Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com
ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
Energy
Available
Available Procedia
online
online 00 (2018) 000–000
atatwww.sciencedirect.com
www.sciencedirect.com
Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

ScienceDirect
ScienceDirect
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia

Energy
EnergyProcedia 157
Procedia 00(2019)
(2017)1462–1474
000–000
www.elsevier.com/locate/procedia
Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18,
Technologies and Materials for Renewable
19–21 Energy,
September 2018,Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18,
Athens, Greece
19–21 September 2018, Athens, Greece
GC-MS Analysis and Chemical Composition identification of
GC-MS The Analysis and Chemical
15th International SymposiumComposition
on District Heating identification
and Cooling of
Cyperus rotundus L. from Iraq
Cyperus rotundus L. from Iraq
Assessing the feasibility of using the heat demand-outdoor
Russell A. Abo-Altemen1, Ahmed Majeed Al-Shammari2* Muayed S. Shawkat1
temperature function1,for
Russell A. Abo-Altemen Ahmed a long-term district heat
Majeed Al-Shammari 2
demand
* Muayed
1University of Baghdad, College of Science Department of Biotechnology, Baghdad, Iraq
forecast
S. Shawkat 1

2Experimental Therapy Department, Iraqi

1University of Centre College
Baghdad, for Cancer and Medical
of Science GeneticofResearch,
Department AL-Mustainsiriyah
Biotechnology, Baghdad, IraqUniversity, Baghdad/Iraq.
a,b,c a a b c c
I. Andrić *, A. Pina , P. Ferrão , J. Fournier ., B. Lacarrière , O. Le Corre
2Experimental Therapy Department, Iraqi Centre for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research, AL-Mustainsiriyah University, Baghdad/Iraq.

