in a 20 pair cable, 4 units of 5 pair
exists.
In a 50 pair cable, 5 units of 10 pairs and in a 100 pair cable, 5 units of
20 pair exists.
Diﬀerent colour of binding tape are used for identifying as given below.
Unit no. 1 2 3 4 5
Binder Colour Blue Orange Green Brown Grey
4.24 Standard make of Switch Board Cables: They are of Delton,

Reliance, Finolex, Havells cables etc. and its technical data are as
follows.
Parameter Construction Technical Data
Solid Annealed Tinned
Copper in 0.4, 0.5 & Conductor dia (mm) 0.4 0.5 0.6
Conductor 0.6 mm sizes
Max. loop Res @ 20°C (Ω/KM) 286 184 128
Polyethylene. Pairs Min. Insulation
Insulation are colour coded as Resistance at 50 50 50
per specification 50°C/KM. MΩ/KM
Capacitance in pF (pair to pair)
For 200 meter length 230 230 230
Unbalance at 800/1000Hz
Assembly Pairs/units to laid upto form a round and compact cable.
Non-Hygroscopic polyester tape with minimum 15%
Core Wrap
overlap of width of the tape.
If required, shall be of Aluminium tape. The Al tape of min.
Screening
0.04mm thickness and a drain wire of solid tinned copper
(Optional)
of 0.125 sq.mm shall be laid parallel touching the Al.
Aluminium
surface throughout the length.
PVC Sheath Extruded PVC type. It will be in Grey Colour.
A non-metallic suitable Nylon thread shall be longitudinally
Rip Cord
placed under the sheath for the removal of sheath.
Length Standard lengths of packing : 100 mtrs / 500 mtrs. + 5%
Telecom Cables
4.25 Double Drop wire/Twin Flat Wire (IS 434-Part-1/1964)
This wire is used to extend one Telephone connection from outside
distribution box to inside the house upto the Telephone instrument. It is
available in copper conductor of 0.5mm. The standard lengths of the
cable coil are of 100 mtrs., 200 mtrs. and 500 mtrs.
4.26 Field Service (FS) Cable/D8 Cable (IS-694-Part/1964)

During emergencies like Railway accidents, Floods, Cyclones, etc., this
cable is extensively used to provide temporary connections for the
telephones as per requirement. This is single core twin twisted of size
7/0.375mm. Out of 7 strands three strands are steel and four strands are
copper with single PVC core. This is available in 500Mtrs. and 1KM drum
lengths. Steel strands will provide additional mechanical strength.
4.27 Data communication Cables

i. UTP : Unshielded Twisted Pair
ii. STP : Shielded Twisted Pair
4.28 Technical Data of PIJF paired cables
0.51 mm dia 0.63 mm dia

Parameter
conductor conductor
Conductor resistance (20° C) 92 Ω/KM 64 Ω/KM
Loop Resistance of pair(20° C) 184 Ω/L. KM 128 Ω/L. KM
Insulation resistance (500V
5000 M Ω/KM 5000 M Ω/KM
Megger)
Mutual Capacitance (800 Hz) 52 nF/KM 50 nF/KM
Operating Voltage 300 V 300 V
Attenuation at 800/150 KHz 0.4 / 8.25 dB/KM 0.4/6.3 dB/KM
Min. Bending radius 15 X Cable diameter 15 X Cable diameter
Weight 1.83 Kg/KM 2.81 Kg/KM
Upto 5 KM for Sub. 5 to 10 KM for Sub.
Application
loop loop

Telecom Cables
4. 29 Marking on PIJF U/G Cable
To enable proper identification of the cable, the following marking at
regular intervals of 1 meter throughout the length of cable is printed in
white or yellow colour.
a) Name/Trade mark of the manufacturer
b) IRS Specification number
c) Year of manufacture
d) Length (Sequential marking)
e) Cable drum number
f) No. of pairs/conductor size (ex: 20 pairs/0.63mm)
4.30 Construction of PIJF paired cable
A : Polythene Outer jacket B : Galvanized Steel Tape

C : Polythene Tape D : Polythene Inner sheath
E : Poly-Al-Laminated Tape F : Core wrapping (Polyester) tape
G : Polythene Insulated Copper Conductor
4.31 Construction of PIJF Quad cable
1. Conductor 2. Petroleum jelly 3. Dummy tube

4. Binder 5. Polyester tape 6. Poly aluminum tape
7. PVC inner jacket 8. Aluminum wire/tape screen
9. Woven tape (yellow colour) 10. PVC intermediate jacket
11. G.I. Steel armour 12. PVC outer jacket

Telecom Cables
4.32 General specification of 4/6 Quad cable
General 0.9 mm dia 1.4 mm dia

S.No.
Specifications conductor conductor
Characteristic
470 Ω (Unloaded) 310 Ω (Unloaded)
1 impedance
1120 Ω (Loaded)
at 800 Hz
2 Max. Loop Resistance 56 Ω/KM 23.2 Ω/KM
Insulation resistance
of the PET Quad
3 >100 MΩ/KM >100 MΩ/KM
measured with 100V
DC Megger
0.63 dB/KM.
Transmission loss in (Unloaded) 0.3 dB/KM.
4
VF range 0.25 dB/KM. (Unloaded)
(Loaded)
IRS:TC: 30/2005 RDSO/SPN/TC/72-
5 RDSO spec.
ver.2 07
4.33 Specifications of 6 Quad Cable RDSO spec. no: IRS-TC 30/2005
Ver. 2. (w.e.f : 1-1-2006)
Loop resistance 56Ω/L.KM

Transmission loss: 0.25dB/L.KM(loaded),
0.63dB/L.KM (unloaded)
Impedance 470 Ω (unloaded) / 1120 Ω
(loaded)
Insulation resistance >100MΩ/KM with100V
megger
Conductor diameter nominal 0.9 mm
Minimum dia of insulated conductor 1.5 mm
Thickness of PVC outer sheath 2 mm
Thickness of G.I. Armour tape 0.8 mm
Thickness of PVC intermediate 1 mm
sheath(Grey colour)
Thickness of inner PVC sheath 2 mm
Thickness of Aluminum tape 0.2 mm ± 10%
Aluminum wire screen dia of each wire 1.4 mm
Mutual Capacitance of the pair 50 pF/KM
* Cable armour, Al screen and poly Al moisture barrier are to be
connected to earth resistance value of < 1Ω.
Telecom Cables
4.34 Colour code scheme of conductor insulation of 4/6-Quad cable
Colour of conductor insulation Colour scheme
Quad
of the quad
No A-Wire B-Wire C-Wire D-Wire whipping
Quad 1 Orange White Red Grey Orange
Quad 2 Blue White Red Grey Blue
Quad 3 Brown White Red Grey Brown
Quad 4 Green White Red Grey Green
Quad 5 Yellow White Red Grey Yellow
Quad 6 Black White Red Grey Black
4.35 Tentative Quad allocation of a 6 Quad Cable, when laid along with
OFC or without OFC is as under:
a) 6 quad cable with OFC b) 6 quad cable without OFC
Name of the Name of the

Quad No Quad No
circuits circuits
1 Block Circuit 1 Block Circuit
2 Spare 2 Section Control
Emergency Emergency
3 3
Control Control
4/1 LC gate telephone 4/1 BPAC
4/2 BPAC 4/2 LC gate telephone
5 BPAC 5 BPAC
6 TAWS 6 TAWS
4.36 Status of 6 Quad Cable System used in various Railways

a. Conventional 6-quad cable system with loading, balancing
and VF repeaters at regular intervals of 40-50 KMs.
b. Equalizer Amplifier System at all stations with unloaded
6-Q cable.
4.37 Rlys are presently following laying of 6-Q cable with OFC only.
Apart from 0.9mm dia conductor, 1.4mm dia copper conductor PIJF
quad cable also has been introduced in Indian Railways by RDSO
under specification no: RDSO/SPN/TC/72/07 for long distance
(> 25 KM) Block sections.

Telecom Cables
4.39 Guidelines for use of OFC & 6-quad cable on various routes in
Indian Railways.
On A,B,C,D & D Special routes, 24Fibre OFC(RDSO spec
IRS.TC.55 or latest) with 6-Quad cable(RDSO spec.
IRS.TC30/2005 or latest) will be laid in same trench.
4.40 Difference between PIJF underground Paired and Quad Cables
S. PIJF telephone Pair Cable PIJF Telecom Quad Cable
No IRS-TC: 41/97 IRS-TC: 30/2005
Conductors are available in Conductors are available in the
1
the form of Pairs. Twin twisted form of Quads. Twin Twisted pairs
Available in 10/20/50/100
2 Available in 4/6 quads
pairs
3 Dia of conductor 0.5/0.6 mm Dia of conductors : 0.9/1.4 mm
Characteristic Impedance of the
Characteristic Impedance of pair in the quad:
4
the pair : 600 Ω 470Ω(0.9mm dia)/310Ω(1.4mm
dia)
Induced Voltage reduction Induced Voltage reduction done in
5 done in two stages by three stages by earthing Al foil,
earthing Al foil & armour Aluminum screen & armour.
used for short distance phone/ used for long distance Signalling
6 Data ckts in Rly stn area as and Telecom safety circuits
last mile connectivity. between two Block stations.
Loop Resistance of the pair is Transmission loss in pair of quad
7
important criteria. is important criteria.
Jointing is in the form of Straight
Jointing is in the form of
9 Through/ Derivation/Transformer/
Straight Through Joints.
Condenser/Loading Coil Joints
Thermo Shrinkable Jointing Reinforced Thermo Shrinkable
Kits used for different size of Jointing Kits used for 4/6
10
cables as per RDSO spec. underground Quad Cable as per
no: RDS0/SPN/TC/57/2006 RDSO spec. no: IRS:TC:77/2012
Terminated in Krone/Wago Terminated in 10 Pair/20 Pair
11
type modules & terminal strips CTBs and Wago type modules
Generally used by all Telecom exclusively designed for Indian
12
Service providers. Railways S&T applications

Telecom Cables
Mandatory Check & Tests to be done before commissioning of
BPAC/SSDAC/MSDAC applications on 4/6 Quad/ PIJF cables (RDSO lr
no. STS/E/SSDAC/SPN/177 dt. 28/30.08.2006)
a) Conduction test : 56 ohms/loop km
b) Insulation Resistance : > 10 M Ohms.
c) Transmission loss test. : At 2 KHz/600ohms Transmission
loss will be 1.2 dB/Km and it shall not be more than
30 db for full length of Quad Cable
d) Near end Crosstalk at 155 KHz : shall be better than -55 dB
e) Far End Crosstalk at 155 KHz : shall be better than -55 dB
f) Psophometric Noise : shall not be more than 2 mV
g) Continuity of Armour : shall be ensured
h) Earth Resistance at Armour : shall be less than 1 Ohm
Schedule of Testing & Measurements in Quad Cable
1 Checking Attenuation Monthly
2 Loop Resistance Test Monthly
3 Checking Cross Talk Level Quarterly
4 Checking Noise Level Quarterly
5 Insulation Resistance Test Yearly
Schedule of Quad Cable Inspections
1 Monthly schedules JE/SSE (T)
2 Quarterly & Yearly schedules Section incharge SSE/T
3 Annual inspection ADSTE / DSTE / Sr.DSTE
Impedance ratio of matching

transformer Name of the circuit where
it is used
Loaded quad cable Unloaded quad cable
For V.F. circuits (Control,
1120:1120 470:1120
EC etc)
For terminations of 2 wire
1120:600 470:600
circuits(LC, PD MUX etc)
470:1120 470:1120 For Block circuits.
Insertion loss of VF Transformer 0.6dB max.
“JPO issued by Railway Board to prevent U/G cable damages and cuts”
is in the latest Telecom circular no: 17/2013 dated 24.06.2013.
Guide lines on “Precautions for Thermoshrink Joints of Quad Cables” to

ensure correct jointing method issued by RDSO under repot no :
STT-44, March 2013.
Public Address System
CHPATER 5: PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM (TC2)
5.1 The system through which the information is disseminated to the

limited public in limited area is known as Public Address System. It
mainly consists of Microphone, Mixer, Amplifier and Loudspeakers.
5.2 Application of P.A. system in Railways:

1. Passenger amenity
2. Marshalling Yards
3. Breakdown train Emergency Equipment
4. Special functions
5. Railway Workshops
6. Conferences
5.3 Microphone: Microphone converts acoustic energy into electrical
energy. As per mode of operation these are classified into two.
(i) Pressure operated and (ii) Velocity operated.
 Pressure operated microphones are carbon, crystal, dynamic
capacitor type and velocity operated is of Ribbon microphone.
 The important specification of microphones includes Type, Sensitivity,
Frequency Response, Max. Sound Pressure level, Impedance,
Minimum load impedance, Cable and Connectors, Front to Back
Ratio and Polar Response.
 Type means whether it is a Dynamic, Ribbon, Capacitor or Crystal
microphone.
 Sensitivity is the amount of voltage generated by the microphone for
an applied sound pressure at 1 KHz. shown as mV/Microbar.
 Frequency Response is the ability to produce a proportionate output
to the sound pressure applied for the specified range of frequencies.
 Maximum Sound Pressure Level is the level that can produce a
proportional output with a total harmonic distortion limited to 1%.
 Impedance shows the Impedance offered by microphone at 1 KHz.
There are low impedance (less than 600Ω) and high impedance
(>10KΩ) microphones.

 Cables and Connectors describe the type and length of the cable with
a particular connector.
 Front to Back ratio for a unidirectional microphone is the response of
front sound to back sound. Generally it is 20 db.
 Polar response describes whether it is an Omni-directional,
Bi-directional or Uni-directional.
 Microphone connectors are 3 pin XLR type and jack type connectors.
These connectors may be of mono or stereo type. RCA type
connectors are widely used with music systems and they are for
stereo type only.
Precautions to be observed for use of microphones are given below
I. Must be handled carefully and never dropped, nor placed
where there may be metal dust.
II. As far as possible locate away from electrical equipments. Do
not run microphone leads together with power cable.
III Microphone should be located away preferably to rear of the
loudspeakers to prevent acoustic feedback 'howl'.
IV. Ribbon microphones should be placed atleast 10 feet away
from the speaker.
V. Microphones should never be mounted on a vibrating surface
like piano, amplifiers, radio, recorders, etc.
VI. Microphones must be protected from strong winds, otherwise
'roaring' noise will result.
5.4 Loud speaker: It converts electrical energy into acoustic energy.
There are two types of loudspeakers; Cone type and Horn type.
 Cone type is a direct radiator, where cone or diaphragm is directly
coupled to air.
 Horn type is an indirect radiator, where the diaphragm is coupled to
the air by means of horn.
 The most common type is the Moving Coil type loudspeaker also
known as dynamic loudspeaker.
 A system of several separate speakers mounted one above the other
in a suitable enclosure is called column speaker.
 Specifications of loudspeakers are sensitivity, broad directivity, low
distortion over the audio spectrum, smooth frequency response,
balanced response, good transient response, sufficient damping at
base resonant frequency and adequate power handling capacity.

 High fidelity (hi-fi) speakers are used to reproduce the generally
audible frequency range of 50 Hz to 12 KHz.
 A Woofer reproduces lower notes (< 2 KHz) in a musical program.
 Tweeter reproduces higher notes (2 - 20 KHz) in a musical program
 The crossover network is a frequency-dividing circuit ensures that
each drive unit is fed only with its correct frequency band. This circuit
in a two-way system directs the high frequencies to a Tweeter and
low frequencies to a Woofer.
5.5 Amplifier: It is a device which takes a low level input signal from
microphones and amplifies it to a high level output signal at the desired
output power, which will be delivered to the loud speakers.
 Amplifiers generally have a minimum of 3 microphone inputs and
maximum upto 6 no. of input devices which includes auxiliary inputs
(like tape recorder, mixer unit).
 The individual volume control knobs for each input are provided
separately.
 Bass is a control, which boosts low frequency and cuts the low
frequencies.
 Treble is a control which boosts high frequency and cuts the low
frequencies.
 Master control is the final output control of amplifier.
 For uninterrupted operation of amplifier, 12V/24V battery can be
connected. Changeover to battery operation is automatic when AC
main supply fails. When the amplifier is working on AC mains, the
battery will get charged.
 For connection of loudspeakers in Voltage matching method, three
terminal strips are provided viz, COM, 100V & 70V. The connection
must be made only one at a time i.e., either COM and 100V or COM
and 70V.
 For connection of loudspeakers in Impedance matching method, four
terminal strips are provided viz., COM, 4Ω, 8 Ω and 16Ω.
 Pre-Amp out jacks offer output for connecting tape recorder for
recording the overall program or for feeding to Aux. Input of any
amplifier for obtaining combined high-powered output.
 Line output jacks offer output for connecting to line input of a booster
amplifier or any other amplifier.
5.6 Audio mixer pre-amplifier: It accommodates more number of input
devices with individual controls. The combined output of all individual
channels will be connected to Aux. input of the main amplifier.
 The mixer has the facilities like individual Input jacks, individual gain
control, Bass, Mid and Treble controls, Echo control, PAN (Left or
Right output channels) control and Channel ON/OFF switch.
 The metal chassis of the amplifier should be earthed to avoid noise in
the output and for avoiding electrical shock to the human being.
 Acoustic defects like echo, flutter and reverberation to be identified
and corrective measures to be adopted before installation.
5.7 PA System arrangement for VIP functions:
 Generally dynamic microphones should be used due to its good

directivity pattern.
 The microphone cables should be isolated from power, loudspeaker
and telephone cables.
 The output power of the amplifying system should have a desirable
sound level of 60 to 80 dB during operation.
 Earthing should be done for all the amplifier systems properly.
 For better reproduction, column speakers should be used. The
spacing between two columns in a row should be approx 8mtrs apart.
 All the loud speakers in each group should be connected in parallel
and in phase across the output line.
 Amplifiers and Mixer should be normally operated from 230V single-
phase 50Hz AC mains supply with voltage regulating device and also
with 12/24V standby battery, which provides continuous operation
without any interruption.
5.8 Conference system provides the required sound reinforcement for

eliminating problems of poor intelligibility while controlling acoustic
feedback.
 Conference system mainly consists of Chairman unit, Secretary unit,
Delegate unit and a central Amplifier.
 Chairman unit is equipped with a lockable switch and a ring LED
indicator for speaking and also visual identification of the speaker.

 It will also have a non-lockable PRIORITY switch, which interrupts
and mutes the delegate’s unit microphones.
 Secretary unit enables proceedings to be recorded through a
cassette recorder and to take notes by the stenographer and to relay
pre-recorded messages if any, to delegates.
 Delegates units are similar to chairman unit with the exception of the
priority switch not being provided.
 Central amplifier is provided for connecting all the conference units
consisting of chairman, secretary and delegate units.
5.9 In a multiple loudspeaker system, when two or more driver units/loud

speakers are facing in the same direction and are installed in same
area, it is essential that their diaphragms/cones act in unison.
Hence, the Loudspeakers must be connected in phase with each
other which is called as Phasing of loud speakers.
Some additional points regarding PA System

 When the voice coil terminals are not marked, the simplest way of
determining the correct phasing is by doing as follows. Take 1.5V or
3V batteries (dry cell) with the polarity marking of each observed,
connect them momentarily to the voice coil of the speaker. The cones
or diaphragms should move in the same direction for correct phasing.
 Two types of loudspeaker connections are employed, Impedance
matching and Voltage matching.
 In Impedence matching system for maximum power transfer, the
effective impedance of the load should be matched with output
impedance of the amplifier.
 For the purpose of Impedance matching, the amplifier output
tappings will be given as COM, 4Ω, 8Ω and 16Ω.
 The total impedance of all the connected loudspeakers are computed
and the line should be connected to the proper tapping.
 In Voltage matching system, loudspeakers are connected to the
amplifier through a line matching transformer to either 70V or 100V
tapping.
 As the distance between amplifier and LS increases, length of the
cable increases, so the strength of the sound signal decreases.