a
IN+ Center for Innovation, Technology and Policy Research - Instituto Superior Técnico, Av. Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Abstract b
Veolia Recherche & Innovation, 291 Avenue Dreyfous Daniel, 78520 Limay, France
c
Abstract Département Systèmes Énergétiques et Environnement - IMT Atlantique, 4 rue Alfred Kastler, 44300 Nantes, France
Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical screening and possible chemical components of rhizomes C. rotundus was
conducted by
Qualitative andGC-MS. Theanalysis
quantitative rhizomes showed the presence
of phytochemical screening ofand
alkaloids,
possiblephenols,
chemicalflavonoids,
componentsTerpenes.
of rhizomes Purified secondary
C. rotundus was
metabolites
conducted by compound,
GC-MS. alkaloids,
The rhizomes and phenols
showedwerethe extracted
presence from Cyperus rotundus
of alkaloids, phenols, L. rhizomes.Terpenes.
flavonoids, GC-MS analysis
Purifiedofsecondary
methanol
Abstract
extract showed
metabolites ten compounds
compound, alkaloids, belong to alkaloids
and phenols were extract
extracted during
from retention time 24 min
Cyperus rotundus and twenty-five
L. rhizomes. GC-MScompounds
analysis of belong
methanolto
phenol
extract extract
showedduring retention time
ten compounds belong25 minute were identified.
to alkaloids extract during retention time 24 min and twenty-five compounds belong to
Districtextract
phenol heating networks
during are time
retention commonly
25 minuteaddressed in the literature as one of the most effective solutions for decreasing the
were identified.
©greenhouse gas emissions
2018 The Authors. fromby
Published theElsevier
buildingLtd.
sector. These systems require high investments which are returned through the heat
©
This
© 2019
sales. The
Due
is an
2018 open
The Authors.
to access
Authors. Published
the changed
article under
Published by
by Elsevier
climate Elsevier Ltd.
theconditions
Ltd. and building
CC BY-NC-ND renovation policies, heat demand in the future could decrease,
license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
This is an open
prolonging the access articlereturn
investment underperiod.
the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
This is an and
openpeer-review
access articleunder responsibility
under of the scientific
the CC BY-NC-ND license committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy,
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection
The mainand scopepeer-review
of under
this paper responsibility
is TMREES18.
to of the scientific
assess the feasibility committee
of usingcommittee of Technologies
the heat demand – outdoorand Materialsfunction
temperature for Renewable
for heatEnergy,
demand
Environment
Selection
Environment and and
and Sustainability,
peer-review under
Sustainability, responsibility
TMREES18. of the scientific of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy,
forecast. The district of Alvalade,
Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18. located in Lisbon (Portugal), was used as a case study. The district is consisted of 665
buildings that vary in both construction period
Keywords: Key Words:- Cyperus rotundus, GC-MS, alkaloids, phenols and typology. Three weather scenarios (low, medium, high) and three district
renovation scenarios were developed (shallow,
Keywords: Key Words:- Cyperus rotundus, GC-MS, alkaloids, phenols intermediate, deep). To estimate the error, obtained heat demand values were
compared with results from a dynamic heat demand model, previously developed and validated by the authors.
1.The results showed that when only weather change is considered, the margin of error could be acceptable for some applications
INTRODUCTION
1.(the error in annual demand was lower than 20% for all weather scenarios considered). However, after introducing renovation
INTRODUCTION
scenarios, the error value increased up to 59.5% (depending on the weather and renovation scenarios combination considered).
The Plants
valueare of being the primary
slope coefficient source of
increased on pharmacologically
average within the range activeofcompounds,
3.8% up to 8% withpermany blockbuster
decade, drugs being
that corresponds to the
Plantsdirectly
derived
decrease arethebeing
in numberthe of
primary
or indirectly from
heating source
plants
hours of 22-139h
of pharmacologically
[1]. Despite
during active
thethecurrent compounds,
dependence
heating season on with
(depending many
synthetic
on blockbuster
the chemistry
combination drugs
toofdevelopbeing
weatherand
and
renovation scenarios considered). On the other hand, function intercept increased for 7.8-12.7%
derived directly or indirectly from plants [1]. Despite the current dependence on synthetic chemistry to develop and per decade (depending on the
coupled scenarios). The values suggested could be used to modify the function parameters for the scenarios considered, and
improve the accuracy of heat demand estimations.
* Corresponding author. Ahmed Majeed Al-Shammari, Mustansiriyah University, Iraqi Center for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research,
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Experimental Therapy
* Corresponding Department.
author. Ahmed Tel.: 009647809143825
Majeed Al-Shammari, Mustansiriyah University, Iraqi Center for Cancer and Medical Genetic Research,
Peer-review under
E-mail address:
responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and
ahmed.alshammari@iccmgr.org
Experimental Therapy Department. Tel.: 009647809143825
Cooling.
E-mail address: ahmed.alshammari@iccmgr.org
1876-6102 © 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords:
This Heat
is an open demand;
access Forecast; Climate change
1876-6102 © 2018 Thearticle under
Authors. the CC BY-NC-ND
Published license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
by Elsevier Ltd.
Selection
This is an and
openpeer-review under
access article responsibility
under of the scientific
the CC BY-NC-ND licensecommittee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment,
(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
and Sustainability,
Selection TMREES18.
and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy, Environment,
and Sustainability, TMREES18.
1876-6102 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
1876-6102 © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Peer-review under responsibility of the Scientific Committee of The 15th International Symposium on District Heating and Cooling.
This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/)
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of Technologies and Materials for Renewable Energy,
Environment and Sustainability, TMREES18.
10.1016/j.egypro.2018.11.311
 Russell A. Abo-Altemen et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1462–1474 1463
2 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

manufacture drugs [2], yet the influence of plants to disease treatment and control is still massive [3]. However,
several secondary metabolites synthesized by plants are used to treat many diseases like cancer. Phenol, alkaloid,
Flavonoids and many other examples serve to illustrate the continuing value of plant-derived secondary metabolites
as viable compounds for modern drug development [4]. The Family Cyperaceae is a family of monocotyledonous
graminoid flowering plants recognized as sedges, which superficially look like grasses; the family is large, with
5500 species described and about 109 genera worldwide [5]. C.rotundus, commonly known as Motha, is abundantly
available and it provides an excellent source of remedy to treat various ailments because it is growing wild, cheap,
with full range benefit and large-scale secondary metabolism [6]. Plants are rich with secondary metabolites with
interesting biological activities [7]. C.rotundus has been reported to contain alkaloids, phenols, glycosides,
flavonoids, tannins[8]. These phytochemicals (secondary metabolites) exhibits antibacterial activity, anticancer,
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial [9-11] Alkaloids are believed to be the primary class of naturally
occurring compounds formed by plants that naturally comprise one or more nitrogen atom in their structure [12].
Phenols one compound possess one or more aromatic rings with one or more hydroxyl groups and the greatest rich
secondary metabolites of plants, including 8,000 phenols structures currently known [13].
GC is one of the utmost extensively used methods. It was first described by James and Martin in 1952 and has
become one of the essential tools for the separation of different compounds[14] GC-MS method is a direct and fast
analytical approach for identification of secondary metabolites, and only a few grams of plant material is
required[15]. Plants from the Iraqi environment have their unique characteristic as it suffered from several wars
during the past two decades[16]. Therefore, this study focused on the qualitative and quantitative analysis of
chemical components of Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes from Iraq by using GC-MS methods.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

2.1. Plant material

Cyperus rotundus rhizomes were collected from local markets during April 2017, the plant documented in the
Iraqi herbarium / Faculty of Science / University of Baghdad.

2.2. Extraction

Two hundred grams of C.rotundus tubers were used for extraction. The methanolic extract was obtained at 80%
concentration in a 48-hour sterilization method. The extract was filtered using the filter paper Whatman No.1 and
sterilized using the 0.22 μm micro-filter.

2.3. Phytochemical (Secondary Metabolism) Extraction

Alkaloids extracts purification was done according to [17] fig 1. Phenols extracts purification was done according
to[18] chloroform was added to the extract in the separating funnel filter in the rate of 20: 100 (extract volume:
chloroform volume) and was mixed the mixture well and leave for an hour to separate the two phases where the
upper stage represents the water layer and the lower stage chloroform layer. The extract was collected in a clean
container and then re-purified the water layer for the second time by adding chloroform in the separating funnel at
the rate of 10: 100 (extract volume: chloroform volume), mix well until the separation of the two layers as the
bottom layer was collected with the previous one for dried and saved until use .

2.4. Screening of Phytochemical Components

Phytochemical components were analyzed qualitatively. Detection of alkaloids, phenols flavonoids, terpenes was
done according to[19]
1464 Russell A. Abo-Altemen et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1462–1474
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 3

2.5. GC-MS analyses

Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectroscopy analysis of the active extract was carried out at Shimadzu QP2010
/Japan version 2010, performed in Iraqi Ministry of Science and Technology. Gas Chromatograph interfaced to a
Mass Spectrometer. Capillary column (InertCap 1MS, 0.25mm, 30m, 0.25μm, Gl Sciences, Japan). Carrier gas
helium (99.999%); constant flow rate 1 ml/min; Auto-Injector: AOC-20i, Shimadzu. Injection volume: 5 μl. Column
oven Temperature: 100°C. Oven temperature program: 100 °C for three min.; 240 °C for nine min.; 280 °C for five
min.; and 300 °C for 2min.

Concentrated Crude Plant Extract

Dissolved in 2% of H2SO4

Partitioning with Chloroform (5×500 ml)

Basify acidic layer (upper layer) Discard chloroform

With 10% NH3 solution (lower layer)

Partitioning with Chloroform (5×500 ml)

Removing chloroform Discard Basify layer (upper layer)

Solid Alkaloids

Fig 1. Alkaloid extraction\

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1. Screening of Phytochemical Components

Examination of Cyperus rotundus L. rhizome methanolic extract phytochemicals which include tests that provide
the positive result of rhizome contains alkaloids, phenols, flavonoids, and terpenes. The qualitative analysis of the
methanolic extracts of Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes illustrates in Table 1.