 In such installations where the length of the cable is substantial, Line
Matching Transformers (LMT) are being used in voltage matching
method, between the output of the amplifier and each individual
speaker to be connected.
 LMT is having multiple high impedance tappings on primary side and
standard impedance tappings of COM, 4Ω, 8Ω and 16Ω on
secondary side.
 The primary side will be connected to output of amplifier to 70/100V
line and the secondary will be connected to loudspeaker.
 When transformer taps are marked directly in "watts", no mathematic
calculations are required.
 Simply choose a transformer with the correct power tap and connect
to the desired terminals.
5.10 Comparison between Impedance matching and Voltage matching:
Impedance Matching Voltage Matching

For maximum power transfer, Total wattage of speakers should
Impedence of speakers should be be less than the rated power
equal to output impedance of output of amplifier
amplifier
Used for short distance for less Used for longer distance for more
number of speakers. Preferably number of speakers. Preferably
indoor outdoor
Speakers can be connected in Speakers are connected in parallel
series, parallel or series-parallel only
combination
Cheap Costly due to use of LMTs
Impedance should be calculated No calculations required
Frequency response is best Frequency response is better

Passenger Information System
CHAPTER 6: PASSENGER INFORMATION SYSTEM (TC3)
6.1 As per Railway Board letter No.2018/LM (PA) 03/06 dated
09.04.2018, the stations are categorised into three groups; Suburban,
non-suburban and Halt stations, which is as below:
Category Proposed passenger Category Proposed passenger

of stns earning of stns earning
Non-Suburban stations Suburban Stations
NSG-1 > 500 Crore SG-1 > 25 Crore
NSG-2 > 100 Crore to < 500 SG-2 > 10 Crore to < 25
Crore Crore
NSG-3 > 20 Crore to < 100 SG-3 < 10 Crore
Crore
NSG-4 > 10 Crore to < 20 Halt Stations
Crore
NSG-5 > 1 Crore to < 10 Crore HG-1 > 50 Lakhs
NSG-6 < 1 Crore HG-2 > 5 Lakhs to < 50
Lakhs
HG-3 < 5 Lakhs
6.2 Minimum essential Telecom amenities at various stations are:
Non-Suburban Stations
NSG- NSG- NSG-
S. No. Amenities NSG-1 NSG-2 NSG-3
4 5 6
1 Clock Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
Public Address
2 System/Computer Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
based Announcement
Electronic Train
3 Yes Yes Yes -- -- --
Indication Board
Suburban and Halt Stations
SG-1 SG-2 SG-3 HG-1 HG-2 HG-3
1 Clock Yes Yes Yes Yes -- --
Public Address
2 System/Computer Yes Yes Yes -- -- --
based Announcement
Electronic Train
3 Yes Yes Yes -- -- --
Indication Board

6.3 POET: It is an interactive system which provides train/reservation
related information to the passengers at station area. This can be
operated by the passengers themselves.
 It consists of a touch screen, a controller PC card and software.
 It is connected to the PRS and NTES servers through network to
fetch the information.
6.4 Integrated Passenger Information System: RDSO specification

RDSO/SPN/TC/61/2007 Rev 1.0 specifies a system which integrates
Display boards, announcement and CCTV and named as IPIS.
 As per revision 1.0 and 2.0, the system consists of units like Control
Console Unit (CCU), Main Data Communication Hub (MDCH) and
Platform Data Communication Hub (PDCH), 8 port ethernet switch
and various types of LED display boards.
 CCU is a personal computer loaded with IPIS software and database
consists of train details and voice files for announcement.
 The MDCH/PDCH are having atleast 2 i/p ports and minimum 16 o/p
ports.
 The functions of MDCH/PDCH are:
(a) Routing of data coming from CCU to various devices
(b) Checking the correctness of data
 After getting suggestions from field, RDSO revised the specification
three times and the latest is Rev 4.0 done in the year 2015.
 As per the latest revision, the main units in the system are
Central Data Controller (CDC), Central Data Switch (CDS), Platform
Data Controller (PDC) and various types of display boards.
 The Central Data Controller (CDC) shall consist of two CPUs (PCs)
connected through a Central Data Switch (CDS) for data
synchronization.
 CDC shall be provided with voice recording and playback facility for
making live PC based announcement.
 Suitable hardware & software should be provided to acquire data /
required information of trains from automatic train information system
like train charting server, NTES, COA, etc.
 The Central Data Switch (CDS) is provided with Ethernet connectivity
for data communication between CPU of CDC and multiline display
board & Platform Data Controllers of the station.
 CDS should be 8 or 12-port Layer-3 switch with minimum 2 SFP port.
 Necessary diagnostic tools should be provided in CDC for health
monitoring of various ports of CDC.
 Data communication between Central Data Switch to Platform Data
Controller and Multiline display board should be on Ethernet using
CAT-6 or Optic Fibre cable.
 The Platform Data Controllers will drive Platform display boards and
Coach guidance display boards.
 The PDC should have one SFP port with single mode optical
interface for connecting CDC and various display boards.
 PDC should also have four serial ports for connecting Platform
Display boards/Coach Guidance Display boards.
 PDC should have provision to connect Platform Display boards and
Coach Guidance Display boards on wireless using Zig-B or sub GHz
module in license free band.
 All the ports should have LED indications for monitoring the
communication status of connected ports.
 The PDC should be IP54 environmental standard compliant to protect
it against dust, rain & other environmental hazards.
 Data transfer from CDC to PDC & all display boards except CGDB
should be on Ethernet using TCP/IP protocol and PDC to CGDB it
should be either on wired serial port (RS-485) or on wireless using
Zig B/sub GHz module.
 Fixed titles on display boards viz. train number, name, expected time,
arrival/ departure, platform number should be screen printed in capital
letters and provided on top of the cabinet of display board.
 The character size of these titles shall be minimum 6 cm height.
Colour of these characters should be preferably in white or yellow.
 The display board control cards should have inbuilt 2 MB min. non-
volatile Flash memory for storage of data.
 LEDs with uniform intensity are to be used in the display boards to
ensure that the information being displayed is with excellent contrast
& no black patches are visible. Display board should be flicker free.
 All display boards should be constructed using 16x48 LED matrix
PCB modules.
 Intensity of display board should be adjustable in manual mode and
automatic timer mode.
 UTP CAT-6 cable should be used for data communication between
System devices, where Ethernet connectivity has been provided.
 Class-D surge protection device should be provided in all display
boards and PDC for protection of data line against surge.
6.5 Parameters of Class-D surge protection device should be as under:
Max. continuous DC Voltage 13 V DC

Nominal discharge current (8/20μs) line-Ground 5 kA
Impulse limiting voltage/Let through Voltage Line-Line 40V
Impulse limiting voltage/Let through Voltage 1000 V
Nominal load current 100 mA
 Individual coach display boards should display train No &. Coach No.
alternatively like GEN, D1, S10, B1, A1, H1 in English and “अना., डी-1,
एस-10, बी1, ए-1, एच-1” etc. in Hindi.
 All display boards should be covered with U.V. stabilized
polycarbonate single sheet without any joints having minimum
thickness of 3mm for better visibility and protection against dust.
 Suitable ‘Earthing’ point should be provided for earthing the body of
display board.
 The faces of Coach Guidance Display board shall be tilted from the
vertical plane downwards. The tilt from vertical plane shall be
5° nominal.

6.6 Comparison between various revision are:
CHANGES IN REV 2.0, 3.0 AND 4.0 IN SPECIFICATION No.
RDSO/SPN/TC/61
S.No. REV 1.0 / REV 2.0 REV 3.0 REV 4.0
1 2007 / 2009 2012 2015
Control Console Unit Renamed as Central
2 -do-
(CCU) Data Controller (CDC)
Two individual One monitor, keyboard
3 Monitors, mouse and and mouse for 2 CCUs -do-
keyboards for 2 CCUs. with KVM switch.
Renamed as Central
Any type of display
Main Data Data Switch (CDS). It
boards can be
4 Communication Hub should be layer 3 switch
connected to any hub
(MDCH) with atleast two SFP
(MDCH/PDCH).
ports.
Renamed as Platform
Platform Data Data Controller (PDC).
5 Communication Hub It should be layer 2
-do-
(PDCH) switch with atleast one
SFP port.
a) i5 processor or
a. Dual core i5
equivalent or higher
processor (min. 2.6
processor
GHz) or higher
b) 8 GB RAM
b. 4GB DDR- 2 RAM.
c) 500 GB or higher
c. 250GB SATA HDD.
6 SATA HDD
d. Multi port serial card
d) Standard I/O Ports (1
(At least four serial -do-
Serial, 1 VGA and 4
communication ports)
USB)
e. Windows Xp or
e) Windows 7 or higher
Windows 7
version OS
Red colour LED were White colour LEDs to
7 -do-
used be used.
Normal LEDs and SMD type LEDs and
8 components were components are to be -do-
used. used.
MLDB, PDB and
Only MLDB and PDB
9 CGDB should be -do-
were multilingual
multilingual
Device addresses to
identify each display
Display boards are
10 board and Multicast
-do- assigned IP addresses
addresses to identify
platforms
MDCH/PDCH should Display data controllers
11 be of 8 bit -do- should be of 32 bit
microcontrollers microcontrollers
 Multi-line Display Board will show information of multiple trains at a
time, i.e. Train number, Name, time of arrival/departure, expected
time and platform number.
 It shall be placed at main entrance/ concourse of the station.
 Platform Display Board will display the details of a single train
scheduled for arrival/departure from that platform i.e. Train number,
Name, expected time of arrival/departure and platform number.
These boards should be provided at suitable places on platforms/
foot-over bridges.
 At-A-Glance Display Board will display information of the train
arriving/departing from that platform with coach composition. These
boards should be provided at suitable places on foot-over bridges.
 Coach Guidance Display Board will display the position of coaches
scheduled for arrival/departure from that platform for guidance of
passengers.
 The Mechanical dimensions of display board should be as under:
Display Board Type Maximum Physical Dimensions (mm)
4100 (L) x 600(H) x 150(D) - Single face
Multiline display board
4100 (L) x 600(H) x 200(D) - Double face
4100 (L) x 350 (H) x 150 (D) - Single face
Single line display board 4100 (L) x 350 (H) x 200 (D) - Double
face
2150 (L) x 550 (H) x 150 (D) - Single face
At-a-glance display board
2150 (L) x 550 (H) x 200 (D) - Double face
Coach guidance display bd 540(L) X 250(H) X 200(D)
6.7 True Colour Video cum Train Information System
(RDSO/SPN/TC/67/2013, Rev 3.0):
 This is also a system similar to IPIS but the only difference is we can
give different colours to the display.
 The system consists of following units/subsystems
(a) Central Data Controller (CDC), (b) Platform Data Controller
(PDC), (c) Platform Display Board (PFD), (d) Coach Guidance
Display Board (CGD), (e) Video Display Controller (VDC), (f) Indoor
Video Display Board (IVD), and (g) Outdoor Video Display Board
(OVD).
 The system should allow programming the video information to
display from a remote place through LAN/WAN.
 The Central Data Controller (CDC) comprise of two Workstations
(PCs) of reputed make with latest configurations, One 17” Colour
LCD/TFT monitor, one Central Data Switch (CDS), one passive
Keyboard-Video-Mouse (KVM) switch, Audio & Video selection
device and one speaker and microphone.
 The workstations should be pre-loaded with all the software and
services required. There shall be continuous data synchronization
between these two workstations through a LAN link.
 The Central Data Switch (CDS) shall provide Ethernet based IP data
communication between workstations of CDC and multiple video
display boards
 12-port or 24-port Layer 3 switch (as per site requirement) shall be
used as CDS.
 Layer 2 switches shall be used as repeater in case the length of the
copper cable between the CDS and field devices is more.
6.8 CCTV SURVEILLANCE SYSTEM: The surveillance system provides
security of passengers and their belongings in the station premises.
 In small and medium stations, analogue based CCTV surveillance
system is provided and in major stations IP based system is provided.
 Cameras are provided at waiting halls, reservation counters, parking
area, main entrance/exit, platforms, foot over bridges etc. of railway
station and other railway establishments as per requests of RPF.
 Analogue based CCTV Surv. system (RDSO/SPN/TC/65/2006)
mainly consists of fixed cameras, (P/T/Z: Pan/Tilt/Zoom) dome
cameras, digital video recorder, keyboard, LCD monitor, colour
monitors and video cable, power cable, twisted pair cable etc.
 IP based CCTV Surv. system (RDSO/SPN/TC/65/2016 Rev.4)
mainly consists of fixed cameras, P/T/Z dome cameras, multi channel
encoder & decoder, video management hardware & software,
network video recorder with software, hard disk arrays (RAID), key
board, LCD monitor, colour monitors, switches and associated video
cable, power cable, twisted pair cable, OFC cable, CAT-6 cable, etc.
 Advantages of IP based surveillance system are Remote
accessibility, High image quality, Event management and intelligent
video, Easy integration, Scalability, flexibility and Economic.
6.9 Specifications of P/T/Z camera:
Video Frame Rate Atleast 25 Frames Per Second
Video Resolution 704 x 576 (4 CIF), 704 x 288 (2 CIF),
352 x 288 (1 CIF)
Network Protocol RTP, Telnet, TCP, IP, UDP, HTTP, IGMP, ICMP
Video Data Rate 9.6kbps to 6Mbps per channel
Multiple alarm Atleast 4
Inputs
Network Ethernet, 10/100/1000 Base T
Connectivity

 24 port Layer-3 switch as per RDSO specification No.
RDSO/SPN/TC/83/2008 should be provided at control room. It should
support advanced routing protocols like OSPFv3 and BPG4 plus.
 8 port layer-2 switches as per RDSO specification No. RDSO/SPN/
TC/83/2008 are to be provided for connecting cameras in the field. It
should have one 10/100/1000 SFP port and 7 fast Ethernet ports.
These switches should be PoE compliant.
 The External RAID 5 storage system should have atleast
4 interfaces of FC or iSCSI across dual redundant controllers.
 Network Video Recording (NVR) Software supports recording of
MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 source simultaneously. It also supports
recording of video and audio. The NVR support triplex applications,
recording, re-play and backup simultaneously.
 The NVR records upto 100 Mbps of video and audio data. The NVR
is able to record upto 64 different video streams simultaneously. It is
accessible from any PC connected to the network.
 Video Analytics Software should support Intrusion Detection, Left
Object Detection, Overcrowding and Camera Tampering.
 Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) System should be of atleast 6
KVA, ON line, N+1 configuration and should give atleast 1 hour back
up at full load.
 The latest system for security is called Integrated Security System
(ISS) in which Under Vehicle Scanner System (UVSS), baggage
scanners and Bomb disposal items are integrated with CCTV
surveillance system.
6.10 Call centre maintained by IRCTC is single window interactive
system to provide different service information through universal no. 139.
Information on the following services is made available to the customers:
 Accommodation availability
 Reservation status
 Arrival & Departure of trains
 Fare structure
 Concessions
 Trains for different destinations
 Summer specials
 Information on passenger Amenities
 Salient features of call centre includes increased availability of
services, E-mail access, Fax on demand, Automatic announcing unit,
Call back facility on confirmation of reservation, Accident related
queries and Registration of complaints.
6.11 Clocks are provided in almost all stns to give time information to
passengers. It may be analog, digital, master-slave or Global Positioning
System (GPS) based.
 The RDSO specification for GPS based master slave clock is
RDSO/SPN/TC/62/2008 Rev 3.0
 The digital clock uses GPS receiver to receive correct time.
 The clocks have local battery backed Real Time Clock (RTC) which
will synchronized to the time information received from the GPS.
 In case of failure of GPS clock’s, local RTC time will be displayed and
as soon as the GPS is connected, the time will be updated.
6.12 The features of GPS based clocks are:
 Microprocessor controlled
 Wired/Wireless communication between master and slave clocks
 Real time clock backup for GPS reception
 Automatic synchronization of Real time clock, from GPS Receiver
 Automatic intensity control to daylight saving
 Master clock can also be optionally driven by PC software
 Manual setting of Real time clock, 12 or 24 Hr format can be possible
6.13 Connectivity:
6.14 Electronic reservation chart (ERC) is a system established at

railway stations for the convenience of passengers.
• Confirmation status of RAC/WL tickets will be displayed in the
system.
• Easy readability, Bright and clear visibility in day and night.
• Automatic display at scheduled timing.
• Charts can be transferred over network to way side stations.
• Tampering & removing of charts by the passengers is eliminated.
• Present problem of placing chart by employees is eliminated.
• Chart is stored electronically for the future reference.
• Advertisement shall be displayed in the screen if required.

Power Supply Arrangements
CHPATER - 7: POWER SUPPLY ARRANGEMENTS (TC4)
7.1 CELL convert chemical to electrical energy. Two or more cell form a
battery. Capacity of cell rated in AH(Ampere-hour). They are of two types
 Primary batteries can be used only once (chemical reactions are
irreversible). Ex: carbon zinc (1.5V). Types A(1.5V – used for
torchlights), AA(1.5V), AAA(1.5V – used for remote)
 Secondary batteries can be charged and reused (chemical reactions
are reversible). ALKALINE battery (rechargeable-1.25V) and Lead
Acid (LA) battery. Lead Acid battery have been subdivided into
Conventional Lead acid batteries(Flooded Lead Acid - FLA) & Low
Maintenance Lead Acid (LMLA) batteries.
Lead Acid battery has an efficiency of 75-85% = (Pout /Pin) x 100
7.2 LA Secondary CELL: 1. The nominal voltage of LA Secdy cell is 2V.
2. Voltage of a fully charged LA cell is 2.2V and of a fully discharged
LA cell is 1.8V.
3. The active material of positive Plate of LA Sec cell is Lead Peroxide
(Pbo2) and active material of Negative Plate is Spongy lead (Pb)
4. For increasing the current, cells are connected in Parallel and for
increasing the voltage, cells are connected in Series
5. Electrolyte of LA secondary cell is diluted Sulphuric Acid (H₂SO₄).
6. Specific Gravity(SG) of a fully charged LA cell is 1.220 and of fully
discharged LA cell is 1.180. The SG of concentrated H₂SO₄ is 1.835
7. The Specfn., of batt grade concentrated Sulphuric acid IS: 266.
8. Depth of Discharge(DOD) of a Flooded type LA cell - 70%
LMLA (Low maintenance LA) cell - 80%
VRLA (Valve regulated Lead Acid) cell - 50%
9. C (capacity of Cell) = Load current x Back up time ÷ DOD
ex: If load current is 10A and the backup time required is 10Hrs then
recommended capacity of Flooded LA Cell is = 10A x10hrs/0.7 =
142AH (nearest higher capacity of cell is 200AH)
• Current rating of Charger : Load current I + AH cap/10
10. SG of Electrolyte varies with temp.(standard is 27°C). Temperature
correction for every degree above and below 27°C, to be added or
subtracted with 0.0007 to Sp. gravity as read on the hydrometer.
11. The SG of pure water is 1.0. Specfn of Distilled water is IS: 1069
12. During preparation of electrolyte, acid must be added to electrolyte.
During mixing, temperature of electrolyte should not exceed 50˚ C.
7.3 Adv of LEAD ACID BATTERIES
 Low cost. High discharge rate capability.
 Can be maintained simply by adding distilled water
 Long proven history and hence more reliable compared to VRLA batt
7.4 VRLA cell: It is also called Sealed Lead Acid (SLA) batteries. They
are of two types AGM and GEL type. Like LA cell, +ve and –ve plates
and working principle for VRLA is same except the electrolyte in AGM
batt is completely absorbed in separators consisting of matted glass
fibers and wrapped around +ve plate. In GEL type the electrolyte is
permanently locked in a thick viscous gel state instead of liquid form.
During charge and discharge, it will convert again to similar form as that
of LA cell. However, in VRLA if pressure exceeds safety limits, safety
valve open to allow the excess gases to escape, and in doing so
regulate the pressure back to safe levels (hence "valve-regulated" in
"VRLA"). GEL type costs twice that of AGM type and has a deep
discharge resiliency and can deliver 2-3 times the cycle life of an AGM.
Railways use AGM as it can handle higher I & work in cold environments
7.5 Advantages: Maintenance-free(no water topping required)
• No special battery rooms, No corrosive fumes, Ease of installation.
Ready to use since supplied from factory in fully charged condition
Codal life of re-chargeable batt used in S&T department is 4 yrs
• DC - AC conversion is called INVERTOR Changeover time is
500msec
• DC - DC convertor is called CHOPPER or SMPS: It converts DC to
various DC voltages.
• AC - DC conv is called RECTIFIER or CHARGER. It consists of fuse,
transformer, rectifier, filter and control circuitry for constant Voltage
O/P
• AC - AC conv is called CYCLO Conv(conv. to different V & freq)
7.6 UPS is a device which stores electrical power on normal conditions
and gives back power to load when EB fails to supply power and also
processes for voltage regn. UPS is combination of inverter, rectifier and
battery unit. Changeover time 10 - 25msec. Different types are
 OFF Line UPS - which is switched ON automatically as soon as
the AC power is put off. Changeover time is < 25 msec(low cost,
high efficiency). widely used for personal computers < 0.5KVA
 ON - Line UPS - which always remains ON thru INV, irrespective of
Input AC P/S and we get pure sine wave. used for cap > 5KVA
 Line interactive UPS – which works like OFF line UPS, but always
interacts with AC line voltage. used where I/P supply vary frequently
7.7 DIESEL GENERATOR SUPPLY (Efficiency = 65%)
• It converts mechanical energy to electrical energy. Provides sinusoidal
waveform 1Ø,230V AC (3% regn) with 50hz freq ± 5% from NL to FL. It
shall be air cooled type. The capacity of generators shall be calculated
based on present load plus anticipated increase of load. Generally
10KVA, 12KVA & 15KVA rating of Generator is used by S&T dept.
7.8 Linear Regulated PSU is used in conventional chargers.
 Simple in design it has Efficiency < 50%
• More weight, big in size and less reliable
• Shall work within 160V - 270V range and its of Self-regulating type
• In auto mode of working, If current across battery terminals increases
by 8-12% of the rated current, the output voltage of the charger
automatically change to 2.4V/cell (Boost mode)
• If batteries gets fully charged and the current drawn by batteries is less
than 5% of rated current value the charger automatically changes to
2.15V/cell(Float mode) which is normal O/P V of charger
7.9 BATTERY CHARGERS
Following information to be given while procuring the SMPS power plant
a. The type of battery to be used : VRLA or Conventional Lead Acid
b. Battery capacity and number of battery bank
c. Ultimate Expandable Capacity of the Power Plant in terms of load
d. Type, Number & Configuration of SMR Modules
e. For 1-Ø, Incoming P/S range : either 90V-300V or 165V-260V
f. Whether to work as Float Rectifier-cum-Float charger(FR-FC) Mode or
Float Rectifier - Float charger cum Boost charger(FR-FC-BC) Mode
Volts Auto Mode of Working
Float Mode Boost Mode
(2.15 x No. of cells) (2.4 x No. of cells)
12 12.9 15.05 17.2 14.4 16.8 19.2
24 25.8 27.95 30.1 28.8 31.2 33.6
60 64.5 66.65 68.8 72 74.4 76.8
110 118.3 120.4 122.6 132 134.4 136.8
POWER SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
S.No. Load (Equipment & Battery Bank) (n+1) SMR Modules
1 25A to 50A (2+1) x 25A
2 50A to 100A (2+1) x 50A
3 100A to 150A (3+1) x 50A
4 150A to 200A (4+1) x 50A
7.10 Switch Mode Power Supply(SMPS)
 I/P AC volt is first rectified and filtered to produce un-regulated DC V
 Un-regulated DC volt is converted into square wave at high frequency
using transistor based circuit
 The chopper employs switch which is basically a transistor based ckt
 High frequency switching (order of 100 KHz) and a fast control over
duty cycle of switch, will produce desired voltage along with ripple
voltage of very high freq to output side
 The output from chopper is fed to a High Freq Pulse Transformer for
voltage scaling & isolation
 O/P DC is given as feedback to chopper to regulate through a Error
Amplifier & Compensating network
Block Diagram of SMPS is shown
Adv: Less weight & size. Due to high freq switching > 20 Khz., filter
becomes simple and noise due to line freq is eliminated.
• High conversion efficiency > 90% & Lower operating temperature.
Disadv: more complex circuitry. proper measures to be taken to prevent
EMI due to high freq switching
"Telecom Integrated P/S System(TIPSS)" : RDSO/SPN/TC/102-2013
• Valve Regulated LA Sealed Maintenance Free Batt IRS S : 93/96(A)
• for Low Maintenance Lead Acid Battery IRS S : 88/2004
• 12 V DC power supply unit : RDSO Specfn., IRS : TC-72/97
• 48 V DC SMPS POWER PLANT : RDSO/SPN/TL/23/99 Ver. 4.0
7.11 Transformer
• Its a Passive device. Steps up or step down Voltage and
correspondingly Current decreases during stepup and current
increases during step down of V. In other words, transfers power fm Pri
to Secdy. Rated in KVA. Having 90-95% efficiency. For maximum V in
Secondry, minimum Primary tap & maximum Secondary tap should be
used.
7.12 Solar Cells
• It is a renewable source of energy. It contains Photovoltaic cell which
converts light into electricity. Each PV cell is of 0.5V and of 2.2 A. Can
be connected in series/parallel combination for achieving desired O/P
• NO moving parts, No Maint., No fuel, No noise and hence No pollution
• Disadv: Initial cost is more. Dependant on atmosphere and hence not
reliable source of energy. Generates small amt of power, Large area
required. For night power, batteries to be provided for storage.
LIFE : between 25 to 40 years
Name of Eqpt Wkg V Rated I
25W VHF Set 12V DC 2-3 Amp
VF Repeater 12V DC 0.5 Amp
Gate ph& W/S control Ph 12V DC 100mA
STM1/4 OFC Equipment 48V DC 3 Amp
PD MUX 48V DC 2 Amp
Router 12V DC 3 Amp
Switch 12V DC 2 Amp
IPIS 230V AC 5 Amps(6 Line)
Auto Announcement system 230V AC 5 Amps
Digital Clock 230V AC 1 Amp/PF Clock
Coach Guidance 230V AC 4 Amp /PF
7.13 LOAD CALCULATION IN TELEPHONE EXCHANGE
1. For ex: C-Dot Electronic Exchange = 5 Amps,
2. OKI Electronic Exchange = 15 Amps
3. ISDN Electronic exchange = 1.5 Amps then Total Load
current = 5 + 15 + 1.5 = 21.5A
• Capacity of the battery required = 21.5 Amps x 10 Hours = 215 AH.
• As per RDSO instructions, battery should be discharged upto 50% of
its capacity to make it recharge quickly. Actual capacity of battery
required = 215 x 2 = 430 AH.
• Rating of SMR charger required to put the battery under Float charging
= C/10 x 2.5 = 430/10 x 2.5 = 107.5 A = 108 Amps. (Min)
Total Load = Voltage x Load Current = 48v x ( 21.5 + 43 ) = 5530 VA
Power Factor x Efficiency 0.8 x 0.7
Rating of Generator is 5530 VA ÷ 0.65(Efficiency) = ̴ 8.5 = 10 KVA
7.14 Precautions : 1. Wire fuses must not be used and use fuse of
proper rating (1.5 to 2 times of circuit current) should be used
2. Always go for minimum fuses & termination
3. Use circuit breaker instead of fuses, for easy replacement
4. Do not leave any terminal nuts without proper tightening
5. All terminations be soldered & provided with lugs for good conductivity
6. Do not bring naked flames into Battery room.
7. Dangerous growth of vegetation near equipments or feeder lines or
masts must not be allowed.
8. Oils, paints should not be stored near the equipments.
9. All power supply systems must be properly earthed.
10. All electrical installations shall be provided with gas type
extinguishers. Water should not be used to extinguish electrical fires.
11.Suitable protective guards shall be provided to prevent staff from
making accidental contact with dangerous voltages.
12. Tools to be insulated to protect the staff from AC induced V.
13. Where cables pass thru metallic parts, insulating bushes be provided
14. Wherever standby equipment is provided, ensure its working
15. Ensure all equipments are not working beyond their codal life
16. Ensure all telecom equipments are working within its tolerance limits