3.2. GC-MS analyses

Data obtained from the identification of Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes extracts using GC-MS analysis. A total of
twenty-five components were detected in purified Alkaloid during retention time 25 min. The most higher peaks
were Keep track, 40.15% 4-Penten CH2=CHCH2CH(OH)CH3 at 9 min retention time , 21.59%3-
Furancarboxaldehyde with 18 min retention time, 8.97% Imidazole at 9 min retention time, 4,5-dimethyl, 6.64%
1,3-Dimethylpyrazole at 13 min retention time , 4.50% Methyltartronic acid with 7 min retention time, 4,49% Furyl
 Russell A. Abo-Altemen et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1462–1474 1465
4 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

hydroxymethyl ketone with 7 min retention time, 4.41%2,3-Butanediol at 3 min retention time, 4.23% Lactic acid,
2.59%3-Furancarboxylic acid with 6 min retention time and 2.45% alpha.-Propylene Glycol with 2 min retention
time. While GC-MS analysis of purified Alkaloids showed ten components during retention time 24 min. Likewise,
phenols extract, the higher concentration peaks were recorded, 58.83% Methyltartronic acid at 7 min retention time.
Furthermore, 14.82%2-Hydroxypropanoic acid (Lactic acid ) with 13 min retention time,5.74%2-Propanol at 4 min
retention time, 1-hydrazino ,5.03% Diglycolic anhydride at 4 min retention time,4.19% Acetic acid with 24 min
retention time,2.36% Allantoic acid at 22 min retention time,1.65% Diureidoacetic acid at 5 min retention
time,1.38% 3-Butanamide at 2 min retention time ,1.06%2-Amino-1-propanol at 2 min retention time and 0.64%4-
Penten at 2 min retention time. Table 2 fig 2, Table 3 fig 3

Table 1. Phytochemical analysis of Cyperus rotundus

Phytochemical Indicator RESULT

Alkaloids Faint yellowish colored +
Phenols Dark green color +
Terpenoids Brown color +
Flavonoids Yellow color +

Peak  R.Ti me  Area%  Height%  Compound Name 

1  2.48  1.06  2.30  2,3‐Butanediol, [R‐(R*,R*)]‐ , 2,3‐Butanediol # , 
2 2.89  1.65  2.89  2,3‐Butanediol , Butane‐2,3‐diol Dimethylethylene glycol , 2,3‐
Butylene glycol , 2,3‐Dihydroxybutane , D‐2,3‐Butane diol , 
3  3.96  0.34  0.66  2,3‐Butanediol, [S‐(R*,R*)]‐ , (2S,3S)‐(+)‐2,3‐Butanediol , 2,3‐
Butanediol . 
4  4.487  0.64  0.81  2‐Hydroxypropanoic acid , Lactic acid , L‐(+)‐Lactic acid , Propanoic 
acid, 2‐hydroxy‐, (S)‐ , Lactic acid, L‐ , Espiritin , 
5 6.34  1.38  2.39  Propylene Glycol , 1,2‐Propanediol , .alpha.‐Propylene glycol , 
Methyl glycol , Methylethyl glycol , Methylethylene glycol , 
6  6.78  0.64  1.01  Isopropyl Alcohol ,2‐Furfural , 2‐Furancarboxaldehyde , 2‐
Furaldehyde , .alpha.‐Furole , Artificial ant oil , Fural , Furaldehyde , 
Furale , Furanc 
7 7.41  4.19  6.68  Methyltartronic acid, 2‐Hydroxy‐2‐methylmalonic acid. 
8  7.77  2.36  4.34  3‐Furaldehyde, 3‐Furancarboxaldehyde. 
9  8.94  5.83  31.74  4‐Penten‐2‐ol $$ 1‐Penten‐4‐ol 4‐Hydroxypent‐1‐ene. 
CH2=CHCH2CH(OH)CH3 , 
10  9.78  5.74  13.41  1H‐Imidazole, 4,5‐dimethyl‐ , Imidazole, 4,5‐dimethyl‐ , 4,5‐
Dimethyl‐1H‐imidazole .  
11  12.86  5.03  1.45  1H‐Imidazole‐4‐ethanamine, .beta.‐methyl‐ , Imidazole, 4‐(2‐
amino‐1‐methylethyl)‐ , .beta.‐Methylhistamine , 2‐(1H‐Imidazol‐4‐
yl) 
12  14.67  0.47  1.24  1H‐Pyrazole, 1,3‐dimethyl‐ , Pyrazole, 1,3‐dimethyl‐ , 1,3‐
Dimethylpyrazole , 2,5‐Dimethylpyrazole , 1,3‐Dimethyl‐1H‐
pyrazole 
13  14.3  0.63  0.47  1‐Methoxy‐2‐propyl acetate ,Propylene glycol methyl ether 
acetate ,2‐Propanol, 1‐methoxy‐, acetate ,Acetic acid, 2‐methoxy‐
1‐ 
1466 Russell A. Abo-Altemen et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1462–1474
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 5

 
14  14.67  0.19  0.51  Propane, 1‐(1‐methylethoxy)‐ , Ether, isopropyl propyl Isopropyl 
propyl ether , Propyl isopropyl ether , 1‐Isopropoxypropane . 
15  16  0.19  0.50  Oxirane, 2,3‐dimethyl‐, trans‐ , Butane, 2,3‐epoxy‐, trans‐ , trans‐2‐
Butene Oxide , trans‐2‐Butylene Oxide , trans‐2,3‐Dimethylox 
16  16.78  0.14  0.37  Propanoic acid, 2‐oxo‐ , Pyruvic acid, .alpha.‐Ketopropionic acid, 
Acetylformic acid, BTS. Pyroracemic Acid , 2‐Oxopropan 
17  17.47  0.31  0.78  Ethyl Acetate, Acetic acid, ethyl ester, Acetic ether , Acetidin , 
Acetoxyethane , Ethyl acetic ester , Ethyl ethanoate , Vinega. 
18  18.32  14.82  25.11  2‐Furancarboxaldehyde, 5‐methyl‐ , 2‐Furaldehyde, 5‐methyl‐ , 
Furfural, 5‐methyl‐ , 2‐Formyl‐5‐methylfuran , 2‐Methyl‐5‐formyl 
19  19.19  0.27  0.89  3,4‐Furandimethanol 
20  19.24  0.21  0.64  p‐Mesyloxyphenol 
21  20.58  0.18  0.45  Pyrazole‐4‐carboxaldehyde, 1‐methyl‐ , 1‐Methyl‐1H‐pyrazole‐4‐
carbaldehyde , 
22  22.77  0.26  0.37  Pyrazine, methoxy‐ , Methoxypyrazine , 2‐Methoxypyrazine , 
23  23.9  0.14  0.35  Methyl 2‐furoate , 2‐Furancarboxylic acid, methyl ester , 2‐Furoic 
acid, methyl ester , Methyl pyromucate $$ Methyl 2‐furancarboxy 
24  24.10  0.18  0.30  3‐Furancarboxylic acid, methyl ester , 3‐Furoic acid, methyl ester , 
Methyl 3‐furancarboxylate , Methyl 3‐furoate . 
25  25.16  0.26  0.25  Furyl hydroxymethyl ketone, Ethanone, 1‐(2‐furanyl)‐2‐hydroxy‐ , 
Ketone, 2‐furyl hydroxymethyl, 2‐(Hydroxyacetyl) furan. 

Peak  R. Time  Area%  Height%  Compound Name 

1  2.057  2.59  4.72  1,4‐Dioxane‐2,6‐dione , Diglycolic anhydride , Acetic acid, oxydi‐, 
cyclic anhydride , p‐Dioxane‐2,6‐dione ,Acetic acid, 2,2'‐oxyl 
2 2.228  4.23  3.96  Allantoic acid , Diureidoacetic acid , Acetic acid, 
bis[(aminocarbonyl)amino]‐ ,Bis[(aminocarbonyl)amino]acetic acid 
. 
3  2.484  2.45  4.62  3‐Butenamide 
4  4.195  8.97  4.62  Hydroxyurea, Urea, hydroxy‐ , Carbamohydroxamic acid, 
Carbamohydroximic acid, Carbamoyl oxime, Hidrix, Hydrea. 
5 4.480  6.64  6.31  (R)‐(‐)‐2‐Amino‐1‐propanol , d‐Alaninol 2‐Amino‐1‐propanol . 
6  4.906  4.41  8.66  Isopropyl Alcohol , 2‐Propanol , sec‐Propyl Alcohol , Alcojel , 
Alcosolve 2 ,Avantin , Avantine , Combi‐Schutz , Dimeth 
7 7.371  40.15  2.53  Methyltartronic acid, 2‐Hydroxy‐2‐methylmalonic acid. 
8  12.967  21.59  44.48  2‐Hydroxypropanoic acid , Lactic acid , L‐(+)‐Lactic acid , Propanoic 
acid, 2‐hydroxy‐, (S)‐ , Lactic acid, L‐ , Espiritin , 
9  22.941  4.49  10.81  4‐Penten‐2‐ol, 1‐Penten‐4‐ol  4‐Hydroxypent‐1‐ene, 
CH2=CHCH2CH (OH) CH3. 
 Russell A. Abo-Altemen et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1462–1474 1467
6 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