Constant Voltage charging allows full current of charger to flow into
battery until the power supply reaches its pre-set voltage. The current
will come down to a minimum value once that voltage level is reached.
The battery can be left connected to the charger until ready for use at
“float voltage”. This type is used for Normal, Float & Trickle types of
charging. Suitable for Lead Acid, but not for (Ni-MH) or (Li-ion) types.
Constant Current charging is a simple form of charging batteries, with
current level set at approx. 10% of the maximum battery rating. Charge
times are relatively long with the disadvantage that battery may overheat
if it is over-charged, leading to premature battery replacement. Generally
used for Ni-MH type of batteries. Used fr Initial & Boost type of charging
Sulphation may occur if a battery is stored for prolonged periods in a
completely discharged state. It increases internal resistance of the
battery. It can be corrected by charging very slowly (at low current) at a
higher than normal voltage.
Trickle charging means charging a fully charged battery under no-load
at a rate equal to its self-discharge rate, thus enabling battery to remain
at its fully charged level. It is done @ 2.25 to 2.30 V/cell and Current will
be approximately 1 mA/AH @ 10 Hour capacity of the battery
Float Charge (2.15 - 2.20 V/cell). In this system, battery is connected in
parallel to the charger or DC source and load. It should be maintained
slightly greater than the open circuit voltage of the battery
Boost charge is done at higher rate and for shorter duration in order to
prevent over-discharging of the battery. It is given at rate of 2.4V Cell.
Equalizing charge: Once in a while you have to overcharge the batt so
that the weaker cells are brought upto full charge. It is periodical charge
given to battery @ AH/50 to correct any inequalities of Sp.Gr. among
cells developed during service.
Initial charging : It is done with constant current charging @ (2.7 V/cell)
st
1 cycle : Charge for 80-100hrs @ 5% AH cap 2.10V@1220;
dischg @ AH/10 for 9hrs till 1.98V@1190
nd
2 cycle : Charge for 6hrs@AH/10 &reduce charging current to half &
charge@10hrs 2.16V@1220; dischg@AH/10 for 10hrs 1.90V@1170
rd
3 cycle : Final charge AH/10 @ 24hrs and putup fr use 2.02V@1200
Check voltage & Sp. Gr for every 8hrs. After initial charging, if battery is
not connected to load for every 15days, Equalising charge is given

VOLTAGE STABILIZERS : To avoid Voltage fluctuations, stabilizer is
used. Difference between Voltage Stabilizer and Voltage Regulator
Voltage Stabilizer: It is a device which is designed to deliver constant
voltage to the output without changes in incoming voltage.
Voltage Regulator: It is a device which is designed to deliver constant
voltage to the output without changes in load current.
Relay Type Voltage Stabilizers: In this type, voltage regulation is
accomplished by switching relays so as to connect one of a number of
tappings of transformer to the load. It compares output voltage with a
built-in reference voltage source. Whenever voltage rises or falls beyond
reference value, control ckt switch the corresponding relay to connect a
desired tapping to output. They are of low weight & low cost. Disadv:
slow voltage correction speed, less reliability, interruption to power path
during regulation and unable to withstand HV surges.
Servo Controlled Voltage Stabilizers: It uses servo motor to enable
voltage correction. It incorporates servo motor, auto T/R(buck-boost),
motor driver and microcontroller control circuitry. In this stabilizer, one
end of buck boost transformer primary is connected to fixed tap of auto
T/R, while other end is connected to moving arm that is controlled by
servo motor. Secondary of buck boost transformer is connected in series
with incoming supply which is nothing but stabilised output. Electronic
control circuit detects voltage dip and rise by comparing input with built-
in reference voltage source. When it finds error, it operates motor that in
turn moves the arm on auto T/R for desired voltage output. Adv are high
precision of stabilized output and high reliability. But require periodic
maintenance due to presence of motors.
Static Voltage Stabilizers: It uses power electronic converter circuit to
achieve voltage regulation. It essentially consists of buck boost
transformer, IGBT power converter (or AC-AC conv) and microcontroller.
The IGBT conv generates voltage by PWM technique, and this voltage is
supplied to primary of buck boost transformer. Whenever microprocessor
detects voltage dip, it sends PWM pulses to the IGBT converter such
that it generates the voltage which is equal to that of the deviated
amount from nominal value.
Adv: Compact in size, very fast correction speed, excellent V regn, no
maintenance due to absence of moving parts, high efficiency & reliability.

Earthing & Surge Protection System
CHAPTER 8: EARTHING & SURGE PROTECTION SYSTEM (TC5)
8.1 Surge is a transient which occurs sudden, due to which the

magnitude of Voltage and Current increases several times of normal
value, resulting in complete/partial damage of components/equipments.
1. As per IEC(International Electro-technic Commission), percentage of
loss due to Surge is about 27.4% of total loss.
2. Causes of Surge:
a. Lightning discharges
b. Switching on/off of inductive loads(ex:transformers,Coils&Motors)
c. Ignition and interruption of electric arcs (e.g. welding process)
d. Tripping of fuses and circuit breakers e. Short circuits
However, Lightning is the major phenomenon to cause Surge
3. Lightning has the following physical effects:
0
a. Heating of air upto 30,000 K
b. Heavy potential difference of 10 million Volts
c. High magnitudes of current of 10kA to 200kA
4. Surge I due to lightning has 3 parameter (ex. Surge of 10kA, 8/20µs)
a. Surge amplitude : 10kA
b. Time taken by surge to reach to 90% of its peak value: 8 µs
c. Time taken by the surge to fall to 50% of that peak : 20 µs
5. Lightning is natural phenomenon. It is an unpredictable that occurs
due to accumulation of electric charges in cloud and are of 3 types,
a) Within-the-Cloud
b) Cloud-to-Cloud
c) Cloud-to-Ground
d) Lightning between Cloud and ground is only considered which
may ruin the S&T equipments partially or completely.

6. Lightning strike can be
a. direct strike on equipment room
b. indirect strike due to galvanic coupling, inductive coupling and
capacitive coupling
7. There are different lightning zones outside and inside the building.
8. LPZ 0A-0B refers to outside the building
9. LPZ 1, 2 & 3 refers to inside the building

10. There are two types of protection systems
a. External protection (Class-A protection)
b. Internal or Surge protection (Class-B, C & D renamed as
Type I,II & III protection)
11. Class-A protection system : (External)
a. It consists of air termination(air rods or mesh) on top of building
connected to Earth through a Down conductor
b. Surroundings outside the building fall in LPZ 0
c. 50% of lightning energy is transferred to ground
d. Balance 50% enters building through Power/Telecom cables,
Metal-Water conduits etc.
e. Lightning conductor can be – Single/Multiple spike/Dome, but
single rod suffice
f. Lightning conductor shall not touch the structure
12. Type-I i.e., class B protection system (Internal)
a. First stage protection before the eqpt at mains distribution panel
b. Spark-gap technology – Operates on arc chopping principle
c. Lightning currents handled 10/350 micro sec. pulses
d. SPD provided between each P-N and N-E
e. 100 kA amplitude between N-E since Earth is at higher potential
during lightning
f. 50 kA amplitude between R/Y/B & N
13. Type-II i.e., class-C protection system
a. Comprises of fast acting Metal Oxide Variable Resistor (MOVR)
to provide surge protection with low Let Through Voltage
b. Provided between P-N
c. Surge rating taken care : 50 kA, 8/20 µs pulse
d. Shall be a single compact device
14. Type-III i.e., Class-D protection system
a. All external data/signaling (AC/DC) lines connected to electronic
equipment at either end should be protected by Class-D device
b. Comprises of MOVRs/Gas Discharge(GDs) or its combinations
c. One set each provided at both end of the cable i.e. equipment
room and field location
15. All SPDs shall have some of following features for showing its
functionality :
i. LED Indication (shows red) when device failed
ii. Flap indication (thermal disconnection of device when it starts
having heavy current due to ageing / handling several surges
iii. Potential Free Contact for remote monitoring
iv. Counter for showing no. of impulse encountered
 Any SPD can withstand maximum of 15 – 20 impulses beyond
which SPD will get deteriorated
16. Following are Parameters of SPD:

Parameter Sym Meaning
Nominal voltage U0 Power supply system for which SPD is meant
Rated voltage UC Maximum continuous operating V (connected
to SPD)
Temporary over UT Voltage which can be withstood by SPD for
voltage specific dur(5 or 200m sec
Voltage protection UP Limiting V across terminals of SPD under
level surge condition
Voltage withstand UW Insulation withstand level(4-level 1.5/2/4/6KV)
Impulse current Iimp Peak value of 10/350µsec current that can be
handled (Class-A rating)
Nominal discharge In 15imp of 8/20µsec can be withstood-used for
current Class B rating
Follow-up current If I delivered by D/S system which is
extinguished by SPD
Response time Tr Activation (closure) time

17. The standards/specifications for provision of SPDs are
a) IEC ( International electro-technic commission)
b) VDE (German Standards)
c) RDSO (RDSO / SPN /TC / 98 / 2011 Rev. 0)
8.2 Relevant IEC standards for SPDs
8.3 Lightning Safety Tips for Indoors & Outdoors

 "If thunder roars, go indoors".
 Do not stand under the trees (side flash may occur)
 Do not touch any metallic object (touch voltage)
 Drop to your knees with your feet closed and bend forward putting
your hands on your knees. Do not lie flat on the ground.(step
voltage)
 Disconnect electronic gadgets from source of power supply
 No contact with plumbing. Bathroom fixtures can conduct electricity.
 Keep in mind that you must not be the tallest point in an area, so do
not go to open field/park.
 Large enclosed steel frame structures is much safer than smaller or
open structures.
8.4 General Precautions to be followed for SPD’s
 SPD and protected equipment should be apart minimum by 3 feet
 Protected & Unprotected wiring should occupy separate conduit feed
(Clean and Dirty cables)
 Proper grounding is required and should be of Low Impedence
 Earthing be provided near to eqpt & length of cable shall be minimum
 Class B&C type devices shall be of same manufacturer and
pluggable type for easy replacement
8.5 Earthing
 RDSO/SPN/197/2008 covers specifications of earthing system for
S&T installations
 Fundamentals of Earthing: Earth is not a good conductor but still we
resort to earthing because earth is ideal equi-potential surface. But, if
area of path for current is large enough, resistance can be quite low
and earth can be a good conductor. Earth Resistance should be as
low as possible.
8.6 Earthing is very much important but least bothered by

maintenance staff normally
1. It provides low impedance path to fault current
2. Reduces shock hazards to personnel
3. Provides protection from lightning and controls electrical noise
4. Less system downtime since fewer eqpt failures
8.7 Location of Earth
1. Low lying areas close to the building or eqpt
2. Close to water bodies but not well drained.
3. Dry sand, lime stone, granite and stony ground should be avoided.
4. Should not be installed on high bank or made up soil
Earth are of three types: a. Plate earthing, b. Pipe earthing and
c. Maintenance free earthing
Pipe electrode: electrode to earth resistance (R) is R = þ L / A
Where L is length of electrode, A area of pipe, þ is soil resistivity
8.8 Characteristics of EARTH ELECTRODE
It should have excellent electrical conductivity fr withstanding high fault I
• Low resistance (to ensure lightning will flow thru ground in preference
to other path)
• High corrosion Res(CU coating is used which is less likely to corrode)
• Material used of high tensile low carbon steel & caters for (UL)orlatest
• The minimum copper bonding thickness shall be 250 microns and
Should be Robust and reliable
8.9 Factors which influence earth resistance of an electrode

• Composition of soil-Clay is having least resistivity(2000 - 6000Ω/cm³)
• Temperature and Moisture content of the soil

8.10 Methods of reducing Earth Resistance: Electrode to earth
resistance depends on soil resistivity, which has to be reduced to a
considerable value, the simplest way to do so is
a. By adding salt, charcoal and sand mixture to the pit
b. By screening fillings in the immediate vicinity of electrode
c. Size, shape, increasing depth & spacing of electrodes.
d. Go for maintenance free earth
e. For 10Ω-m soil resistivity reaches 100Ω-m in 3 yrs. Earth Treatment
is required every 3 yrs
Further to reduce Earth Resistance, Ring Earth to be adopted by having

parallel ground electrodes and connecting them in parallel to have low
resistance path to earth. It comprises of
a. Equipotential bonding of earth electrodes forming ring outside buildng
b. Provision of equi-potential bus-bar or ring inside equipment room
c. Joining the external and internal rings.
Distance between two adjacent earth electrodes should be more

than twice the length of earth electrode
 To minimize re-treating of earthing system, Maintenance Free Earth

is recommended which consists of Earth-Enhancement Material
(EEM) like bentonite clay of atleast 30 - 35 kg for one pit. EEM should
be highly conductive, non-corrosive, resistivity < 0.2 Ω-M. should be
in “set form”, maintain constant ER and should not dissolve with time
8.11 Three methods are used for measuring Earth resistance.

a. Fall of potential method which is a three terminal method
b. Dead earth method which is a two terminal method
c. Clamp on test method
• The fall of potential method of earth testing is extremely reliable and
highly accurate. Current bet rods 1&2 is measured by ammeter and
Voltage between rods 1&3 is measured by voltmeter
• If rod 3 is located at various points between rods 1 and 2, preferably
in a straight line, you can get a series of voltage readings. By Ω
Law(R=E/I), earth resistance at any point can be found.
• Correct resistance is obtained if P(rod 3) is placed about 62%
distance bet earth electrode C (rod 2)
• For ex: dist from earth electrode to C is 100 ft. For 62 %(ie., 62 ft), R
of earth electrode is 20 Ω

Description Max. ER
1. Telegraph and Block Instt using earth return circuit, 10 Ω
surge arrestors/ lightening dischargers, Signalling
eqpt and cable screen in AC electrified areas
2. Earthing of equipment in VF RPTR stns, cable huts 5Ω
& Telephone Exchange
3. Earthing of AL sheathed telecom cable in AC 1Ω
electrified area
4. Axle counter cable screened in ac electrified area 1Ω
Equi-potential Earth Bus-bars (EEBs)

a. MEEB: Located in Battery charger room and connected to Class ‘B’
SPDs and main earth pit
b. SEEB: One equi-potential earth bus-bar for each of equipment room
c. The EEBs shall be insulated from building walls with insulator
spacers of height 60mm and at height of 0.5m from room floor
surface for ease of maintenance. All terminations on EEBs shall be
with copper lugs with spring washers.(preferably exothermic welded)
d. Routing of bonding conductors from equipments to SEEB & from
SEEBs to MEEB shall be as short and direct as possible with min.
bends and separated from other wiring.
8.12 Maintenance-Free earthing arrangement :
8.13 Bonding components, materials & size shall be as given below

Component/Bonding Material Size
Main equipotential earth busbar 300X25X6
Copper
(MEEB) mm(min.)
Sub equipotential earth bus bar 150X25X6
Copper
(SEEB) mm(min.)
Individual equipments to SEEB Multi-strand 1-core
10 sq.mm
using copper lugs with stainless insulated copper PVC
steel nuts and bolts. cable as per IS:694
SEEB to MEEB using copper Multi-strand 1-core
16 sq.mm
lugs with stainless steel nut and insulated copper PVC
bolts. cable as per IS:694
Surge protection devices(SPD) Multi-strand 1-core
16 sq.mm
to MEEB using copper lugs with insulated copper PVC
steel nut and bolts. cable as per IS:694
Multi-strand 1-core
MEEB to main earth 35 sq.mm
insulated copper PVC
electrode(Duplicated)
cable as per IS:694
Main E to other earth(loop earth) Copper tape 25x2 mm
Train Traffic Control
CHAPTER 9: TRAIN TRAFFIC CONTROL (TC6)
The system by which the communication is provided between Controller
and Way Stations (W/S) Control Communication. This is a unique
omnibus communication circuit in which controller and all SMs under his
jurisdiction are connected to a common medium. Anyone who are on the
circuit can listen to the ongoing conversation and if required they also
can participate in the discussion.
9.1 Conventional type VF repeater: This is provided at every 45 to 50

KM along the track to amplify the signal and to compensate the loss of
signal due to various reasons.
a) RDSO Specification No. : IRS: TC-60-93
b) Operating voltage/input current : 24V DC (21-30V)/
< 30mA per PCB
c) Tx & Rx amplifier gain : 24dB +/- 0.5dB
d) Input & output impedance : 1120Ω
e) Attenuator range : 0 to -15dB (1dB, 2dB, 4dB and
8dB in steps)
f) Leak amplifier gain : - 20dB
g) Input & output impedance : High ≥10KΩ
h) Total attenuation level : 15 dB (selection by DIP sw)
i) Buffer amplifier gain : 24 dB
j) Attenuator Range : 0dB to -24dB (1dB, 2dB, 4dB,
8dB and 16dB in steps)
9.2 Equalizer type VF repeater: This is a repeater which provides

equalization as well as amplification of VF frequencies. In this system, a
4W 4 way amplifier is used against 4W 2 way amplifier in the
conventional repeater system. These types of repeaters are provided at
every station instead of 45 to 50 KM in the conventional system.
a) RDSO specification No. : RDSO/SPN/TC/34/2002 Ver.3
b) Operating voltage : 12V DC (Dual Battery of 12V/42Ah))
c) AC input voltage/current : 160 to 260V/4.5 Amps max.
d) Maximum Tx. & Rx. Gain : 20dB
e) Gain setting : By two DIP switch settings
f) Input & output impedance : 470Ω
Comparison between Equalizer Amplifier and Conventional Systems:
Equalizer Amplifier type

S.No. Conventional type System
System
1 Loading of cable is not needed Loading of cable is essential
Balancing is done in the way Balancing of the cable is

2 station repeater, not directly on provided through balancing
the cable joints directly on the cable
Only normal joint is required on All types of joints are required on
3
the cable the cable
Reduction of joints drastically More time is consumed for
reduces the time needed for jointing the cable. Hence, very
4
Cable jointing and hence can be long time is needed for
commissioned in short duration commissioning this system
No separate VF Rptr stns & Provision of VF repeaters &
cable huts are reqd at any place cable huts at fixed intervals is
5
along cable route as these are required along the entire cable
combined with W/S eqpt itself route
Remote monitoring and No remote monitoring and
6 controlling of W/S is possible controlling of way stations is
and hence can be managed possible
Auto-bypass of W/S is available,
7 in case of power failure or any No such facility is available
other fault in the amplifier card
Local 8-line intercom facility can No such provision is available in
8
be provided, optionally, at W/S this system
Reqduired Equalization slope
can be chosen, out of many This is not possible in this
9
possible slopes, simply by DIP system
switch settings
Built-in provision for Radio
Separate arrangement is to be
10 patching is available through the
made for Radio patching
4-way amplifier
Leak amplifier is reqd for
11 No need of any Leak amplifier
communication among W/S
Cost of each way station
12 Cost is very low
equipment is very high
This system offers maximum This system can offer more
13
FOUR control circuits only number of control circuits
9.3 Control Room Equipment: This equipment is provided at the
control office for calling and speaking to the way stations in a
section. It consists of a 4x4 matrix key board, DTMF code generator
and speech amplifiers for trans and receive directions.
RDSO specification No. IRS: TC-60-2007
Signalling ITU(T) recommended DTMF
Operating Voltage/Current 12V DC (10.8 to 14.4 V)/500mA
No. of station codes 99 (01 to 99) in 2 digit code
No. of groups 4 (AA, BB, CC, DD)
Row/Column frequency r1: 697Hz r2: 770Hz r3: 852Hz r4: 941Hz
C1: 1209Hz, C2: 1336Hz, C3: 1477Hz
C4: 1633Hz
Output level (DTMF) 0 to -7dBm at 1120 Ω
Output level (Speech) -20 dBm to 0dBm at 1120Ω
Frequency response +/-3dBm for 0.3 - 3.4KHz
Output impedance 600Ω /1120Ω selectable
Input level 0 to -20dBm at 1120Ω
Rating of fuse 1A
9.4 Way station Equipment: This is provided at every way station to
facilitate ringing and communication with controller. It mainly consists of
a DTMF decoder, Control Telephone and a power supply unit.
RDSO specification No. IRS: TC-60-2007
Signalling ITU(T) recommended DTMF
DTMF signal output level 0 to -7dB
Trans output level 0 dB
Min. speech input signal -20dB
Frequency response +/- 3dB for 0.3-3.4KHz
Trans/Recv. insertion loss 2dB/0.5dB
Operating voltage/Current 12V DC/100mA
Rating of fuse 200mA
9.5 2-wire Control Telephone: These are provided at way stations for
providing communication from 2W omnibus control network. It works
along with 2W DTMF way station equipment.
a) RDSO Specification Number : IRS: TC-37-97
b) Working Voltage : 3V or 12V DC
c) Insertion Loss – Listening : 0.2dB
Speaking : 0.8dB
d) Current consumption on idle : < 20mA
9.6 4-wire Control Telephone: These are provided at way stations for
providing communication through 4-wire omnibus control network. Trans
and receive amplifiers provided in the control way station equipment take
care of matching of the impedance of microphone and receiver with that
of the line.
a) RDSO Specification number : IRS: TC-38-97, Amendment 2
b) Working Voltage : 12V DC
c) Insertion Loss : 0.1dBmax.(idle), 0.3 dB(Listening),
1.0 dB(speaking)
d) Current consumption : 20mA (idle), 80mA(Speaking),
100mA(actuated)
9.7 Universal Control Telephone: This telephone is suitable for both
4W and 2W working. The telephone includes the circuitry of conventional
control telephone as well as DTMF decoder equipment.
a) RDSO Specification no. : IRS: TC-82-2005
b) Operating voltage : 12V DC
c) Insertion Loss : 0.2dB(Listening), 0.8dB (Speaking)
9.8 2W/4W Portable Control Telephone: These are provided with train
crew for talking with controller in case of emergencies from the EC
sockets provided at every kilo metre alongside the track. A 4W/2W
portable telephone is very useful as it can be used both in 4W and 2W
territories.
RDSO Specification : IRS: TC-75-99
Operating Voltage : 3V DC
9.9 4W/2W Light Weight Portable Control Telephone: Its use is the
same like the above mentioned 4W/2W portable telephone with an
additional advantage of light weight.
a) RDSO Specification number : IRS: TC-78-2000
b) Operating voltage : 3V DC
9.10 Control Communication Equipment for OFC: This system using