Fig 2. GC-MS analysis of the different constitutes of alkaloids methanol extract of Cyperus rotundus extract

Fig 3 GC-MS analysis of the different constitutes of phenol methanol extract of Cyperus rotundus extract
1468 Russell A. Abo-Altemen et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1462–1474
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 7

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)
 Russell A. Abo-Altemen et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1462–1474 1469
8 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

(G)

(H)

(I)

(G)

Fig.4. Mass spectra from full scan analysis of phenol extract: (A) 4-Penten-2-ol , 1-Penten-4-ol , 4-Hydroxypent-1-ene ,
CH2=CHCH2CH(OH)CH3 .(B) 3-Furaldehyde , 3-Furancarboxaldehyde .(C) 1H-Imidazole, 4,5-dimethyl- , Imidazole, 4,5-dimethyl- , 4,5-
Dimethyl-1H-imidazole .(D) 1H-Pyrazole, 1,3-dimethyl- , Pyrazole, 1,3-dimethyl- , 1,3-Dimethylpyrazole , 2,5-Dimethylpyrazole , 1,3-
Dimethyl-1H-pyrazole(E) Methyltartronic acid , 2-Hydroxy-2-methylmalonic acid .(F) Furyl hydroxymethyl ketone ,Ethanone, 1-(2-furanyl)-2-
hydroxy- , Ketone, 2-furyl hydroxymethyl , 2-(Hydroxyacetyl)furan .(G) 2,3-Butanediol, [R-(R*,R*)]- , 2,3-Butanediol .(H) 2-Hydroxypropanoic
acid , Lactic acid , L-(+)-Lactic acid . Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (S)- . Lactic acid, L- . Espiritin , (I) 3-Furancarboxylic acid, methyl ester , 3-
Furoic acid, methyl ester , Methyl 3-furancarboxylate , Methyl 3-furoate .(J) Propanediol , .alpha.-Propylene glycol , Methyl glycol , Methylethyl
glycol $$ Methylethylene glycol .

(A)
1470 Russell A. Abo-Altemen et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1462–1474
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 9

(B)

(C)

(D)

(E)

(F)
 Russell A. Abo-Altemen et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1462–1474 1471
10 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

(G)

(K)

Fig.5. Mass spectra from full scan analysis of alkaloid extract: (A) Methyltartronic acid , 2-Hydroxy-2-methylmalonic acid .B) 2-
Hydroxypropanoic acid , Lactic acid , L-(+)-Lactic acid , Propanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-, (S)-, Lactic acid, L- , Espiritin .(C) 2-Propanol, 1-
hydrazino- , 1-Hydrazino-2-propanol .(D) 1,4-Dioxane-2,6-dione , Diglycolic anhydride , Acetic acid, oxydi-, cyclic anhydride , p-Dioxane-2,6-
dione , Acetic acid, 2,2'-oxyl(E) ) Allantoic acid , Diureidoacetic acid , Acetic acid, bis[(aminocarbonyl)amino]- ,
Bis[(aminocarbonyl)amino]acetic acid .(F) 3-Butenamide(F) (R)-(-)-2-Amino-1-propanol , d-Alaninol , 2-Amino-1-propanol .(k) 4-Penten-2-ol ,
1-Penten-4-ol , 4-Hydroxypent-1-ene , CH2=CHCH2CH(OH)CH3 .

4. DISCUSSION

The chemical pattern of our sample from Iraq is different by a noticeable content from other Cyperus rotundus
found in Iran [20], in South Africa [21] and in Tunisia[22]. Difference and similarity that can be recognized within
the Cyperus rotundus rhizomes extracts may due to use other organic solvent, nature of the extracts (crude or pure),
type of plant part that been examined or its possibly related to allelopathic activity [23].
Secondary metabolites the main components of both purified extract alkaloids and phenol. They represent the
high content compounds and its unique components, which recommended as an index in pharmaceutical drug
manufacturing. Cyperus rotundus have been used for the treatment of diseases all over the world before the advent
of modern clinical drugs, It is well known to include substances that can be used as precursors for the synthesis of
valuable drugs [24, 25] There have been few publications on the chemical composition of Cyperus rotundus grown
in different parts of the world [26]. Two phytochemical components (alkaloids and phenols) present in methanolic
rhizomes extracts of Cyperus rotundus were isolated, purified and have been identified based on main secondary
metabolites that have been found in Cyperus rotundus[27] chemically by qualitative analysis and by GC-MS
analysis , Phytochemical screen of Cyperus rotundus rhizomes extract revealed that it contains several types of
secondary metabolites compounds [28]. Successful prediction of botanical compounds from plant material is mostly
dependent on the type of the solvent used in the extraction procedure; methanol extracts were chosen. This may be
due to the better solubility of the active components in organic solvent [29] exhibit some of them on the top of other
secondary metabolites due to the use of methanol as a solvent which ca ton extract a significagent amount of low-
polar and medium polar of secondary metabolites [30]. GC-MS of alkaloid extract reviled ten intra-components
through retention time 24 min, the most prominent components and higher concentration 40.15 in 7 min was
Methyltartronic acid which is resulted from alkaloid extract degradation [31]. Which is inter in many pharmaceutical
industry [32]. 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid ( Lactic acid) component with concentration 21.59 in 13 min, is related in
1472 Russell A. Abo-Altemen et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1462–1474
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 11

cosmetic and pharmaceutical agent ,its effective located in the topical treatment of disease conditions such as dry
skin, ichthyosis, eczema, palmar and plantar hyperkeratoses, dandruff, acne and warts [33].  Hydroxyurea with 8.97
concentration in 4 min, Hydroxyurea has a differential lethal effect on  different stages in the cell cycle this
differential lethal and inhibitory effect of hydroxyurea may be useful in the drug industry in human therapy [34].  2-
Propanol, 1-hydrazino with 4.50 concentration in 3 min is one of Benzoxazolyl derivatives which act as inhibitors
of immune complex induced inflammation [35].Many of inter component outcome from GC-MS screening used
either in pharmaceutical industry like Allantoic acid or in industry field or in laboratory technique like Isopropyl
Alcohol [36]. GC-MS of phenol extract reviled twenty-five intra-components through retention time 25 min, the
most prominent components and higher concentration 58.83 in 9 min was Imidazole derivatives are valuable in
treatment of many systemic fungal infections [37] ,furthermore other study conducted that when Imidazole mixed
with DMSO-imidazole-tetrachlororuthenate demonstrated to be anti-metastatic activity as a anticancer Agent [38].
Mesyloxyphenol with 14.82 concentration in 9 min is a classical phenolic antioxidant, its considered one of phenolic
antioxidants that scavenger oxygen radicals [39]. Propionic acid with 5.03 concentrations in 10 min its occurring as
carboxylic acid which inhibits the growth of mold and some bacteria As a result; most propionic acid produced is
consumed as a preservative for both animal feed and food for human consumption, Propionic acid is also useful as
an intermediate in the production of other chemicals, especially polymers like cellulose and esters [40]. 4-heptene
with concentration 2.36 in 7 min is a liquid that is a mixture of isomers It is used as an additive in lubricants, as a
catalyst, and as a surfactant industrially and showed antibacterial activity against Helicobactor pylori pharmacology
[41]. Major of studies concentrate in GC/MS analysis of Cyperus rotundus either on essential oil [42] [43] or crude
extract [44] The GC-MS elucidated bioactive compounds present in the both of Alkaloid and Phenol. The
differences in retention time may due to the difference in mobile phase, and the extraction method, on the other
hand, the different dielectric constant of solvents and polarity may affect the quantity of the extracted active
compound [45]. The variant in component between alkaloids extract include ten components, and phenols extract
that include twenty-five and the difference in retention time maybe it has chemotaxonomically significant for the
plant.