2W telephones permits working of voice communication and signalling
on OFC. The important modules in this system are Control Room
Equipment(CRE), Test Room Eqpt(TRE), Local Telephone Eqpt(LTE),
and Multi Telephone Waystation Eqpt(MTWE). Two optional modules
used are Remote Patching Eqpt (RPE) and Three Way Amplifier (TWA).
 The output from the TRE is connected to one of the 64 Kbps
channel of PD Mux. The E1 stream consisting this channel from
the Mux is connected to the STM equipment. From HQ STM to
waystation STM, the medium is Optical fibre.
 At way station the same 64Kbps 4W channel is dropped and
connected to MTWE in which the signal is amplified and converted
to 2W. This 2W lines are connected to 2W telephones through
4 decoder circuits for four telephones at each stations.
a) RDSO specification No. : RDSO/SPN/TC/66/2007 with
Amendment 1.0
b) Operating Voltage : - 48V DC +/- 20%
c) Channel impedance : 600Ω +/-10%
d) Transmission level : - 4 to - 8dBm
e) Max. no. of 2 digit codes : 80
f) Types of DTMF signalling : 2 (CLASSIC and DASSFO)
g) No. of local control phones : 20 lines (2W)
h) Max. no. of groups possible : 9 (01 to 09) in Dassfo and
4 (01 to 04) in Classic
i) Max. no. of control telephones
Possible at one station : 4
j) Max. no. of Remote Patching
Equipments on one circuit : 9
9.11 VOICE LOGGER FOR CONTROL COMMUNICATION: Voice

Logger facilitates recording of conversations over the control circuits for
transparency in the operation. It is installed in Test Room.
a) RDSO Specification No. : RDSO/SPN/TC/38/2002, Rev 1.1,
Amnd.1.0
b) No. of channels in one logger: 4
c) Expandable upto : 64 channels (Modular)
d) Coding : 64 KBPS G.711 A/u law PCM
e) Storage Capacity : 40GB HDD in logger unit and
Computer (1400 Hrs)
f) Frequency Response : + 3dB within 300 to 3400Hz
g) Signal to Noise Ratio : Better than 40 dB
h) Distortion : Less than 5%
i) Power Supply : 12V/2A DC
j) Input ports : RJ11
9.12 Emergency Control Room Equipment: This Equipment facilitates

communication between EC socket and controller and/or section
controller in case of emergency. Whenever there is a call from EC
socket, a visual and audible alarm will be initiated in this equipment.
There is an additional facility to divert the call from TPC to section
controller when there is a request from the party from the socket.

 Specification Number : IRS: TC-61/93
 Operating Voltage/Current : 24V DC (21 to 30V)/500mA Max.
 Level to activate alarm : >= -25dBm
 Gain of Microphone Amplifier : 40dB
 O/P level of Microphone : -10dB
 Frequency Response : +/- 1 dB (within 0.3 to 3.4KHz)
 Frequency/output level of RBT: 1 KHz, +/-10% / -10dB, +/-2dB
9.13 ELECTRONIC LC GATE TELEPHONE SYSTEM: This system

facilitates communication between SM and gatemen at LC gates.
 RDSO specification Number : RDSO/SPN/TC/51/2011 Rev 3.0
 Operating Voltage : 12V DC ± 20%(for SM phone) &
24V DC ± 20%(for Gate phone)
 Devices at Station : Centralized Dual Power Supply Unit
(12 & 24 V DC), Station Master
Telephone and Surge Protection &
Line Connecting Unit
 Devices at Gate : Gate Telephone with Surge
Protection & Line Connecting Unit
a. The medium between station telephone and gate telephone is a
single pair of quad cable for both speech and power supply.
b. Six push buttons (G1 to G6) are provided in station telephone for
calling individual gate telephones.
c. An “All Call” button is provided in station telephone for calling all
the gate telephones at a time.
d. To disconnect any ongoing call, a “Disconnect” button is
provided in station Telephone.
e. The pair of cable is connected to the gate telephone and station
telephone through a surge protection and line connection unit at
gate and station respectively.
f. Provision of single channel voice logger for recording the
conversation between station and gates are available with
station telephone in the system.
g. Voice recording with 64 kbps ITU G.711 A/µ law PCM Coding is
used.
h. Recordings will be stored in the .wav format.
i. Recording sensitivity is better than -20dBm.
j. The capacity of storage should be minimum of 8GB.

Telephone Exchanges
CHAPTER 10: TELEPHONE EXCHANGES (TCS)
10.1 Constituents of Telephony:

The word 'Telephony' defines the components involved in transmission
of Voice, Data and Video between users. The use of these components
depends on the following:
(i) Type of Telephony: Analog or Digital Telephony
(ii) Mode of Signaling: Analog or Digital signals
10.2 Components of Telephony:

Devices: Telephone instruments like ordinary analog phone, digital
phone, magneto phone, control phone, wireless phone or cordless
phone, mobile phone, satellite phone, soft IP phone, IP phone etc.
Equipments: These are responsible for Switching, Signalling,
Controlling and various functions like Multiplexing and Demultiplexing,
Amplification of signals, Regeneration of signals, Cross connection, Error
correction, Alarm generation, Generation of Tones and many more. In
Telephony the equipment which performs the above functions is termed
as 'Telephone Exchange'.
Other Equipments such as PDH and SDH equipments, LAN switches,
Routers are used to connect various long distance exchanges. ADSL
modems and DSLAM equipments are used to transmit data over the
existing copper pairs.
Transmission Media: To carry signal from one place to another,
transmission lines are required. The transmission can be through Copper
cables, Co-axial cables or through air (radio wave transmission). Another
way of carrying the signals is by optical fiber cables, which is the fastest
and reliable mode of transmission. It has got more channel carrying
capacity.
Termination Points and connectors: Termination point is a place
where all incoming and outgoing links from equipment and field are
terminated such as Cable Termination point, Fiber Termination point,
and Co-axial Termination point.
Cable termination points are called as IDF (Intermediate Distribution
Frame) and MDF (Main Distribution Frame). These terminations are
done on a specially designed IDC (Insulation Displacement Connector)
module of 'Krone' make having 10 terminating teeth in which cable wires
Telephone Exchanges
are pushed and punched to make a firm and rigid connection. These
termination points are also provided with protective devices. Testing of
physical cable pair is also done from the same.
10.3 Preventive Maintenance
Indian Railways uses various makes of switching system or exchanges
for communication between various departments. To keep systems in
good working condition, maintenance is required to be done. Following
are the preventive maintenance which is to be carried out periodically.
10.3.1 Daily:
a) Batteries voltage and charger output voltage.
b) AC supply voltage and charger output voltage.
c) Cleaning of equipment rooms with vacuum cleaner and wiping of
the floor for all rooms.
d) Failure list of the subscribers.
e) Testing of all the trunks (STD and other) circuits.
f) Working of Lights, Air conditioners fans.
g) System status listing
h) Failure history list
i) Alarm checking
j) Room temperature recording
10.3.2 Weekly:
a) Specific gravity, voltage and load test of the batteries, sulphation of
terminals for Low Maintenance Batteries. In case of VRLA batteries,
follow the charge discharge cycle as per suggestion from manual.
10.3.3 Monthly:
a) Wiring and connecting terminals of power supply arrangement.
b) The different modes of operation of FCBC, the internal checking
and cleaning of FCBC.
c) Earthing connections of all equipment and earth electrodes.
d) All cabinets of equipment, Man machine interaction, terminal printer,
attendant consoles to be cleaned.
e) Cable termination MDF and IDF to be cleaned and checked.
f) Cable runs-inter rack, rack to IDF, MDF and Attendant consoles to
be checked.
g) Office Data Back upto be updated.
h) Checking of IPMs
i) Functional Testing of Attendant console

Telephone Exchanges
10.3.4 Quarterly:
a) Testing of all Service features from the Test Telephones.
b) Cleaning of terminations in CT boxes, Location boxes.
c) Adjustment of SMPS modules
10.3.5 Yearly:
a) Earth resistance value measurement
b) Line loop resistance and insulation testing
c) Checking of wiring of subscribers’ premises, CT boxes and location
boxes.
d) Testing of spare cards
e) System programme backup
10.4 Documentation:
a) Indoor Equipment
 Exchange layout plan
 Rack layout plan for each rack with connection details
 MDF and IDF termination plan
 Installation manual for equipment
 Software documentation - Operation and maintenance manual
 Wiring diagram for power panel
 Manual for chargers
 Trunking Diagram
b) Outdoor Equipment:
 Telephone No. wise subscriber’s details
 Subscriber wise Telephone Directory
 Cable/Overhead layout plan
 Subscriber premises wiring plan typical.
The following test and measuring instruments shall be available in
exchange for testing and maintenance
 Line tester to test line conditions
 Megger for testing of insulation of line.
 Digital Multimeter
10.5 Inspection of Telephone Exchange and trunk Exchange to be
carried out
 Once in a year by Sr.DSTE/DSTE/ASTE’s
 Once in a quarter by SSE’s.
 Once in a month by JE’s
Telephone Exchanges
10.6 Power Plant system for Telephone Exchanges
 Battery Chargers and Voltage Stabilizers:
a) Float cum Boost charger of adequate capacity as per RDSO
specification should be used. The charger shall be preferably
SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply) type.
b) If variation in AC in-put voltage is large, stabilizer of suitable
capacity is to be provided as per RDSO spec.
 Number of Battery bank and mode of operation:

a) One set of battery on Float mode working should normally be
planned.
b) All manned and prone to lightning stations, two sets of battery
banks should be planned in charge-discharge mode of operation.
 Type and Capacity of Battery:

a) In a controlled environment where temperature variation is not
very large, VRLA batteries can be used.
b) Where temperature variation is large, low maintenance
secondary cells should be provided.
c) The batteries shall be of adequate capacities to deliver the full
load for a period of at least 12 hours duration throughout its
useful life, considering future requirement.
 Load requirement:
a) The load requirement shall be calculated based on the present
load plus the anticipated increase (30%) of the load, if any, in
the next five years period.
10.7 DC Power supply distribution arrangement:

a) Incoming DC Power Supply shall be terminated in a DC
Distribution Board. DC Distribution Board can be “wall mounted
metallic enclosure” or “floor mounted cubicle”
b) Incoming DC Power Supply on DC Distribution Board shall be
terminated through MCB of adequate capacity.
c) Outgoing DC Power Supply for individual Telecom Equipment
from DC Distribution Board shall be through MCBs of adequate
capacity.
d) DC Distribution Board shall have sufficient spare capacity to
accommodate anticipated future expansion.

Telephone Exchanges
10. 8 Maintenance of Power Supply Equipment:
1. The working of battery charger shall be checked of proper working
of switches, fuses etc.
2. The power equipments shall be cleaned by a blower or any other
device to remove dust.
3. Wiring shall be checked to ensure that they are in good condition
and connections are properly tightened up.
4. Record of voltage and load current of all power equipments shall
be maintained.
10.9 How to extend internet Connection through the existing

Telephone line.
IPDSLAM Connectivity to End User
10.10 ISDN Exchanges

a) Salient features of CORAL FLEXICOM 6000 Series:
 It is Digital, Hot standby, Redundant, PCM-TDM Communication
Switching System.
 Switching capacity is 4096
 It can be expanded upto 16 shelves for accommodating 6144
ports.
 Available in Mirror (dual) control system.
 Supports Analog, Digital stations and Trunks.
 Supports wireless and IP telephony on the same platform as an
additional feature.

Telephone Exchanges
 Software authorization limits the undesirable hardware plug in and
size of each component used in it.
 Easy expansion, up gradation and updating without losing the
current configuration.
 Easy binary backup of exchange data can be stored away from
system and reloaded at the time of system crash.
 Supports, R2MFC and Q-sig along with SIP (IP Protocol) which
can integrate to VoIP network.
 Supports 2x15 and 1x30 Party conferences.
 Well designed for Class of Services to various station groups and
trunk groups.
 Supports all basic services and Q-sig supplementary services.
 Programming is user friendly. Routing is based on LCR (Least Call
Route), hence uniform dial plan is easy on Network.
 Supports BRI and PRI (ISDN) Rates.
b) Salient features of SIEMENS Hi-PATH 3800
 It is Digital, PCM-TDM Communication System
 Self standing and modular in design
 Occupies minimum space, suitable for ARTs
 Can run on AC 230V as well on DC -48V supply
 Support analog and digital phones
 Support for PRI and Q-sig Features
 Support for DECT upto 256 handsets
 GUI Programming interface
 Auto detection of user cards
 Remote login feature, through Dial Up Modem.
 SDRAM for core program and user database.
 Supports BRI & PRI
10.11 Basic Rate Interface (BRI): 2B + 1D +1OH =192 kbps
ISDN system transmits 144 kbps user information and 48 kbps
maintenance information.
2B -Two bearer channels - 64 kbps + 64 kbps. (User information)
1D - One data channel - 16 kbps (Signalling information)
1OH-Over Head -48 kbps (Supervisory and alarm monitoring)
10.12 Primary rate interface (PRI):ISDN system transmits 1984 kbps
user information and 64kbps maintenance information.
E1: 30B+1D+1OH =2.048 Mbps

Telephone Exchanges
30B - Bearer channels, each of 64 kbps will carry data, voice, image,
and video (User information)
1D - Data (D) channel of 64 kbps (Signalling information)
1 OH - Overhead -64 kbps (Supervisory and alarm monitoring)
10.13 Various Types of Hardware present in different exchanges
HOT
CORALFLEXIC SIEMENS
IRIS- SWAPPABLE
HARDWARE OM 6000 HIPATH
IVDX / HOT
EXCHANGE 3800
PLUGGABLE
MCC-
Processor card MCP-ATS CBSAP NO
32,PSC
Part of Part of
GC NO
CBSAP MCC-32
Control card
Part of
PB-ATS RCC,PBC NO
CBSAP
Analog
SLS,SA SLMA FLC,FTC YES
subscriber card
Digital
SFT SLMO DCC YES
subscriber card
Wireless
Not
Subscriber SKK SLCN YES
available
card
Analog E&M
TEM TMEW ENM-8 YES
Trunk Card
Analog Two
TWL TMANI BWT YES
way trunk Card
Co-Directional
T-C TMANI COIC YES
trunk card
Digital E1
E1/CEPT DIUN E1/CEPT YES
Trunk
Digital BRI
TBR STMD BRI-8 YES
Trunk Card
Digital PRI
PRI-30 DIUT PRI-30 YES
Trunk Card
VOIP Card PUGW HXGM,STMI VOIP card YES
Part of Part of
Caller ID card iDSP YES
CBSAP MCC-32
Part of Part of
DTMF card DTR YES
CBSAP MCC-32
Conference Part of
CNF CNF YES
Card CBSAP
Voice mail iCMC IVML,EVM VNS YES
Telephone Exchanges
10.14 The following Points to be considered while procuring the new
Telephone Exchanges in future.
 Exchange shall work on - 48V DC with positive grounded
 VRLA batteries of adequate capacity (minimum 200 AH) shall be
used along with SMPS chargers.
 Protective measures shall be provided against surges to ensure
normal operation of exchange.
 For all telecom systems earth resistance shall be less than 1 ohm.
 On the wall where AC is fitted, there shall be moving space of at
least one meter for maintenance of AC units.
 As far as possible one meter space shall generally be kept
between the walls and equipment racks for maintenance
purposes.
 OEMs invariably quote higher rates for any additional cards
including port license charges required for up-gradation in
services. Therefore equipped capacity of the exchange shall be
procured keeping in view of next five years requirement.
 Analog Trunk/Tie ports are not required in future procurement of
exchanges.
 In Digital trunk line ports 144 kbps (2B+D) voice and data V.24/RS
232C (2Mbps/ 64kbps) are not required.
 Only digital trunk line ports of 2048 kbps (120 Ω and 75 Ω
impedance). V.35, RS 449X.21, X.25, TCP/IP, TSAPI, and ISDN
PRI/Q-sig, E1 /Others shall be taken.
10.15 ABBREVIATIONS
General
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
CLIP Calling Line Identification Presentation
CLIR Calling Line Identification Restriction
CTI Computer Telephony Integration
CUG Closed User Group
ACD Automatic Call Distribution
DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telephony
CAP Computerized Attendant Position
BHCA Busy Hour Call Attempts

Telephone Exchanges
Coral Flexicom 6000
MCP-ATS Main Control processor Advance Telecom Server
GC Group Control
PB-ATS Peripheral Buffer
SA Station Analog card
SFT Station Flex Terminal Card
DRCF Multi-Functional Resource card
TEM Trunk E&M card
PUGW Peripheral Universal Gateway card
PRI-30 Primary rate interface card
TBR Trunk BRI card
TC Trunk Central Office Card
DTR DTMF Trans Receiver card
iDSP Integrated Digital Signal Processor card
CNF Conference card
SAU Software Authorization Unit
SIEMENS HI PATH 3800
CBSAP Central Board Synergy Access Platform
SLMO Subscriber Line Module Optiset
SLMA Subscriber Line Module Analog
TMANI Trunk Module Analog Network Interface
SLCN Subscriber Line Module Cordless Network
LUNA-2 Line Powered Unit Network –based architecture -2
DIUN2 Digital Interface UNIT ISDN
STMI2 Subscriber Trunk Module IP
STMD Subscriber Trunk Module Digital
10.16 Signalling Interfaces in Telephone Exchanges

 Signalling in Telecommunication is required to establish a call
between two subscribers in the same Exchange referred as local call
or in two different Exchanges referred as Trunk call.
 Signalling normally happens between Subscriber and Exchange and
vise-versa
 Subscriber Line Signalling - Between Subscriber and Exchange
 Trunk Line Signalling - Between Two Exchanges over a pair of
Trunk/Junction Line
 The signalling may be Analog or Digital, depending upon the type of
the Telephony system such as Analog Telephony, Digital Telephony,
Wireless Telephony and IP Telephony.

Telephone Exchanges
10.17 Different names of signals and where they are used.
a) Loop signalling: It is referred to an Off-Hook condition of Telephone. It
is physical short on 2-wire Analog Telephone line. The Line circuit
detects the presence of current by change in Line impedance value.
b) DTMF signalling: It is a tone which uses two frequencies, generated
by pressing a digit on keypad normally used to dial an address of a
subscriber.
c) Dial Tone: It is a tone extended from exchange to subscriber when
handset is off hook, indicating that the user can make an outgoing
call.
d) Ring Back tone: It is a tone extended from exchange to the calling
subscriber, when ringing voltage is extended to called subscriber.
e) Busy tone: It is a tone extended from exchange to calling subscriber,
when the called subscriber is busy.
f) NU (Number Un-obtainable) tone: It is a tone extended from the
exchange to the calling subscriber, when the dialed digits are not
matching with the dial plan in an Exchange.
g) Feature tone: It is a tone extended from exchange, when a feature is
activated and de-activated by the user.
10.18 Q-SIG: We have heard about some standard QSIG
supplementary services available on various PBXs. Lets know about
their meaning:
 Multiple Subscriber Number: A subscriber can be provided with more
than one calling number on the same phone.
 Call Waiting: When the subscriber is busy and if a new call comes on
that phone then the subscriber gets a beep tone and also indication on
phone display. Subscriber can choose to answer the call by holding the
ongoing call.
 Calling-Line Identification Presentation (CLIP): Called subscriber gets
the calling subscriber’s identity.
 Calling-Line Identification Restriction (CLIR): This facility is provided on
request of the privileged subscribers who don't want to send their
identity on the network.
 Connected-Line Identification Presentation (COLP): If the called
subscriber is busy, the calling subscriber gets the details with whom
the called subscriber is busy.
 Connected-Line Identification Restriction (COLR): This feature is
available to those privileged subscribers who don't want to show their
busy status.

Telephone Exchanges
 Malicious Call Identification: It is a feature which records the last 10
minimum incoming call details on a subscriber's phone.
 Call Hold: Call hold is of two types. The first type is, subscriber can
hold the call fully and calling subscriber gets Music-on-hold and in
second type, a subscriber can hold the call partially i.e. called
subscriber can mute his/her microphone but can listen to the calling
subscriber’s voice. This is known as 'whisper' feature.
 Advice of Charge: This feature advice the billing to be made from the
ringing of called subscriber or after the subscriber goes off hook.
 Three-Way Conference: It is a local arrangement from the telephone
instrument to connect three subscribers in one call.
 Call Transfer: Call can be transferred manually after receiving the call.
 Call Forward: Pre defined condition of call such as call forward no-
response, call forward-busy and a call forward all.
 Camp-on: if the called subscriber is busy or not answering, then this
feature is used to call back the subscriber.
10.19 Various Types of Signalling interfaces used in Telephone
Exchange:
a) CO-Trunk interface:
 Connected with dial-tone of other exchange.
 Uses 2-wire/single pair line to connect.
 Can be used as DID/DOD Trunk.
 If a CO Trunk is connected via 30 channel MUX, FXO channel is
connected with dial-tone from exchange and FXS channel on the
other end of MUX is connected to the CO interface card.
b) TWL Trunk interface:
 It is Two Wire Loop interface
 In which dial tone is looped back for the originating exchange.
 It works both ways.
c) E&M interface:
 This Analog interface card is used to seize the trunk for originating
call and treated as busy for incoming call.
 Can be used as DID, DOD or both ways.
 Uses 2 wire E&M (one pair for trans receive and one pair for
signalling) or 4 wire E&M (one pair for trans, one pair for receive
and one pair for signalling)
 Uses pulse signalling and tone signalling.
 This trunk can be connected on 30 channel MUX and uses E&M
channel card.

Telephone Exchanges
d) 30 T CEPT card:
 Used between exchanges as a trunk interface and 30
simultaneous calls are connected.
 Uses 2 copper pairs for transmission.
e) PRI-30 card:
 Used between exchanges as a trunk interface and 30
simultaneous calls are connected.
 Uses 2 copper pairs for Transmission
 Uses Q-sig over ISDN Network.
10.20 Diagram showing the Inter Connectivity of Various Interfaces
in Exchange
10.21 IP TELEPHONY AND NGN

 VOIP (Voice over Internet Protocol) is a technology that allows
telephone calls over an IP network. It is also called as IP
Telephony, Internet telephony, Broadband telephony, etc.
10.22 Various voice codecs used for VoIP are detailed here.

Telephone Exchanges
10.23 SIP (Session Initiation Protocol)-RFC 3261 proposed by IETF is
a signalling protocol used to create, manage and terminate
sessions in the network
 A Session could be a simple two-way telephone call or it could be
a collaborative multi-media conference session.
 Sip functionalities are user location, user availability, user
capabilities, session setup and session management
 SIP embodies client-server architecture and the use of URL and
URI from HTTP and a text encoding scheme and a header style
from SMTP.
 SIP takes the help of SDP (Session Description Protocol) which
describes a session and RTP (Real Time Transport Protocol) used
for delivering voice and video over IP network.
10.24 GATE WAYS
 FXS Gateways are used to connect the PBT (station).
 FXO Gateways are used to connect CO Line (office).
 Digital (PRI) gateways are used to connect a PRI line to the VoIP
system.
10.25 Typical VoIP PBX SETUP
10.26 NGN (Next Generation Networks) - ITU-T Y.2001 defines NGN

as follows.
 A Next Generation Network (NGN) is a packet-based network able
to provide services including telecommunication Services and able
to make use of multiple broadband, QoS-enabled transport
technologies and in which service-related functions are
independent from underlying transport-related technologies.

Telephone Exchanges
 It offers unrestricted access by users to different service
providers. It supports generalized mobility which will allow
consistent and ubiquitous provision of services to users."
10.27 Typical NGN Setup used in Indian Railways
 All Railway exchanges are connected to NGN on SDH network

10.28 In order to introduce VoIP based Telephony in Indian
Railways, Railway board issued guide lines vide Telecom
circular no.12/2015 dated 15.12.2015 and its Salient features
are
 SIP should be choice of protocol for adopting IP telephony on
Indian Railways
 Only IP exchange based on “Open Standards’ should be procured
in future for railway telecommunications requirement
 Railnet should be used for IP Telephony, for this purpose, POE
switches and QOS should be enabled.
 Common IP Telephony Infrastructure should enable intercom as
well as railway telephone by using separate context.
 FXS gateways should be used for Fax connectivity and FXO/PRI
gateway should be used for integrating the PSTN Connectivity.
 Session Border Controllers should be provided for
interconnectivity between NGN and Railnet for exchange of voice
traffic.
 POE Switches should be used in the access LAN of Railent so
that the IP Telephones can draw power from the network
switches.
 QoS should be implemented in the LAN as well as WAN of
Railnet.
Telephone Exchanges
10.29 Abbreviations
ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation
ATA Analog Telephone Adaptor
CODEC Compression / Decompression
CS Conjugate Structure Algebraic Code Excited Linear
ACELP Prediction
DAC Digital to Analog Converter
DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation
DSP Digital signal Processor
FXO Foreign Exchange Office
FXS Foreign Exchange Subscriber
IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
ILBC Internet Low Bitrate Codec
MEGACO Media Gateway Control (an IETF Workgroup)
MGCP Media Gateway Control Protocol
NGN Next Generation Networks
RAS Registration, admission, status (H.323)
RSVP Reservation Protocol
RSTP Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol
RTP Real time Transport Protocol
RTCP Real time Transmission Control Protocol
SBC Session Border Controller
SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SCCP Skinny client control protocol (Cisco proprietary)
SDP Session Description protocol
SIP Session Initiation Protocol
TLS Transmission Level Security
TCP Transmission Control protocol
UAC User agent client
UAS User Agent Server
UDP User Datagram Protocol
VoIP Voice over Internet Protocol

PDH Principles
CHAPTER 11: PDH PRINCIPLES (TCT2)
11.1 Multiplexing is the process of combining many individual information

(voice) signals. However, they cannot occupy the same portion of
frequency spectrum at the same time of the transmission link. Otherwise,
there would be no means of separating them at the receiver.
Channel separation within a single transmission link is accomplished by
either of two basic methods: by separating the channels in frequency
called as frequency division multiplexing (FDM) or by separating the
channels in time called time division multiplexing (TDM).
11.2 Digital Multiplexing involves packing digits of Voice/Data traffic,
their signaling bits, Alignment bits, Error check bits, Alarm bits and
Supervisory bits into regular & hierarchical frame patterns suitable for
real time transmission
Multiplexing is done by using a device called multiplexer (MUX) that

combines n input lines to generate one output line. At receiving end,
device called demultiplexer (DEMUX) is used to separate signal into its
component signals. So DEMUX has one input and several outputs.
11.3 Pulse Code Modulation: The most common technique to change
an analog signal into data (digitization) is called Pulse Code Modulation.
Components of PCM encoder
1. In a 30 channel PCM system, the sampling time period is 125
microseconds
2. The duration of each channel time slot will be 3.9 microseconds
3. Quantization: In PCM system, PAM signals are converted into digital
form by Quantization.

PDH Principles
4. Quantizing is also defined as a process of breaking down a

continuous amplitude range into a finite number of amplitude values
or steps.
5. Companding: The process of compression of the signal at the
transmitter and expansion at the receiver is called as companding
(compression and expansion). In companding; the higher amplitude
analogue signals are compressed preceding transmission and then
expanded in the receiver. It helps in minimizing noise, distortion,
interference and reduction in the levels of crosstalk. It helps in
improving the dynamic range of the communication systems. It is
used in telephony and other audio applications.
6. Encoding: Conversion of quantized analogue samples to binary
signal is called encoding
7. PDH multiplexer consists of 30 Voice & Data channels and 2 control
channels of 64 Kbps each, hence the output of the multiplexer is
32 x 64 Kbps = 2.048 Mbps
8. PCM Frame: The collection of all the samples taken within the
duration Ts, is called a "frame".
9. Bit Rate: 30 channel PCM system is also designated as 2.048 Mbps
system.
10. Line codes used in PCM systems are AMI - Alternate Mark Inversion
& HDB3 - High Density Binary
11.The instantaneous jitter amplitude is 1 microsecond in a 100 KHz
square wave
12. Jitter Amplitude = 1µ sec / 5 µ sec = 0.2 UI (Unit Interval).
13. Jitter Limits For Digital Sections: To provide the jitter limits for digital
sections it is necessary to introduce a hypothetical reference digital
section (HRDS) whose lengths have been chosen to be 50 KM or
280 KM.
14.The jitter transfer function recommended (ITU-T Recommendation
G.823) limits the maximum gain to a value of 1 dB with the lower
frequency limit of 5 Hz. being acceptable.
PDH Principles
11.4 Multiframe composed by 16 frames, each one has 32 bytes
11.5 PDH CEPT/CCITT rate

Hierarchy level Digital bit rate Channel Bit duration
E0 64 kbps 1 Channel 3.91 µs
E1 2.048 Mbps 30 Channels 0.488 µs
11.6 PLESIOCHRONOUS DIGITAL HEIRARCHY (PDH)
11.7 Bit rates of PDH Levels in various countries

PDH Equipment
CHAPTER 12: PDH EQUIPMENT (TCT3)
In Railways mostly PUNCOM & WEBFIL equipment are being used.

Following are the details
Webfil’s flexi-mux Sub rack
For voice channels, various interface options are available to suit the
customer requirement. The interface units are small adaptor cards which
can be plugged into any one of the four adaptor sockets available on a
voice access module. Flexibility of these plug-in modules allows free
inter-mixing of interface units on a particular voice access module. The
various interface options available are: a) 4W/2W (E&M) b) Subscriber
interface c) Exchange interface d) Hot line interface
2MB, External clock, power supply interfaces on back plane
J1-INPUT J2-OUTPUT J5-INPUT J6-OUTPUT

PDH Equipment
Pin details on wire wrappable connector for voice & G703 data
interface
Switch Setting of Networking Interface Module (NIM card) Switch-S1

Switch Position Status Remarks
OFF NA
1
ON NA
OFF NA
2
ON NA
OFF Master
3
ON Slave
OFF External NMS
4
ON Internal NMS
Jumper Settings
Mode Jumper Pins
120 Ω operation E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E10, E11, E12, E13,
1, 2
E14, E15
75 Ω operation E1, E2, E3, E4, E5, E10,E11, E12, E13,
2, 3
E14, E15
Normal Et/DT mode E33 1, 2
Protected Et mode E33 2, 3

PDH Equipment
Switch Setting of Tributary Card Switch – S1
Switch Position Status Remarks

1 OFF Normal mode
ON CRC4 mode
2 OFF Normal End Terminal
ON End Terminal with protection
3 OFF Trib - A set as Master
ON Trib - B set as Master
4 OFF Transmit remote alarms to other end
ON Stop transmitting remote alarm to other end
5 OFF Terminal set to D/I mode
ON Terminal set to End Terminal mode
6 OFF Terminal operate in extracted clock
ON Terminal operated in internal clock
7 OFF 2 Mb/s port set to 75 Ω impedance
ON 2 Mb/s port set to 120 Ω impedance
8 OFF Remote tables switching disable
ON Remote tables switching enable
Switch setting in 4W/2W interface card. Jumper Settings
Mode Jumper Pins

4W E1, E2, E3, E4 2, 3
2W E1, E2, E3, E4 1, 2
Potentiometer Settings
Mode Pot Value

4W R22 9.0 KΩ
2W R22 4.5 KΩ
Switch setting in subscriber interface card
To make subscriber work as hotline or vice versa following jumpering to
be done.
For long ring, E6 is to be positioned as 1, 2
Mode Jumper Pins

E1, E2, E3, E5 2, 3
Subs
E4 3, 4
Hotline E1, E2, E3, E4, E5 1, 2

PDH Equipment
Power Supply Module: Input Voltage -48V
Output Voltage
Voltage Range Pots Current
+5V 4.75V - 5.6V R20 2.5 Amp
±10V 9.20V - 11.8V R41 0.75 Amp
+80V 70V - 100V R67 0.05 Amp
For configuration with 20 E&M cards, 4 Exchange cards, 4 Sub/Hotline
cards and data
Power consumption is 48 W.
PUNCOM VMX-0100 SYSTEM
Slot arrangement
Slot 1 Power Supply (PSU) Card #1
Slot 2 Power Supply (PSU) Card #2 Redundant
Slot 3 TME Card
Slot 4 Loop Protection (LPC) Card (Optional)
Slot 5-14 User Interface Cards
• Loop Protection Card: This Card is used to protect the 2Mb tributary
carrying the traffic in case of failure on the link.
User Interface Cards
 VF INTERFACES
 E&M 2W/4W
 Exchange Interface (FXO)
 Hot Line / Subscriber Interface (FXS)
 DATA INTERFACE
 GDT card (G.703 Data card)
Rear view of VMX-0100

PDH Equipment
Power Supply is a DC-DC converter based on SMPS technology
 Redundant PSU is available
 Generates the 75V rms, 25Hz ring signal required for FXS card.
Input: -36 V to -72V (-48V nominal)

Output:
+5V/10 Amp +12V/1.05 Amp -12V/1.05 Amp
A filtered -48V is given to loop signalling VF Cards for powering the VF

Loop interfaces. Typical power consumption of VMX-0100 is 75W
SETTING OF EQUIPMENT ID: An 8-position DIP switch is on the rear
side of motherboard to set the equipment ID and, maximum of 256 IDs
can be set. This ID is required for the NMS operation & forms the
address of NMS basic frame.
CONTROL CIRCUIT PROTECTION SCHEME IN PD-MUX
Ring/loop protection mechanism in general is implemented in two
different ways.
1. Use of LPC (Loop protection card) and 2 E1s at every station for all
time-slots protection
2. Ring protection mechanism using spare time slots in working E1
Features of most suitable protection scheme
1. E1 thread carrying control circuits on work-path shall terminate at
control section boundary; it shall not be continued on adjacent control
section.
2. However, other omnibus circuits like EC, SCADA etc. are to be
patched at VF level across control section boundaries and picked-up
in the fresh E1 thread.
3. E1 level ring prot on STM backbone(OFC network) at end of the
thread shall be via different path.
4. Also, wherever feasible, additional protection path (3rd path) shall be
provided on STM backbone to ensure availability of circuits in case of
simultaneous cuts on Working Path and Protection Path.
5. Protection has to be automatic through PD-MUX NMS
6. Overreach problem is to be avoided in case of PD-MUX
failures/switch-off pass through on STM1
7. Overreach problem is to be avoided in case of multiple OFC cuts

PDH Equipment
8. Smaller sections for loop protection is to be implemented to the extent
possible so that even during multiple cuts scenarios, have better
availability of control circuits
9. Uniformity of PD-multiplexers on all segments to be ensured on multi-
segment control section.
Migration to Most Suitable Protection Scheme
1. Sections with PUNCOM/WEBFIL or other PD MUX as per IRS TC
68/04
The protection scheme followed in these multiplexers creates overreach
problem of point-to-point circuits in case of multiple OFC cuts. Hence,
channelling plan with enough spare slots and judicious staggering of
channels should be followed. If no. of channels are more, 2nd PD-MUX
can be planned.
2. Sections with old versions of multiplexers which does not
support automatic loop protection
In case of old version of Webfil MUX as per (IRS TC 68/97), automatic
protection scheme can be implemented by replacing NIM and TRIB
cards in the terminal multiplexers only. The NIM and TRIB cards of
Webfil make are to be taken as per newer version of MUX i.e. as per IRS
TC 68/2012 or External LPM (Loop protection module) can be procured
and protection implemented as shown in Fig. Such modules are
available with M/s PUNCOM and M/s Webfil. However, as this scheme
provides complete time-slot protection, which can cause overreach of
point- to-point circuits, time-slots shall be programmed, leaving spare
slots to avoid overreach.
WEST DIRECTION EAST DIRECTION
Protection via STM backbone on different route

OFC Systems
CHAPTER 13: OFC SYSTEMS (TCT4)
13.1 Need for OFC

Medium/Link Carrier Information Capacity
Copper Cable (short distance) 10 MHz 1 Mb (ADSL Modem)
Coaxial Cable (Repeater every
100 MHz 140 Mbps (BSNL)
4.5 KM)
8 Mbps (BSNL),
UHF Link 2 GHz
2 Mbps (Rly.)
140 Mbps (BSNL),
MW Link (Repeater every 40 KM) 7 GHz
34 Mbps (Rly.)
2.5 Gbps (STM-16 : Rly.)
10 Gbps (STM-64: BSNL,
1550 nm RCIL)
OFC
1.28 Tbps (128 Ch. DWDM)
20 Tbps (possible)
13.2 Types of Optic fibre
 Multimode fiber is used primarily in systems with short transmission
distances (under 2 KM), such as premises communications, private
data networks and parallel optic applications.
 Single-mode (SM) fiber is typically used for longer-distance and
higher-bandwidth applications. Its tremendous information carrying
capacity and low intrinsic loss have made single-mode fiber the ideal
transmission medium for multiple applications.
International standards SM fiber MM fiber

Cladding diameter 125 µm 125 µm
Cladding + coating 245 µm 245 µm
Core diameter 8 to 10 µm 50 & 62.5 µm
13.3 Attenuation Optical domain

3 OH Absorption
1390nm
2.5 C L
2 Loss B B
A A
1240nm
1.5
N N
D
D
1
Rayleigh
Scattering
0.5 Dispersion
0
800 1000 1200 1400 1600

OFC Systems
13.4 Important Characteristics of Single Mode fiber
Parameter Description Typical value
0.35db/KM at 1310nm
Attenuation Loss of signal strength
0.25db/KM at 1550nm
Core diameter 8 to 10 µm
Cladding diameter 125 µm
Core cladding RI
< 0.37%
ratio
Cut-off wave Minimum wavelength at which fiber
> 1260nm
length supports only one wavelength
Ability of optical fiber to gather light
Numerical
from source & guide it inside 0.10 to 0.17
aperature
through total internal reflection
Mode field 9.3 µm for core
diameter diameter of 8.3 µm
13.5 Different types of Single mode fiber
a. Non dispersion-shifted fiber (NDSF) G.652 (ITU-T)
1. They initially deployed 1310 nm.
2. Due to high dispersion of fiber at 1550 nm, it is not suitable for
1550 nm systems.
b. Dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF) G.653
1. To address the shortcoming of NDSF fiber, fiber manufacturers
developed, dispersion-shifted fiber (DSF)
2. This has moved the zero-dispersion point to the 1550 nm region
c. Non zero-dispersion-shifted fibers (NZ-DSF) G.655
1. Though DSF worked extremely well with a single 1550 nm
wavelength, it exhibits serious non linearity when multiple, closely-
spaced wavelengths in the 1550 nm were transmitted in DWDM
systems.
2. To address the problem of non-linearity, non-zero dispersion-
shifted fibers (NZ-DSF) were designed by manufacturers
13.6 Cable components
Component Function Material
Buffer Protect fiber from outside stress Nylon, Mylar, Plastic
Strength member Tensile strength Armid yarn, steel
Contain and protect cable core
Cable jacket HDPE
abrasion Resistance
Cable filling
Prevent moisture Water block component
compound
Rodent protection Crush
Armouring
resistance
OFC Systems
TWO SUITABLE RIP CARDS UNDER THE

ARMOUR
HDPE OUTER JACKET (2.0 mm minimum)
CORRUGATED ISI: 304 OR 305 STAINLESS
STEEL (0.125 mm minimum)
INNER P E SHEATH (1.5 mm minimum)
SECONDARY COATING TUBE (OUTER DIA 2.4 mm± 0.1 mm

NON-HYDROSCOPIC DIELECTRIC TAPE (POLYSTER
TAPE)
PRIMARY COATED FIBRE
CENTRAL STRENGTH MEMBER (2.0 mm ± 0.05 mm)
WRAPPING ARMIDE YARN (IF REQUIRED)
WATER BLOCKING JELLY
WATER BLOCKING THIXOTROPIC JELLY
ONE SUITABLE RIP CARD UNDER THE INNER

SHEATH
Fig. Cross sectional view of 24 fiber cable used in Indian Railways
13.7 Fibre & Unit Identification
Loose Tube number (Colour of loose tube)
1. Blue 2. Orange 3. Green 4. Brown 5. Slate 6. White
13.8 Classification of LASER Safety
Safe under reasonably foreseeable conditions of operations.
Class 1
Note that it does not say ‘safe under any conditions’
Visible lasers with light output within the visible spectrum of
400-700nm. There is an assumption here that the blink
Class 2 reflex will close the eyes within a fraction of a second and
hence provide protection. Prolonged exposure will cause
damage
Safe for viewing by the unaided eye either visible or infra red
Class 3a
light but possibly unsafe when viewed with instruments
Direct viewing is hazardous but reflected light is normally
Class 3b
OK. Not to be viewed with instruments
Very DANGEROUS. Even reflections are hazardous and
Class 4 direct beam can cause fire and skin injury. Not normally
used for communications
13.9 OFC CABLE LAYING PRACTICES
Initial or first survey
Initial/First survey by train with engineering drawing
 Verify culverts, bridges and LC gates
 Observe nature of land i.e. sand, black cotton soil, red soil, morrum
and rocky
 Prepare a chart with schedule items for rough estimation
OFC Systems
Second survey
Second survey by trolley with concerned PWI and S&T staff.
 Take alignment along the Railway boundary
 Note the offsets and existing cables en route
 Note the places where cable requires protection with GI Pipe or RCC
Pipe
Third survey
Third survey by foot with sufficient labour
 Do the test pit for every 200 m and note down the nature of soil
 Compile the estimation for one block section with 10-15% extra
quantities
 Prepare the proposed cable route drawing
 Ensure that the station yard, location boxes, signal posts, culverts
and LC gates are included in the drawing
 Submit drawings to engineering department for approval
13.10 Tools required for sheath Removal and their functions
S.No. Name of tool Function
1 Cable cutter To cut the cable in full
2 Jacket remover To remove outer jacket
3 Utility knife To cut narrow jacket circumferentially
To cut rip cord, Aramid yarn, Binders,
4 Scissors
fibres etc.
Diagonal cutting
5 To cut central members, fillers etc.
pliers
6 Sheath Ripper To cut the polythene binders
Vinyle insulation
7 For proper marking of cable
tape
8 Gel off paper To clean the jelly
9 Towel cloth To clean the cable
For cable and buffer tubes
10 Number Book
identifications
11 Measuring Tape For different length measurements
12 Buffer Stripper To strip the buffer tubes
13 Paint Marker To mark on cable

OFC Systems
13.11 Tools required for fusion splicing and their functions

1 Fibre Stripper To strip the plastic cover coating of the fibre
2 Fibre Cleaver To cut the fibre end perpendicular to the axis
3 Tissue Papers To clean the fibre after stripping
To clean the fibre and splicing machine’s lens,
4 Cleaning liquid
V groove etc.
Jewellers To adjust some potentiometer in fusion splicing
5
Screw machine
To clean the fibre and splicing machine’s lens,
6 Cotton swab
V groove etc.
To remove white colour coating of tight buffer
7 NO-NIK Tool
tube
8 Flash Light To test the pig tails (tight buffer tube)
13.12 Tools required for preparation of splicing - closures are

as shown table below
To tight the clamping bends over the ends
1 Tensioning Tool
caps, clamping bars etc.
To open the closure (used with tensioning
2 Opening Hook
tool)
3 Screw Drivers To tight and loose the screw nuts etc.
Adjustable
4 To tight nuts and bolts in supporting bars.
Wrench
5 Hammer To open and close the clamping bars.
6 Tie-raps To tie the buffer tubes into splice tray.
7 Tie-rap Fastner To tie the buffer tubes into splice tray.
8 RTV Sealant To tight the Tie-rap.
9 Tweezer To lift and hold the fibre.
To set the fibre splices into splice tray
10 Spatula
organiser.
11 Crocus Cloth To clean the cable outer jacket.
12 Crimping Pliers To fix the buffer tubes in splice tray.
OFC Systems
13.13 Types of Connectors
a. FC - Ferrule Connector
Insertion loss Repeatability Fiber type Application

0.5 to 1.0 db 0.20 db SM / MM Transmission NW
Gradually being replaced by SC and LC CONNECTORS
b. SC - Subscriber Connector or Standard Connector

0.2 to 0.45 db 0.10 db SM / MM Transmission NW
c. LC - Lucent Connector or a Local Connector

0.15 db (SM) High density
0.20 db SM/MM
0.10 db (MM) interconnection
13.14 An OTDR display of a typical system

OFC Systems
13.15 OPTICAL RECEIVER
Optical Receiver block diagram
13.16 Typical photodiode materials are

Name of the
Operational characteristics
material
low dark current, high speed, good sensitivity
silicon (Si) roughly between 400 nm and 1000 nm
(best around 800-900 nm)
high dark current, slow speed due to large
parasitic capacity, good sensitivity roughly
germanium (Ge)
between 600 nm and 1800 nm
(best around 1400 - 1500nm)
expensive, low dark current, high speed, good
indium gallium
sensitivity roughly between 800 nm and 1700 nm
arsenide (InGaAs)
(best around 1300-1600 nm)
The operating characteristics of PIN photodiodes
Parameter Symbol Unit Si Ge InGaAs

Wavelength  μm 0.4-1.1 0.8-1.8 1.0-1.7
Responsivity R A/W 0.4-0.6 0.5-0.7 0.6-0.9
Quantum
 % 75-90 50-55 60-70
efficiency
Dark current Id nA 1-10 50-500 1-20
Rise time Tr ns 0.5-1 0.1-0.5 0.02-0.5
Bandwidth f GHz 0.3-0.6 0.5-3 1-10
Bias voltage Vb volts 50-100 6-10 5-6

OFC Systems
The operating characteristics of avalanche photodiode
Parameter Symbol Unit Si Ge InGaAs
Wavelength  μm 0.4-1.1 0.8-1.8 1.0-1.7
Responsivity RAPD A/W 80-130 3-30 5-20
APD gain M - 100-500 50-200 10-40
k-factor kA - 0.02-0.05 0.7-1.0 0.5-0.7
Dark current Id nA 0.1-1 50-500 1-5
Rise time Tr ns 0.1-2 0.5-0.8 0.1-0.5
Bandwidth f GHz 0.2-1 0.4-0.7 1-10
Bias voltage Vb volts 200-250 20-40 20-30
13.17 Semiconductor material used in Optical Sources

 Gallium-Aluminum-Arsenic 800 - 900nm
 Indium-Gallium-Arsenic-Phosphide 1000nm - 1600nm
13.18 Features of stimulated emission by Laser Diodes
 External stimulation, hence narrow spectral width: External photon
forces photon of similar energy to be emitted. This is reflected back to
active region to continue the process, Spectral width is narrow (1 nm)
 High output power: All photons propagate in same direction, hence
contribute to high output power (LD requires 10 mA current to radiate
1 mW whereas LED requires 150 mA)
 Better directivity: Stimulated photons propagate in same direction,
hence better directivity
 Coherence: All photons are synchronized, hence coherent radiation
13.19 Optical Transmitter block diagram

Optical Signal Modulated
signal
Laser External
PD Diode Modulator
Feedback
Laser Driver Interface

Circuits Electronics
Information

SDH Principles
CHAPTER 14: SDH PRINCIPLES (TCT5)
14.1 Introduction: The SDH is a hierarchical set of digital transport

structures, standardized for the transport of suitably adapted payloads
over physical transmission networks. It defines frame structure,
multiplexing method, digital rates hierarchy and interface code pattern.
A Synchronous Transport Module (STM-n) is a precisely defined signal
frame structure and transmission rate, used to carry information between
SDH network elements.
14.2 SDH bit rates as per ITU (T)’s recommendation G.707
S.No SDH level Bit Rates Speech Channels
1 STM 1 155.520 Mbps 1890
2 STM 4 622.080 Mbps 7560
3 STM 16 2488.320 Mbps/2.5 Gbps 30,240
4 STM 64 9953.280 Mbps/10.0 Gbps 1,20,960
14.3 SDH Multiplexing Structure

SDH Principles
14.4 STM Frame With Over Heads & Pay Load
14.5 Availability and Survivability of SDH
1. Ring network's self-healing mechanism that operate at <50msec

2. Meshed networks are self-healing mechanism is <200 milliseconds
3. For traffic performance, maximum slip rate allowed is 5 slips per day
in 24 hrs for >98.9%.
4. Inter Office Short Haul (S): 15 KM approximately. For Intra office,
distance is less than 2KM
5. Inter Office Long Haul (L):40 KM approx. with 1310nm and 60 KM
with 1550nm window
Intra Inter office
Application
office Short haul Long-haul
Source in nm 1310 1310 1550 1310 1550
Type of fiber G.652 G.652 G.652 G.652 G.652 G.653
Distance in KM <2 15 40 60
STM-1 1-1 S - 1.1 S - 1.2 L - 1.1 L-1.2 *L-1.3
STM-4 1-4 S - 1.1 S - 4.1 L - 4.1 L-4.2 *L-4.3
STM-16 1 - 16 S - 1.1 S - 16.1 L - 16.1 L-16.2 *L-16.3
* indicating nominal 1550 nm wavelength sources on G.653 fibre

SDH Principles
14.6 Classification of Optical Interfaces
Specification S1.1 L1.1 L1.2
Output Power ( typical)
Minimum -15 dBm -5 dBm -5 dBm
Maximum -8 dBm 0 dBm 0 dBm
RX Sensitivity -28 dBm -34 dBm -34 dBm
RX Overload -8 dBm -10 dBm -10 dBm
Wavelength 1310 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm
14.7 Physical Configuration of SDH NODES
SDH Regenerator SDH SDH

Multiplexer Multiplexer Multiplexer
Regenerator Regenerator Regenerator

Section Section Section
RSOH RSOH RSOH
Multiplex Section Multiplex
MSOH Section MSOH
Path
POH
14.8 Clock types for Synchronization (3 types of clocks)

-12
• G.811 Primary Reference Clock (PRC) Accuracy: 1*10
• G.812 Synchronization Supply Unit (SSU) Holdover: ageing per
-11
day 2* 10
-6
• G.813 SDH Equipment Clock (SEC) 4*10 (NE)
As per ITU (T) G.803, there should not be more than 10 Synchronization
Supply Unit (SSU) in a trail to PRC and in between to SSU’s there
should not be more than 20 Network elements (NE).
In total there should not be > 60 NEs connected to one Primary

Reference Clock (PRC) in a trail.

SDH Equipment
CHAPTER 15: SDH EQUIPMENT (TCT6)
15.1 INTRODUCTION TO FIBCOM’S STM-1 EQUIPMENT

Module Positions
Position
1 2 3+4 5+6 7 8 9+10 11+12 13 14 15+16 17+18
Module
TM/ADM X
LI 1/RI 1 X X X X X
TEX1, TEX1
X X X X X S
resync.
C
TEX31 X X X X X R
TEX33 X X F
EOW X X X
PS X X X X X X
15.2 STM-1 TRANSPORT SYSTEM OPTICAL INTERFACES (Nominal

bit rate 155.520Mbps)
Parameter Values
Application Code S-1.1 L-1.1 L-1.2
Connector FC/PC FC/PC FC/PC
Operating wavelength 1280 - 1335nm 1280 - 1335nm 1480 - 1580nm
Source type MLM MLM SLM
Maximum power - 8dBm 0dBm 0dBm
Minimum power - 15dBm - 5dBm - 5dBm
Min. Receiver Sensitivity - 28dBm - 37dBm - 37dBm
Min. Receiver overload - 8dBm - 1dBm - 2dBm
Max. optical path penalty 1dB 1dB 1dB
15.3 FIBCOM 6325 STM1/4 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION

Slot positions of sub rack
Slot-1 Fan Module Slot-2 to 5 Traffic Module Slot-6 Reserved slot

Slot-7 CMCC Module Slot-8 PS-DC Module
Slot-9 PS-DC Module (Duplicated)
SDH Equipment
The traffic modules available for 6325 node are
1. SIMX-16 2. SIMX-4 3. SPMIX with 4E1s

4. SPMIX with 21E1s 5. PIM1 6. EMAP
7. ETEX10S
SFP (Small Form Pluggable) optical modules are the most used fibre
optic transceiver modules in the fibre communications industry.
Available SFP Trans receivers :S-1.1, L-1.1, L-1.2

S-4.1, L-4.1, L-4.2, L-4.2 C-band
S-16.1, L-16.1, L-16.2, L-16.2 C-band
STM-16 CWDM (8 wavelengths)
Ethernet: 100BASE-FX, 100BASE-LX10

1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-SX,
1000BASE-LX, 1000BASE-ZX
15.4 LEDs and switch on SIMX, SPIMX, PIM1 and EMAP modules
LED/Switch Indication Description

Switch to be activated before the module
Remove -
is removed from the sub rack.
LED indicating that it is safe to remove
Safe Removal Yellow
the module from the sub rack.
Module is not powered
Off •
• Module is in standby mode (when the
CMCC module is not installed)
Active/Stand by Constantly
Module is Active
(SIMX and green
SPIMX only) Slow
Flashing
Module is in Standby mode
(0.5Hz)
green
Green LED indicating activity/traffic on the
(EMAP only)
Ethernet connection
Link (EMAP only) Green LED indicating that link is UP

SDH Equipment
15.5 LEDs and switch on CMCC module
LED or Switch Indication Description

Off Module not powered
Constantly green Normal condition
• Alarm (critical or major)
Constantly red
• Module performing self-test
Power / Alarm • Module booting
Fast Flashing
• Initializing application
(4 Hz) green
software
Slow Flashing
Module synchronizing
(1Hz) green
Slow Flashing (1Hz) red Module self-test failed
• Module not powered
Off
• Module not ready for stand by
Active/ stand
Constantly green Module is active
By
Slow Flashing (0.5Hz)
Module is in standby mode
green
• Switch to be activated before
the module is removed from
Reset /
- the sub rack
Remove
• Performs a reset of the
module
LED indicating that it is safe to
Safe Removal Yellow remove the module from the
sub rack.
LED indicating activity/traffic on
Act Green the
management connection
Link Green LED indicating that link is up.
15.6 LED on PS-DC module
LED Indication Description

Active / Off  Module is not providing power
Standby (either the Input power is missing or
the module has a defect)
 Module is in standby mode (when
the CMCC module is not installed
Constantly Green  Module is active
Slow Flashing  Module is in standby mode
(0.5 Hz) Green

SDH Equipment
15.7 STM-4 transmission characteristics (Nominal Bit Rate 622.080
Mbps)
Parameter Value
L-4.2 C-
Class S-4.1 L-4.1 L-4.2
Band
Transmitter at reference point S
Source Type MLM SLM SLM SLM
1274-1356 1280-1335 1480-1580 1530-1565
Wavelength range
nm nm nm nm
Mean launched -15 to -8 -3 to +2 -3 to +2 -3 to +2
power range dBm dBm dBm dBm
Optical Path between S and R
Attenuation range 0 to 12 dB 10 to 24 dB 10 to 24 dB 10 to 24 dB
Maximum
74 ps/nm na 2200 ps/nm 2200 ps/nm
dispersion
Receiver at reference
Min. receive level
-10 -28 dBm -28 dBm -28 dBm -28 dBm
at BER =10
Min. overload -8 dBm -8 dBm -8 dBm -8 dBm
15.8 Connectors: The table specifies the connections on the front
of the modules
Connector Description On module
STM-16 STM-16 optical interface with SFP
SIMX16
transceiver
STM-1/4 STM-4 optical or STM-1
optical/electrical interface with SIMX4,SIMX16,SPIMX
SFP transceiver
E1 2 Mbit/s interface, 120 ohm SPIMX(4xE1)
21 x E1 21 x 2 Mbit/s interface, 120 ohm PIM1
21 x E1 21 x 2 Mbit/s interface, 120 ohm
+UCH and interface for user channels
SPIMX(21xE1)
and engineering ordering wire
(DTMF-EOW).
UCH Interface for user channels and
SIMX4, SIMX16,
engineering ordering wire (DTMF-
SPIMX(4xE1)
EOW).
1000 1000BASE-SX, 1000BASE-LX,
1000BASE-ZX or 1000BASE-T
ETEX10S
Ethernet interface with SFP
transceiver
SDH Equipment
100 100BASE-FX or 100BASE-LX10
EMAP,
Ethernet interface with SFP
ETEX10S
transceiver
10/100 10BASE-T or 100BASE-TX
EMAP, ETEX10S
Ethernet interface
MGT Management Ethernet interface CMCC, ETEX10S
CT Craft terminal interface CMCC, ETEX10S
SYNC / 2 MHz synchronization
FAN
ALARM input/output and alarm interface
DC Power DC power 40.5 - 72 V; 0 -
PS-DC
2.6 A
15.9 Modular arrangement in TJ100MC-1 Equipment
This equipment has the following modules:

 PSU (Power Supply Unit) Slot No. 1 & 2
 Lite Tributary Card (LTC) Slot No. 3
 1 E3/DS3 Tributary Card (TE31) Slot Nos. 4, 5 & 6
 E1 Tributary Cards (TET16, TET21, TET28)
 STM-1 Aggregate/Tributary Cards (A011)
 STM-1e/E4/EC 3C Tributary Card (A1E4)
 Ethernet Tributary Card (TP01)
 Ethernet Tributary Card (TP01FT)
 Modular arrangement in TJ100MC-1 Equipment
15.10 Power Supply unit (PSU)

Operating parameters
Input voltage : - 48 V DC
Output voltage : +12 V DC at 12.5 A maximum.
Output power : 150 W.

SDH Equipment
15.11 TEJAS LITE TRIBUTARY CARD (LTC)
TEJAS STM –1 Optical Interface Specification
Specifications S1.1 L1.1 L1.2
Minimum O/P power -15 dBm -5 dBm -5 dBm
Maximum O/P power -8 dBm 0 dBm 0 dBm
Receiver Sensitivity -28 dBm -34 dBm -34 dBm
Receiver Overload -8 dBm -10 dBm -10 dBm
Optical Path Penalty 1 dB 1 dB 1 dB
Section Loss 0 to 12 dB 10 to 28 dB 10 to 28 dB
Wavelength (nominal) 1310 nm 1310 nm 1550 nm
Spectral Range 1261-1360 nm 1263-1360 nm 1480-1580 nm
Connector Type SC-PC SC-PC SC-PC
Fiber Type Single mode Single mode Single mode
15.12 NETWORK MANAGEMENT INTERFACE (GENERAL)

Two LEDs are used on this connector to indicate link status, as given
below
Card State NMS LED
Green Amber
Link Speed 10 Mbps OFF NA
Link Speed 100Mbps ON NA
Receiver Activity NA Blink on packet received
15.13 ORDER-WIRE INTERFACE (GENERAL)

Two LEDs are used to indicate status on the order-wire.
Card State OW LED
GREEN AMBER
Telephone On hook ON OFF
Telephone Ringing Blink OFF
Telephone Off hook OFF ON
15.14 Power Consumption of different TEJAS Cards are as follows
TEJAS E3 TRIBUTARY CARD (TE31): E3 INTERFACE (Max. Power
consumed 6W)
TEJAS E1 TRIBUTARY CARD (TET16, TET21, TET28) E1
INTERFACE (MAX. power consumed 8W)

SDH Equipment
TEJAS STM-1 AGGREGATE/TRIBUTARY CARD (A011) (Max. power
consumed 12W)
STM-1E/E4 TRIBUTARY CARD (A1E4) (Max. power consumed 12W)
15.15 All the TEJAS cards have the following visual indications
LED Colour Status
ACTIVE Amber On insertion/power ON
Green Initialization Complete/In use
Red Card Inactive/Admin Down
STATUS Amber On insertion/power ON
Green Initialization Complete
Red Hardware error/Admin Down
Port transmit is ON, and the corresponding port
Tx Green
is transmitting.
Red Port transmit is Off
Rx Green The corresponding port is receiving a signal.
Red The corresponding port is not receiving a signal.
15.16 ETHERNET TRIBUTARY CARDS (TP01) & (TP01FT) (Max.

power consumed 10W)
LED Color Status
Amber Card jacked in
Active Green Card initialized
Off/Red Card Failure
Green Card recognized
Status
Off/Red Card Failure
Off 10Mbps Mode is enabled
RJ45-Amber
Amber 100Mbps Mode is enabled
Off Link Failure
RJ45-Green LED on if Link Detected (10 or 100). LED
Green
Blinks if there is an activity on the link
Off Card Failure
Tx
Green Transmit enabled on Fx port.
Off Card Failure
Rx Green Signal detected on Fx port.
Red Loss of signal on Fx port.

SDH Equipment
15.17 TEJA’S MC4L STM-4 EQUIPMENT (Slot Allotment) in LAB
setup
Multi Function Card (MFC) (18)
AO1 AO4
TP 1 1 XC XC AO41
SCU SCU TET
01 STM STM C C STM 4
I 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Power Supply unit (PSU)
Power Supply unit (PSU)(17)
(16)
Power Supply unit (PSU)

Input voltage : - 48 V DC
Output voltage : +12 V DC at 12.5 A maximum.
Output power : 150 W.
LED COLOUR STATUS
GREEN The DC-DC converter is active
POWER
OFF The DC-DC converter is in-active
GREEN The output voltage is within specified range
ACTIVE
RED The output voltage is out of range
Multi Function Card (MFC1) (Max. power consumed 4W, at 12V DC)
The MFC1 has visual indications for alarm and the power on the
card.
LED Name LED Colour Status

Green Card is powered-up
Power
OFF Card is not powered-up
Red Critical Alarm is present
Critical Alarm
OFF Critical Alarm is not present
Orange Major Alarm is present
Major Alarm
OFF Major Alarm is not present
Yellow Minor Alarm is present
Minor Alarm
OFF Minor Alarm is not present
Deferred Blue Deferred Alarm is present
Alarm OFF Deferred Alarm is not present
SDH Equipment
Cross-connect Card, System Control Unit, E1 Tributary Card
STATUS
LED COLOUR (TET16, TET21,
(XCC16L) (SCU4)
TET28)
On
Card is booting- Blinking.
Amber insertion/power
up Card is booting
ON
Booting
Card is active process Initialization
Green
(Master) complete complete/In use
ACTIVE
(Master)
Booting
Card is in
process
Off standby mode Card inactive
complete
(slave)
(Slave)
Red Card failure -- --
On
Card is booting- Blinking.
Amber insertion/power
up Card is booting
ON
Booting
Card is active Initialization
Green process
STATUS (Master) complete
complete
Card is in
Off standby mode Card failure Hardware error
(slave)
Red Card failure -- --
15.18 LED status on various cards of TEJA’S STM
Card LED Status Remarks

Power LED Glows green when powered ON
PSU
Status LED Glows green when active
Status LED Glows green Card UP
MIC Glows green when the Ethernet Card is enabled
Link LED
else it glows RED
Blinks on power ON and becomes green after the
Status LED
card boots
PSS
Glows Amber on power ON and turns green when
Active LED
card is active else is off when card inactive
Glows Amber on power ON and glows green after
XC4 Status LED the Software initialization, glows Red if fault on the
card

SDH Equipment
Glows Amber on power ON, Green when card is
Active LED
active and OFF when card is inactive
Glows Amber on power ON and then green after
Status LED
software initialization and Red if fault on the card
The TX glows green when carrying traffic, else
A041 LED is OFF
LED
indicator The RX glows green when receive power is
present and is RED when no receive power
Glows Amber on power ON and then green after
Status LED
software initialization and RED if fault on the card
A011 There are pairs of TX and RX LEDs on this card
or and the TX glows green when carrying traffic, else
A012 LED
LED is OFF
indicator
The RX glows Green when receive power is
present and RED when no receive power
15.19 INTRODUCTION TO TJ100MC-16X

Slot 1- 6 and 9-14 is for tributary cards
Slot 7& 8 are for cross connect card
Slot 15 is for Multi function card
Slot 16 & 17 is for Power
Slot 18, 19 & 20 for FTU
15.20 Various cards used in TJ100MC-16X

 POWER FILTER UNIT (PFU1)
 MULTIFUNCTION INTERFACE CARD (MFC1)
 20G VC12 CROSS-CONNECT AND CONTROL CARD (XCC128L)
 CROSS-CONNECT AND CONTROLLER CARD (XCC64L)
 ADAPTOR CARD (ADP1)
 84 PORT E1/T1 INTERFACE CARD (LB84)
 8- PORT E4/STM-1E INTERFACE CARD (PC1L8SA)
 4 -PORT E4/STM-1E AND 8 PORT STM-1o (SFP) INTERFACE CARD
(LC1L12)
(
 16- PORT STM-10 SFP) INTERFACE LINE CARD (LC1L16FP)
 PORT STM-4 SFF INTERFACE CARD (LC4L4FF)
 1-PORT STM-16 MSA OPTICS INTERFACE CARD (LC16L1N)
 1 PORT STM-16 SFF INTERFACE CARD (LC16L1FF)

Mobile Communications
CHAPTER 16: MOBILE COMMUNICATION (TA1)
16.1 Very High Frequency (VHF) Mobile Radio Communication

The frequency band of VHF Communication is 30 to 300 MHz.and
frequency allotted by WPC in VHF for Indian Railways are in the band
146 -174 MHz.
16.2 Communication Range: Depends upon terrain.
i. The average range of a Walkie – Talkie (Hand Held set) – 1 to 2 KM.
ii. 25W VHF Mobile Set upto 25 KM when antenna is fixed at height of
15 - 20M.
Frequency Allocation of VHF sets with the SM: Normally one 25W
simplex VHF set will be provided to SMs at the Railway stations. This set
will have priority channel scan (Guard Driver communication channel
with SM at frequency 161.15MHz) to ensure automatic switchover of
VHF sets to Driver Guard communication channel. During failure of
Block Instt., and other Communication Instrument, VHF set can be used
as per Board letter no.2005/safety(A&R)/19/7 dated 01.07.2005. For
exchanging paper line clear, this set will be provided with DTMF and
CTCSS/DCS signaling to ensure one to one secured and secret
communication for block communication channel. From the
consideration of safety, three freq are allotted for straight route for taking
‘Line Clear’ and programmed as channel-5, 6 and 7. These channels
should be programmed with CTCSS/MF coding using alternate
frequencies for adjacent sections as detailed below:-
st nd
Channel-5 for 1 section (150.100 MHz), Channel-6 for 2 adjoining
section (150.150 MHz)
rd th
Channel-7 for adjoining 3 section (159.600 MHz), Channel-5 for next 4
section and so on
VHF sets provided in ARTs: Frequency of 147.975 MHz should be

used for communication at disaster sites. This should normally be
restricted to 30 sets in the ART which should be distributed among the
officers/supervisors directly connected with restoration arrangements at
site, as decided by the senior most officer-in-charge.

16.3 Standardization of VHF – Frequencies on Indian Railways
SM Station
Frequency Driver & Shunting/ Engineering Electrical S&T Commercial Mechanical
S.No. at all to RPF To be used for
in MHz Guard Operating deptt. deptt. deptt. deptt. deptt.
stns. LC gate
1 146.400 X Security Department
2 147.975 ART Frequency Accident Site Communication
3 148.100 X Mechanical Department
4 149.750 X Engineering Department
5 150.100 XC F1 – for PLC; 1st section of Straight Section
6 150.150 XC F2 – for PLC; 2nd section of Straight Section
7 159.600 XC F3 – for PLC; 3rd section of Straight Section
8 159.650 X S&T Department
9 159.700 XC XC Communication with LC gate
10 160.400 X X X X X X X X Common Frequency
11 160.550 XE XE Train Escorting Purpose
12 161.150 X X Driver & Guard communication
13 161.425 X Electrical Department
14 162.100 X X Shunting & Yard Communication
15 146.200 XC F4 – for PLC; 1st section
For Junction
16 148.050 XC F5 – for PLC; 2nd section Station
(Direction 1)
17 149.500 XC F6 – for PLC; 3rd section
F7 – for PLC; 1st
18 149.550 XC
section For Junction
19 151.400 XC F8 – for PLC; 2nd section Station
(Direction 2)
20 151.450 XC F9 – for PLC; 3rd section
Note: X - Channel programmed
XC - Channel programmed with CTC SS/MF coding.
XE - For Train duties only.
115
Mobile Communication
16.4 GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication)
ETSI is the body, which is primarily responsible for development of GSM
The basic layout of GSM system architecture represents in terms of
system entities and represent groupings of specific wireless functionality.
GSM reference model is shown below
MS BSS NSS
GSM SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
Mobile station (MS): It represents the terminal equipment used by

cellular subscriber supported by GSM system. The MS consists of two
entities
Mobile Equipment (ME) and Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)
Subscriber Identity Module (SIM) is a smart card that holds information
required to identify a particular subscription to a mobile service.
Base Station Subsystem (BSS): Base Station Subsystem consists of
two entities, Base Transceiver Station (BTS) and Base Station Controller
(BSC).
Base Transceiver Station (BTS) is the equipment which facilitates the
wireless communication between user equipment (UE) and the network
Base Station Controller (BSC) controls activities of all BTS in a Cluster.
It reserves the Radio Channel Frequencies, controls Call handover
between Base Transceiver stations under its jurisdiction and pages the
Mobile Stations for an incoming Call
Network and Switching Subsystem (NSS): It performs the Switching
functions of GSM and consists of Databases needed for Subscriber and
Mobility Management. Its main feature is to manage communication
between Mobile Station and other users of Cellular Network.
Mobile Service Switching Centre (MSC): It monitors Subscriber
Mobility and manages Resources for handling and updating Location
Information of the Subscribers. Seamless Hand-over of the established
Calls is also controlled by MSC. Connections to external Networks like
PSTN, PLMN and Intelligent Networks etc. are also controlled by MSC
Home Location Register (HLR): Subscriber relevant data are kept in a

Database called HLR and contains information regarding real time
location of the Roaming Subscriber, which is passed to the MSC for
routing incoming Calls to the Mobile Station
Visitor Location Register (VLR) dynamically stores Subscriber
Information, when a Mobile Station is in the Location Area covered by
the VLR. Whenever a Roaming Subscriber enters in an area controlled
by an MSC, the information is passed to the VLR, which recognizes the
Subscriber as an outsider for the MSC.
Equipment Identity Register (EIR): which stores Identifications of all
Devices, registered in the particular MSC. A list of all valid IMEI is kept in
EIR along with the malfunctioning Mobile Stations.
Authentication Centre (AUC): Protects User Identity and allows a
Secured Transmission. Authentication Algorithm and Encryption Keys
are contained in AUC and it generates Random Numbers for User
Authentication in the HLR.
Operation and Maintenance Centre (OMC): Monitors and controls all
components of GSM.
Frequency spectrum used in GSM of GSM-900 band
For Uplink (MS to BTS) 890 - 915 MHz
For Down link (BTS to MS) 935 - 960 MHz
From the given freq band the number of RF channels in GSM are 124
The channel spacing is 200KHz and spacing bet TX & RX is 45MHz
The Traffic Channels carry Speech or User Data in both MS to BTS and
BTS to MS
16.5 GSM-R
GSM for railways, a communication system for railway networks utilizing
GSM technologies and specific applications for railway operations. GSM-
R is the communication standard chosen by EIRENE (European
Integrated Railway Radio Enhanced Network) to meet the railway
requirements.
16.6 The features of GSM-R are
1. Point to Point call
2. Voice Broad cast call
3. Voice Group call
4. Emergency call
5. Functional addressing
6. Location dependent addressing
Mobile Communication
7. eMLPP (enhanced Multi-Level Precedence and Preemption)
The fixed terminals are the ones installed in driver’s cab. The RF output
power is 8W, and hand held sets are of 2W power. And the RF power of
BTS will be 20-25 W.
16.7 BTS System Specification:

Power Supply = - 48 V DC, PA Tx Power = 30 W
Rx Sensitivity = -110 dBm
16.8 GSM-R Frequencies
Frequency Frequency
S.No. Frequency Pair
Up Link (MHz) DN Link (MHz)
1 F1 907.8 952.8
2 F2 908.0 953.0
3 F3 908.2 953.2
4 F4 908.4 953.4
5 F5 908.8 953.8
6 F6 909.0 954.0
7 F7 909.2 954.2
8 F8 909.4 954.4
9 F9 889.6 934.6
10 F10 889.8 934.8
16.9 Following is the position of MTRC Projects in Indian Railways
Railways Section Distance in KM

NCR Palwal - Mathura-Jhansi 420
Palwal-New Delhi-Ambala-Ludhiana,
NR Jalandar-Amritsar-Pathankot, Ludhiana- 855
Jalandar-Pathankot-Jammutawi
Katihar-Maldatown-New Jalpaiguri-
NFR 670
Guwahati section
ECR Pradhankhanta to Mughalsarai 411
ER Pradhankhanta to Howrah 350
NCR Ghaziabad to Mughalsarai 751
Data Communications & Networking
CHAPTER 17: DATA COMMUNICATION & NETWORKING (TA2)
1. Data communication means exchange of data (in the form of bits)

between the two or more computers, it can be in different forms like
text, numbers, images, audio and video.
2. Data communication system has five components
a. Message or Information
b. Sender (i.e. Server)
c. Receiver (i.e. PC)
d. Transmission medium (i.e. guided or un-guided)
e. Protocol (i.e. Software)
3. Data can be transmitted on communication links either in parallel or
serial, asynchronous serial communication is used for slow speed
data and synchronous serial communication is used for high speed
data.
4. Data can be digital or analog, before transmitting the data over
media it should be encoded.
5. There are 4 different types of encodings or conversions are used
a) Digital to Digital : (uses RZ, NRZ, AMI, CMI, HDB3 & B8ZS
coding techniques)
b) Digital to Analog : (uses Modem with ASK, FSK, PSK &
QAM modulation techniques)
c) Analog to Analog : (uses Modulation techniques like AM&FM)
d) Analog to Digital : (uses Codec with PCM techniques)
There are basically two types of networks existing a) LAN b) WAN
6. Nowadays the networks over the globe can be accessed from
anywhere to anywhere (i.e.. interoperability) because of OSI (Open
System Interconnection) Model formulated by ISO
7. In OSI model, there are 7 layers namely physical, data-link,
network, transport, session, presentation and application.
8. These layers are existing at source system (mostly Server) as well
as at destination system (mostly PC)
9. At source, each layer will add its PDUs (Protocol data units) when
data moves from layer 7 to layer 1 and at the destination, each
layer will removes its PDUs when data moves from layer 1 to layer 7
10. Application layer (layer-7) will launches the services like WEB,
MAIL, DHCP, DNS, and TELNET etc.
11. Presentation layer (layer-6) will standardizes, encodes, encrypts
and compress the data
12. Session layer (layer-5) will initiate, monitor and terminate the
sessions for smooth downloading of data from the network
13. Transport layer (layer-4) will help in end to end delivery of data
using port address(16-bit), in this layer data is segmented as TCP
14. Network layer (layer-3) will help in source to destination delivery of
the data in packets using IP address (IPv4/32-bit or IPv6/128-bit)
and it also helps in interconnecting different networks using routing
protocols like RIP,OSPF,EIGRP,BGP. Router is used at this layer.
15. Data-link layer (layer-2) will help in node to node delivery of the data
using MAC address (48 bit) using Ethernet protocol in the form of
frames. The device used at this layer is Switch.
16. Physical layer (layer-1) will help in delivery of the data on to the
media (media can be wireless or wired (copper/optical) in the form
of bits. The devices used at this layer are modems, media-
converters, LAN extenders etc.
17. Twisted pair cables are of two types.
a) UTP (un-shielded twisted pair with 120 ohm characteristic
impedance) cables with 4 pairs with RJ-45 (registered-jack)
connectors are used; this UTP cable will carry the Ethernet data
for a maximum distance of 100 meters only.
b) STP (shielded twisted pair with 120 ohm characteristic
impedance) cables with 4 pairs are with metal foil RJ-45
connectors are used; this STP cable also will carry the Ethernet
data for a maximum distance of 100 meters only.
c) For interconnecting similar devices (PC to PC, switch to switch)
cross patch cord are used, for interconnecting dissimilar devices
(PC to switch, switch to router) straight patch cords are used.
18. For interconnecting two Ethernet segments above 100mtrs, OFC
(Single or Multi mode) with SFP modules are used.
19. The Ethernet is most popular layer-2 protocol in the data
communication because of its frame structure; it uses the best error
detection method called CRC-32 (Cyclic Redundancy Check), the
standard for Ethernet is IEEE 802.3.
20. Ethernet was invented by Robert Metcalfe. “Ether” is a passive
substance that exists everywhere in the universe and light is carried
by Ether throughout the universe. Robert Metcalfe desired that his
network invention using shared cabling, using passive medium
could carry data everywhere in the network like ether carrying light.
21. Ethernet frame is having seven fields
Start Frame
Destination Source Information
Preamble Frame Length Check
Address Address Field
Delimiter Sequence

22. The maximum Ethernet frame size is 1526 Bytes (1500 data bytes +
26 over head bytes) and minimum size is 72 Bytes (46 data bytes +
26 over head bytes).
Field Min Size (Bytes) Max. Size(Bytes)

Preamble 07 0007
Start Frame Delimiter 01 0001
Destination Address 06 0006
Source Address 06 0006
Length 02 0002
Information Field 46 1500
Frame Check Sequence 04 0004
TOTAL: 72 1526
23. Ethernet evolution is from Simple (or) Standard Ethernet to Terabit

Ethernet because of its amicable frame structure
Ethernet Evolution
Simple Fast Gigabit Ten-Gigabit Terabit

Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet Ethernet
10 Mbps 100 Mbps 1 Gbps 10 Gbps 1 Tbps
24. For accessing the data services over network, we require three
addresses namely
a) Port address : assigned randomly by the system automatically
b) IP address : user has to assign either statically or using
DHCP Server
c) MAC address : embedded inside NIC card permanently by the
manufacturer.
25. IP address is a logical address, each and every (layer-3 and above
layer) device should be assigned with one unique address.
26. IP addresses are of two types
a) IPv4 (published in the year (1981) is a 32 bit address
represented with dotted decimal notation having 4 octets
b) IPv6 (published in the year (2000)is a 128 bit address
represented with colon hex notation having 8 quartets
27. IPv4 and IPv6 allocation globally controlled by IANA, regionally by
RIR, locally by ISP

32
28. The total IPv4 addresses (2 = 4.2 billion address ranging from
0.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.255)
128
29. The total IPv6 addresses (2 = 340 trillion trillion trillion addresses
ranging from 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 to
ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff:ffff)
30. In IPv6 leading zeros in every quartet can be omitted, four
successive zeros in a quartet can be substituted by one zero,
multiple quartets with successive zeros can be represented as ::
(double colon), but this double colon is allowed only once in a
address.
31. All 8 quartets zero can be represented as :: (double colon)
32. 0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000:0000 can be represented as
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 and further simplified as :: (double colon)
33. The total IPv4 addresses are classified into five classes based on
the first octet’s priority bits.
Priority Network Host

Class Range Subnet mask Used in
bit bits bits
“A” 0 0 to 127 8 24 255.0.0.0 LAN & WAN
128 to
“B” 10 16 16 255.255.0.0 LAN & WAN
191
192 to
“C” 110 24 8 255.255.255.0 LAN & WAN
223
224 to
“D” 1110 NA NA NA multicasting
239
240 to
“E” 1111 NA NA NA R&D
255
34. The total IPv4 addresses can also be classified based on area of
application.
a) Private IP addresses (PIPA) are used in LAN, these are of free
of cost, they are not routable over the Internet, and there are
three different ranges of these addresses.
1. 10.0.0.0/8 (ranges from 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255)
2. 172.16.0.0/12 (ranges from 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255)
3. 192.168.0.0/16:(ranges from 192.168.0.0 to 192.168.255.255)
b) Special IP addresses are used for testing purpose

1. 0.0.0.0 : (used for default network)
2. 127.0.0.0 : (used as universal loop back address)

3. 169.254.0.0 : (used as automatic private IP address (APIPA)
emerges automatically in the LAN network when
DHCP fails)
4. 255.255.255.255: (used as universal broadcast address)
c) Public IP addresses
Leaving Private and Special addresses the remaining all
addresses are called Public IP addresses, used over the Internet
and they are chargeable.
35. To access the data over the Internet from the LAN, the Private IP
address has to be translated to Public IP address, this process is
called NAT.
36. In IPv6 there is no concept of NAT (actually no need of NAT
because there are enormous number of public IP addresses, in the
LAN also public IP addresses can be used)
37. Every IP address (IPv4 or IPv6) is a combination of network and
host bits
38. Network bits will indicate the LAN or organization ID, the host bits
will indicates the devices connected in that particular LAN.
39. To send data between the systems in a LAN, all the systems should
have same network ID and at the same time all the systems should
have different host IDs.
40. Subnet mask will extract the network portion from the given IP by
bit-wise ANDing the IP address bits with masking bits (masking bits
are equal to network bits, but the bit value is ONE)
41. Subnet mask is of two types.
a) Default mask : fetches class-full network
b) Customized mask : fetches class-less network, represented
in /n or CIDR (class less inter-domain
routing) format.
42. To conserve (save) the IP address and to reduce the scope of
broadcast at layer-3, subnetting is done. Subnet is a process of
transferring some of the host bits towards network; subnetting can
be done in two methods.
a) Fixed length subnet masking (FLSM) : fetches equal no. of
hosts in each subnet
b) Variable length subnet masking (VLSM) : fetches un-equal no. of
hosts in each subnet
43. A typical IP network will have four parameters
a) Subnet Mask : subnet mask bits are equivalent to network
bits, but the bit value is always one (ex.
255.255.255.0 is for class - C IP address)

b) Network address : If all the host bits value is zero, then that
address is called Network address
(e.g.192.168.1.0 is for class-C network)
c) Broadcast address : If all the host bits value is one, then that
address is called Broadcast address
(ex.192.168.1.255 is for class-C network)
d) Valid IP addresses : These addresses lies between Network &
Broadcast address and these will be
assigned one by one to all the hosts in that
network (ex. 192.168.1.1 to 192.168.1.254
for class-C network)
44. Calculation of all four parameters for the given IP:176.16.3.44/27
a) Subnet Mask : 255.255.255.224
b) Network address : 176.16.3.32
c) Broadcast address : 176.16.3.63
d) Valid IP address : 176.16.3.33 to 176.16.3.62
45. In IPv4, the data transmission occurs in three methods
a) Broadcast : one to all
b) Multicast : one to many
c) Unicast : one to one
46. In IPv6 there is a no concept of broadcast, but three other methods
of data transmission occurs
a) Anycast : one to nearest source
b) Multicast : one to many
c) Unicast : one to one
48. IPv6 address equivalent IPv4 address
10.0.0.0/8
Unique local Private
1. FC00::/7 172.16.0.0/12
address addresses
192.168.0.0/16
Link local APIPA
2. FE80::/10 169.254.0.0
address addresses
Global unicast
3. 2000::/3 Public address
address
Multicast 224.0.0.0 to
4. Multicast address FE00::/8
address 239.255.255.255
Loop back Loop back
5. ::1/128 127.0.0.0
address address
6. Default address :: Default address 0.0.0.0
49. Router is a layer-3 intelligent device used for interconnecting two or
more different networks geographically located; each port should be
in different network. Based on the throughput and number of ports.
50. Router are classified into 3 categories.
a) Core layer router : high end router used by national and
regional ISPs.
b) Distribution layer router : moderate router used by local ISPs
c) Access layer router : low end router used by end users.
51. Routers can be configured either in CLI mode or WEB mode (using
browser)
52. Using CLI mode initial configuration is done using console port,
advanced configuration is done using telnet (or) using SSH
(secured shell)
53. Router configuration is done in 3 modes
a) User mode represented as Router > in this mode basic
verification commands like show version etc.
b) Privilege mode represented as Router # in this mode advanced
verification commands like show run, show ip route, show int, wr
(save) etc.
c) Global configuration mode represented as Router(config)# in
this mode new configuration is done (or) the existing
configuration can be modified (or) deleted, the commands used
are Router(config) # int, ip address, ip route etc.
54. The directly connected networks to the router are automatically
routed, but indirectly connected networks are routed by configuring
either static routing or dynamic routing or default routing.
55. Static routing is used in smaller networks, the administrative
distance (AD) is 1
56. Default routing is used towards Internet (stub-network)
57. Dynamic routing is done in larger networks using the routing
protocols.
58. Routing protocols can be either interior gateway (within autonomous
system) protocols like RIP, OSPF, IS-IS & EIGRP or it can be
exterior gateway (between autonomous system) protocol like BGP
(I-BGP & E-BGP)
59. The administrative distance (AD) is a trust worthiness (or) reliability
of the routing protocol for I-BGP is 200, RIP is 120, OSPF is 110,
IS-IS is 115, EIGRP is 90, E-BGP is 20
60. In a typical data network, the WAN interface of a Router is serial
port connected with V.35 modem and at the Mux side G.703
modem is used.
61. The Switch is used to interconnect the end devices within the LAN;
hence all the ports of the switch should be in the same network.

62. Switch being a layer-2 device it understands only MAC address and
it cannot understand the IP address
63. Whereas Layer-3 switch works similar to Router and generally in
any network the first switch (the switch connected to the router)
should be layer-3 switch.
64. Layer-2 switch can be either manageable or un-manageable
65. The manageable switch can be used to configure VLANs (Virtual
LANs) in the network to reduce the Layer-2 broadcast.
66. VLANs are two types,
a) Static VLAN (Port based VLAN)
b) Dynamic VLAN (MAC based VLAN)
67. By default all the ports of the switch are in VLAN no.1, administrator
can create VLANs from no. 2 to 1001 on the Ethernet.
68. To transfer the data between the same VLANs existing in different
physical switches VLAN trunking (tagged VLAN) is done.
69. For Inter VLAN communication dot1q protocol is used.
70. STP (Spanning tree protocol) protocol is configured to avoid the
looping of frames in the switch when redundant back bone
connectivity is provided in the switch.
71. To have a redundancy for default gateway, HSRP (hot stand-by
routing protocol) is configured by 2-routers or by 2 layer-3 switches.
72. To have a network security (avoiding un-authorized users into the
network) the firewall is configured at choke point in the network.
73. Firewalls are of different types. like
a) Packet filter firewall : When Router is configured with ACL
(access control list), it works like a
firewall but it can filter only at packet (IP)
level.
b) Proxy firewall : Proxy can filter only applications based
services like web
c) State full firewall : Filters the traffic based on state table
d) Intrusion detection : Alerts the upcoming threats using packet
system(IDS) behavioral based updated signatures
e) Intrusion prevention : Alerts as well as protects from threats
system (IPS) using real-time based updates or
signatures.
f) UTM (unified threat : It is a very advanced type of firewall
management) integrated with IPS, Anti-virus, Anti-
spam, Load-balancing features.

74. A broadband service means providing the voice, data and video
services at the same time with higher bandwidth and good quality.
75. The most popular method of providing broadband services is using
DSL (Digital Subscriber Line) technology.
76. The DSLAM (Digital subscriber line access multiplexer) located at
the exchange end multiplexes (voice & data) and modulates the
individual channels into a broad-band stream.
77. The ADSL (Asymmetric digital subscriber line where upstream is at
lower rate & downstream is at higher rate) modem at the subscriber
end de-multiplexes and de-modulates the data. ADSL is most
popular for Browsing purpose.
78. The SDSL (Symmetric digital subscriber line where both upstream &
downstream data rates are same) is most popular for video
conference and point to point (leased lines) purpose.
79. The wireless services are very pre-dominant today .The most
popular wireless technologies are
a) Wi-Fi (wireless Internet fidelity) called as wireless LAN, the
standard is IEEE 802.11, the other flavors are 802.11a (5.0 GHz-
54Mbps), 802.11b (2.4 GHz-11Mbps), 802.11g (2.4GHz-
54Mbps), 802.11n (2.4GHz-108Mbps), 802.11ac (2.4GHz-
150Mbps), the normal Wi-Fi operating range is 100 meters.
b) Wi-Max (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access)called
as wireless MAN, the standard is IEEE 802.16 the other flavors
are 802.16d for fixed Wi-Max, 802.16e for mobile Wi-Max, the
normal range is 10 KM
c) Blue-tooth technology is called as wireless PAN (personnel area
network) populous for exchanging the data services over short
distances upto 10 meters. The standard is IEEE 802.15
80. In Wi-Fi network the most important device is Access Point (AP)
and these are of two types.
a) Type “A” access point consists of Radio equipment with single
Antenna and it should be configured only in Bridge mode.
b) Type “B” access point consists of Radio equipment with multiple
Antennas, switch, Router, firewall, DHCP server and it can be
configured either in Bridge mode or Routing mode.
c) In bridge mode DHCP should be disabled and in routing mode
DHCP should be enabled.
81. All the devices associated with a specific wire-less (Wi-Fi) network
is called service set. They are of three types

a) ADHOC (or) IBSS (Independent Basic Service set) network
without Access Point (AP) and each ADHOC network will have
different SSID’s.
b) BSS (Basic Service Set) network will have controlling device
called Access Point (AP) and each BSS network will have
different SSID’s
c) ESS (Extended Service Set) network is formed with many BSS
networks but with the same SSID, so that user can move from
one BSS to other BSS area without changing the SSID and thus
mobility is achieved.
82. Power over Ethernet (PoE) is a very popular technique to send
power along with data in the same twisted pair cables, this PoEs are
widely used for powering Access points, IP phones, surveillance
systems etc.
83. The wireless network (Wi-Fi) severely suffers from security threats,
hence it is mandatory to secure wireless networks, there is various
security protocols are enabled on the Access-Points (APs). They
are,
a) WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) provides security only when
long and complex passwords are used.
b) WPA/WPA1 (Wi-Fi Protected Access) uses 104-bit encryption
key, which secures the network from attacks.
c) WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access2) uses a new AES (Advanced
Encryption System) based encryption mode with strong security.
84. The (Wi-Fi) networks can also be protected by adopting the
following techniques on the APs
a) Disabling the SSID (Service Set Identifier) broadcast.
b) Changing the default IP and passwords regularly
c) Disabling the DHCP service
d) Adopting MAC filtering and MAC binding techniques.
e) Enabling firewall
85. For controlling the multiple APs which are located at various places,
a centralized Wireless-Controller can be provided in the wireless
(Wi-Fi) network.
86. The AC power supply used for datacom equipment is 230V with a
frequency of 50±1%. Tolerance limit for Earth to Neutral voltage
must be less than 3V.

87. Common Terminology
a) Client: A client is a program running on a local machine, requests
service from server. A client program is started by the user and
terminates when the service is completed.
b) Server: A server is a program running on the remote machine
providing service to the client program. A server program runs
infinitely and waits for requests from clients but it never it initiates a
service until it is requested by the client.
c) Proxy Server: It is a server (a computer system or an application
program) that acts as an intermediary for requests from clients
seeking resources from other servers.
d) Database Server: A database server is a computer program that
provides database services to other computer programs or
computers, as defined by the client-server model.
e) Mail Server: Mail Server is a computer process or software that
transfers electronic mail messages from one computer to another, in
single hop application-level transactions. It implements both the
client (sending) and server (receiving) portion of the simple mail
transfer protocol (SMTP).
f) DHCP Server: The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is
a computer networking protocol used by devices (DHCP clients)
which dynamically distributes the IP address to the destination host.
g) DNS Server: The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical
naming system for computers, services, or any resource connected
to the Internet or a private network.
h) Network Management System(NMS) Server: It is a combination of
hardware and software used to monitor and administer a network.
Network management refers to the activities, methods, procedures,
and tools that pertain to the operation, administration, maintenance,
and provisioning of networked systems.
i) Gigabit interface converter (GBIC): A gigabit interface converter
(GBIC) is a standard for transceivers commonly used with Gigabit
Ethernet and fibre channel. By offering a standard, hot swappable
electrical interface, one gigabit Ethernet port can support a wide
range of physical media, from copper to long-wave single-mode
optical fiber, at lengths of hundreds of kilometers.
j) SFP MODULES: The small form-factor pluggable (SFP) is a
compact, hot-pluggable optical transceiver used in optical
communications for both telecommunication and data
communications applications. Available mode 850nm, 550nm
MMF(SX), 1310nm- 10KM SMF(LX) 1550 nm - [40 KM (XD),
80KM(ZX), 120KM (EX or EZX)], DWDM
k) Dumb Terminals: A dumb terminal is a monitor based input output
device that does no independent processing, but relies on the
computational resources of a computer to which it is connected over
a dedicated circuit (or) through a network for its processes. Mostly
used in PRS counters
l) Thin Clients: A thin client (sometimes also called a lean or slim
client) is a computer or a computer program which depends on
some other computer (its server) to fulfil its traditional computational
roles. In the event of not able to get the server it work with its own
limited resource (the built-in software) till such time the server is
available. Mostly used in UTS counters.
m) Terminal Server: Terminal Server allows asynchronous RS-232
compatible devices to access host computer systems over a TCP/IP
network. It connects to the TCP/IP network via a 10/100 BASE-T
compatible Ethernet port.
n) Network Terminal Server (NeTS): It is an ideal solution for
connecting terminal equipment such as dumb terminals, PCs, thin
clients and serial printers at remote stations in the Indian Railways’
PRS and UTS applications to the central servers.
o) STATMUX (Statistical Multiplexer): Statistical time division
multiplexer allows traffic from upto sixteen asynchronous RS-232
compatible devices, and a telephone voice conversation, to be
carried on a single leased circuit between two locations. The typical
application of the product is to extend a cluster of terminals from a
central mainframe/minicomputer to a remote location.
p) VSAT: VSAT stands for “Very Small Aperture Terminal” and
refers to receive/transmit terminals installed at dispersed sites
connecting to a central hub via satellite using small diameter
antenna dishes (0.6 to 3.8 meter).
q) VSAT Spectrum
Frequency Band Uplink (GHz) Downlink (GHz)
C - Band 5.925 - 6.425 3.700 - 4.200
KU - Band 14.000 - 14.500 10.950 - 11.700
Extended C - Band 6.725 - 7.025 4.500 - 4.800
r) LINE DRIVER: It is an amplifier used to improve transmission

reliability of a usually digital intra facility metallic transmission line,
over extended distances, by driving the input with a higher than
normal signal level.

88. The commands used at command prompt of PC are
a) C:/>ipconfig (for verifying only IP address of the system)
b) C:/>ipconfig/all ( for verifying ip,mac,dhcp,dns etc. of the system)
c) C:/>getmac (for verifying only mac address)
d) C:/>ping 10.195.2.19 (sending four ICMP packets to the system
having this IP address)
e) C:/>ping yahoo.com (sending 4 ICMP packets to yahoo server)
f) C:/>ping yahoo.com –t (sending continuous (infinite) ICMP
packets to the yahoo server)
g) C:/>tracert yahoo.com (testing hop by hop (upto 15 hops)to
reach the yahoo server)
h) C:/>arp –a(verifying ARP table: ARP table resolves IP into MAC)
i) C:/>arp –d (deletes the ARP table)
j) C :/>nslookup (verifying DNS server addr and its domain name)
89. Verification commands used at privilege mode of Router prompt are
a) Router# wr (for saving the running configuration of router)
b) Router# sh run (for verifying running configuration of the router)
c) Router# sh start (for verifying startup configuration of the router)
d) Router# sh int (for verifying interface configuration of the router)
e) Router# sh ip route (for verifying routing table of the router)
f) Router# sh ip nat trans (for verifying nat translations of router)
g) Router# ping10.195.2.19(sends five ICMP packet to this IP addr)
h) Router# ping yahoo.com(sends 5-ICMP packets to yahoo server,
this command works when IP server is configured in the router)
90. Twisted pair cable categories
Maximum
Category Bandwidth Additional Information
Provided
standard for new LAN installations and has
5 100Mbps completely overshadowed all the previous
categories and called Fast Ethernet
All 4 pair of CAT6 used for 1Gbps data
6 1,000Mbps
transmission and called Gigabit Ethernet
All 4 pairs of CAT 7 used for 10Gbps data
7 10,000Mbps
transmission and called Gigabit Ethernet

91. IEEE-LAN standards under 802 working group
802.2 Logic Link Control
802.3 Ethernet
802.4 Token bus
802.5 Token ring (IBM’s entry in to the LAN works)
802.6 Dual queue dual bus (DQDB) early MANs
802.7 Technical advisory group on broad Band technology
802.8* Technical advisory group on Fiber optic technology
802.9 Isochronous LANs (for real time applications)
802.10 Virtual LAN and Security
802.11 Wireless LANs
802.12 Demand priority (Hewlett-Packard Any LAN)
802.13* Unlucky number Nobody wanted it
802.14 Cable modem
802.15 Personal Area Network (Bluetooth)
802.16 Broad band wireless
92. Ethernet types

Name of
Common Cable Type,
Speed Alternative Name IEEE
Name Max. Length
Standard
10
Ethernet 10BASE-T 802.3 Copper, 100 m
Mbps
Fast 100
100BASE-TX 802.3u Copper, 100 m
Ethernet Mbps
Gigabit 1000
1000BASE-T 802.3ab Copper, 100 m
Ethernet Mbps
Gigabit 1000 1000BASE-SX Fiber, 550 m (SX)
802.3z
Ethernet Mbps 1000BASE-LX 5 KM (LX)
Gigabit 10000 Copper, 100m
10 GBASE-T 802.3an
Ethernet Mbps (4 pairs)

93. Router/Switch ports, interfaces & connectors
Interface port Medium distance Connector
10BASE-T RJ45
Shielded/unshielded 100
100BASE-T
twisted pair meters
1000BASE-T
balanced copper
1000BASE-CX 25 meters
cabling
1000BASE-SX multi-mode fiber 500 Mtrs

1000BASE-LX single-mode fiber 5 KM FX port - SC connectors
1000BASE-LX10 single-mode fiber 10 KM
single-mode fiber,
over single-strand
1000BASE-BX10 fiber: 1490 nm 10 KM
downstream 1310
nm upstream
1000BASE-LH single-mode fiber 10KM
single-mode fiber at
1000BASE-ZX ~ 70 KM
1550nm wavelength
DB-25 Serial Interface RS232
Serial Port
(WAN port) Copper 15meters
DB-9 Serial interface RS232

Console/Auxiliary
port
Copper 15meters
(Configuration
port)

Data Networks of IR
CHAPTER 18: DATA NETWORKS OF IR (TA3)
1. Indian Railways are always ahead to utilize the advantages of new

technologies and Railways are planning and utilizing the
advantages of computers and computer networks as maximum as
they can.
2. These networks play vital role for Railway administration in smooth
and safe running of train traffic as well as to serve the railway
customers quickly, efficiently and transparently.
3. The interconnection of a large number of data processing devices
through suitable communication links enabling data transfer
between the data processing devices constitutes a DATA
NETWORK
4. Several data networks are functional over Indian Railways and year
by year, rapid expansion of the networks takes place to cover more
and more activity centres
5. These Data networks broadly classified into three categories
a) Administrative Network : Railnet
b) Passenger trains related network : PRS
c) Freight trains related network : FOIS
6. Basically Railnet, PRS & FOIS are the three independent separate
infrastructure data networks, are functioning over Indian railways,
but to render quick services to the customers, more data networks
are added, these new networks are either added to existing Railnet
or PRS or FOIS infrastructure.
7. A list of various applications running on data networks is shown
below.
8. Railnet is implemented in 3 phases and its motto is
a) Changing from periodical information to information on demand,
this can be fulfilled by installing web servers at every unit and
updating the information.
b) Changing to paperless working, this can be fulfilled by installing
mail server centrally (maintained by NIC(national informatics
centre) and creating the users list with alias names
9. Railnet users can freely exchange their mails from Railnet mail
server to any Public domains servers (functioning on Internet) and
vice versa (i.e. from railnet.gov.in to g-mail.com etc.)
10. A typical user mail-id on railnet is user@x.railnet.gov.in where ‘x’
denotes the railway unit (e.g. director@iriset.railnet.gov.in)

Data Networks of IR
11. All data networks are using the private IP address 10.0.0.0, typical
Railnet unit’s web server address is 10.X.2.19/16 and gateway
address is 10.x.2.1/16.
12. IP Scheme of Railnet
RB 10.1.0.0 SWR 10.205.0.0
CR 10.31.0.0 WR 10.3.0.0
ER 10.4.0.0 WCR 10.150.0.0
ECR 10.170.0.0 METRO 10.160.0.0
ECoR 10.180.0.0 WAP 10.52.0.0
NR 10.2.0.0 ICF 10.53.0.0
NCR 10.102.0.0 DCW 10.11.0.0
NER 10.24.0.0 RDSO 10.100.0.0
NFR 10.42.0.0 CORE 10.101.0.0
NWR 10.141.0.0 RSC 10.140.0.0
SR 10.5.0.0 IRICEN 10.152.0.0
SCR 10.51.0.0 IRIEEN 10.151.0.0
SER 10.41.0.0 IRIMEE 10.161.0.0
SECR 10.206.0.0 IRISET 10.195.0.0

Data Networks of IR
13. Passenger Reservation System (PRS): provides anywhere to
anywhere reserve ticketing solution for trains in India using the
application called CONCERT (Country-wide network for
computerized enhanced reservation and ticketing) developed by
CRIS, is a total networking solution to Indian Railways Passenger
Reservation System.
14. PRS & UTS servers (main-frames) exist at 5 locations Delhi,
Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Secundrabad.
15. Out of these five server, Secundrabad is acting as Disaster
Recovery (DR) and remaining four are acting as Data Centres (DC)
16. PRS network can be extended to the remote stations (counters) by
two methods
a) Conventional method: In this method IP is limited to the PRS
centre only, remote side or way side IP is converted to non-IP
using terminal servers (TS) and multiple terminals are
multiplexed using statistical multiplexer.
b) Router based method: in this method IP is extended upto
remote locations and if at all any dumb terminal is used at
remote stations using Terminal Server, IP is converted to non-IP,
henceforth no more stat-muxes are required.
17. In order to facilitate the availability, PNR status and other journey
planning information to the common public various interfaces like
the Interactive Voice Response System (IVRS) on the telephone,
Touch Screens at selective locations, RAPID, DISPLAY, and
Passenger Operated Enquiry Terminals (POET) etc. have been
provided
18. Un-reserved Ticketing system (UTS): UTS will provide the facility to
purchase Unreserved Ticket 3 days in advance of the date of
journey. A passenger can buy a ticket for any destination from the
UTS counter for all such destinations which are served by that
station. The cancellation of tickets has also been simplified.
Passengers can cancel their tickets one day in advance of the
journey from any station provided with a UTS counter
19. As the UTS database is fixed, the UTS ticket can be issued off-line
also, hence thin-clients with the database copied into the system
can work for 72 hours off-line.

Data Networks of IR
20. Unification of PRS-UTS is 4-tier architecture and it uses SDH based
ring topology for redundancy and also uses the OSPF routing
protocol with 70 locations in a single OSPF area, the round-trip time
should be ≤ 150 milli seconds.
21. Freight Operations Information System (FOIS): Transparency in
sharing of information to give the customers an upto date
businesslike environment. Continuous cargo visibility is the most
critical component of any physical distribution system. FOIS enables
freight customers to have instant access to information regarding
the current status of their consignments in transit, for just in time
inventory. It is a system for management and control of freight
movement that also assists managers to optimize asset utilization.
22. FOIS comprises the Rake Management System (RMS) for handling
the operating portion and Terminal Management System (TMS)
pertaining to the commercial transactions
23. These database servers are centrally located at CRIS,
chanakyapuri, New-Delhi; at the locations intelligent terminals are
setup for entering data pertaining to RMS and TMS.
24. The remote locations (coal, iron ore loading points etc.) are
connected to CRIS over the VSAT terminals, for this purpose INSAT
0
4CR 74 E transponder with 4 Mbps bandwidth is hired.
Network trouble shooting

25. The following step by step procedures can be performed for trouble
shooting user’s computer network connection after noticing that
user system is out of network or performance is poor.
a) Check whether local area connection icon is available or
disabled or cross marked through network connection option in
control panel.
b) Check if yellow exclamatory mark appeared on network card in
device manager
c) Check for LED indications on RJ45 port of NIC card (back side
of the PC)
d) Check whether your system is assigned a valid IP addresses
and subnet mask of your network.
e) Check for DHCP issues if your IP address appears as
169.254.x.x (APIPA)
f) Ping 127.0.0.1 for checking software integrity (i.e. TCP/IP
protocol suit in your PC) C:\>ping 127.0.0.1
Data Networks of IR
g) Check whether appropriate services are running on that system.
(DNS client, DHCP etc.)
h) Check your windows firewall / antivirus software is properly
configured
i) Ping any IP address of your network preferably your gateway IP
address.
1. e.g. C:\>ping 10.195.2.1
j) Use tracert command with destination ip address or URL to
check further where packets are being dropped in a internetwork
before reaching destination.
k) e.g. C:\ >tracert www.iriset.indianrailways.gov.in
l) Ping destination address continuously or pre-defined number of
times to observe consistency between you and your destination.
e.g.
1. C:\>ping 10.195.2.1 (default 4 times only)
2. C:\>ping 10.195.2.1 - (continuously)
3. C:\>ping 10.195.2.1 - n 50 (pre-defined times-50)
m) Check the delay time (RTT) and breaks if any by increasing the
packet size to estimate link reliability and bandwidth issues when
pinging.
n) C:\>ping 10.195.2.19 - 1000 (Max 65500 bytes and default 32
bytes)
o) Ping the destination with increased packet size and pre-defined
number of times in one go. e.g. C:\>ping 10.195.2.19 - l 1000 - n
50 (pings 50 times with 1000 bytes packet)
Do's and Don'ts

26. Do's
a) Do write the configurations changes if any done in a register so
that proper documentation is done for performance analysis and
recode purpose.
b) Take the print outs of the configuration of the routers and
document them.
c) Store the configuration files of the routers in softcopy so that
they will be useful at emergency whereby with one command
entire configuration can be copied thereby reducing the down
time.
Data Networks of IR
d) Do proper lacing of the internal wiring,
e) Protect the cables form rodents where cabling is done through
false flooring
f) Train the staff and update the knowledge to maintain the network
more efficiently.
g) Use ESD wrist bands while handling datacom equipments
h) Use a good quality earth and maintain the earth resistance
below 1 Ω
i) Change the password of router/servers once in a month
j) Take backup of the router configuration every time the
configuration is changed. This will help in faster restoration in the
event of software error/Flash failure.
k) Follow the housekeeping procedure of clearing the event and
performance logs of the NMS at specified intervals.
l) Plan replacement of UPS batteries as per the specified lifecycle.
m) Keep the operation and maintenance manual handy.
n) Check the backup links at least once a week
27. Dont’s
1. Do not change the hardware of the routers like data cards when
the router power supply is ON unless it is clearly mentioned that
it supports hot swapping.
2. Do not change the V.35 Data cable when the router and
modems are ON.
3. Do not change the IP addressing scheme and IP address of the
working network without the written permission of the Network
Administrator.
4. Do not change the configuration of the router without the
permission of the Network administrator.
5. Do not run down the batteries of the UPS below specified level.
6. Never switch off the datacom equipment without following the
proper shut down procedure
7. Do not share the passwords of router’s and servers with your
colleagues.

For any suggestions mail to
pt@iriset.railnet.gov.in / apt@iriset.railnet.gov.in

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TELECOM HAND BOOK

The Material Presented in this IRISET Notes is

INDIAN RAILWAYS INSTITUTE OF SIGNAL ENGINEERING &

issued in November 2018

Compiled by Telecom Faculty of IRISET

1.1 Organization of S&T

CSE CCE CSTE/Plg CSTE/Proj CSTE/Con

Dy CSTE/Sig Dy CSTE/Tele Dy CSTE/Plg Dy CSTE/Proj Dy CSTE/Con

SSTE/Sig SSTE/Tele SSTE/Plg SSTE/Proj SSTE/Con

SSE/Sig SSE/Tele SSE/Plg SSE/Proj SSE/Con

DSTE/Sig DSTE/Tele DSTE/Works

SSE/Drg SSE/Sig SSE/Tele SSE/Works

Sub Division Section (Field Units)

ADSTE ADSTE ADSTE

SSE/Sig SSE/Tele SSE/Sig SSE/Tele SSE/Sig SSE/Tele

JE/Sig JE/Tele JE/Sig JE/Tele JE/Sig JE/Tele

Tech/Sig Tech/Tele Tech/Sig Tech/Tele Tech/Sig Tech/Tele

Helper Helper Helper Helper Helper Helper

IRISET 1 Telecom Hand Book

Sr. Professor(Sig.) Sr. Professor(Trg.) Sr. Professor(Tele)

Prof. (Admin.) Prof.(Sig.-1) Prof. (Sig.-2) Prof. (Tele)

Asst. Prof. Asst. Prof. (Trg.) Asst. Prof. (Tele)

Lecturer - 1 Lecturer - 2 Lecturer - 1 Lecturer - 2

1.2 Important organizations in Telecommunications

IRISET 2 Telecom Hand Book

IRISET 3 Telecom Hand Book

1.5.4 Data Networks (UTS/PRS/FOIS/Railnet/MIS)

IRISET 4 Telecom Hand Book

1.5.6 Passenger Amenities (at Stations)

1.5.7 Drawings/Specifications & Circulars/JPOs (Available at

1.6 The gauge of MG line is 1000 mm and BG line is 1676 mm

1.8 Emergency Communication

Painting of EC post should be

IRISET 5 Telecom Hand Book

2.3 Ionosphere Regions

IRISET 6 Telecom Hand Book

IRISET 7 Telecom Hand Book

2.11 Omni-directional Antennas propagate in all directions.

b) Ground-plane antenna gain is 2.15 dBi

2.12 Directional and Semi directional antennas focus radiated power

IRISET 9 Telecom Hand Book

c) Gain of Parabolic antenna (7GHz band)

2.13 Antenna Applications

IRISET 11 Telecom Hand Book

3.1 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS

3.2 Types of Measuring Instruments

Any given measurement cycle performed by the A/D converter can be

Absolute measurements of Power

Insulation resistance more than 5000K ohm (5 Mega Ω) for a particular

3.11 CABLE FAULT LOCATOR is used to locate various kinds of faults

IRISET 15 Telecom Hand Book

1. Signal Levels 2. Insertion Loss

3.13 PSOPHOMETER is an instrument that measures the

Psophometer is basically used to measure interfering effect of noise in

IRISET 16 Telecom Hand Book

As per ITU standard, the pshophometric weighted noise should be

3.14 MEASURING INSTRUMENTS USED IN OFC

IRISET 17 Telecom Hand Book

POWER METER: An optical power meter (OPM) is a device used to

3.17 OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER (OTDR)

OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) It is used to measure

Its non-destructive one-end connection and rapid measurement has

3.18 OTDR Setup