5. CONCLUSION

The rhizomes of C. rotundus has subjected to GC-MS analysis. GC-MS showed a highly complex profile;
containing approximately ten components for alkaloid extract and twenty-five approximately components belong to
phenols extract. This study may be useful to explore the pharmacological and biosynthetic activity in the plants.
Different extracts with different methods and subjecting it to pharmacological activity will definitely give fruitful
results in the plants of Iraq and worldwide.

6. References

[1] A. S. Alsabah, A. H. Abd, and A. M. Al-Shammari, "Cytotoxicity of Xanthium Strumarium against Breast Cancer Cell Lines," Journal of
Global Pharma Technology, 10, (2018): 767-776,.
[2] I. G. Zainal, A. M. Al-Shammari, and W. Kachi, "Characterization of the modified nickel-zinc ferrite nanoparticles coated with APTES by
salinization reaction," in AIP Conference Proceedings, (2018): 030008.
[3] R. H. Salih, S. M. Odisho, A. M. Al-Shammari, and O. M. S. Ibrahim, "Antiviral effects of Olea europaea leaves extract and interferon-beta
on gene expression of newcastle disease virus," Advances in Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 5, (2017): 436-445.
[4] A. Amer, "BIOTECHNOLOGY APPROACHES FOR IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF FLAVONOIDS," The Journal of Microbiology,
Biotechnology and Food Sciences, 7, (2018): 457.
[5] H. Babu and N. Savithramma, "Screening of secondary metabolites of underutilized species of Cyperaceae," Int J Pharm Sci Rev Res, 24,
(2014): 182-187.
[6] S. Uddin, K. Mondal, J. Shilpi, and M. Rahman, "Antidiarrhoeal activity of Cyperus rotundus," Fitoterapia, 77, (2006): 134-136.
[7] A. De Fátima, L. Modolo, L. Conegero, R. Pilli, C. Ferreira, L. Kohn, et al., "Styryl lactones and their derivatives: biological activities,
mechanisms of action and potential leads for drug design," Current medicinal chemistry, 13, (2006): 3371-3384,.
[8] R. Jeyasheela, C. Padmalatha, K. Chairman, A. Kalirajan, and A. J. R. Singh, "Phyto-chemical analysis of Cyperus rotundus and its effect on
ethanol treated rats," Elixir International Journal, 37, (2011): 4137-4140,.
 Russell A. Abo-Altemen et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1462–1474 1473
12 Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000

[9] N. Singh, B. Pandey, P. Verma, M. Bhalla, and M. Gilca, "Phyto-pharmacotherapeutics of Cyperus rotundus Linn.(Motha): an overview,"
(2012).
[10] Z. A. AL-Hilli, E. F. AL-Jumaily, and N. Y. Yaseen, "Role of volatile oils fraction of cyperus rotundus in induction of apoptosis on cancer
cell lines in vitro," Iraqi J. Biotech, 9, (2010): 286-298,.
[11] A. T. Al-Saeedi, "Abstract A176: Total oligomeric flavonoids (TOF) of the herb tubers Cyperus rotundus induce growth inhibition and
apoptosis in some cancer cell lines, a preliminary study," Molecular Cancer Therapeutics, 12, (2013): A176-A176,.
[12] Z. Molnár, E. Virág, and V. Ördög, "Natural substances in tissue culture media of higher plants," Acta Biologica Szegediensis, 55, (2011):
123-127,.
[13] L. Ziberna, S. Fornasaro, J. Čvorović, F. Tramer, and S. Passamonti, "Bioavailability of flavonoids: the role of cell membrane transporters,"
in Polyphenols in human health and disease, ed: Elsevier, (2014, ): 489-511.
[14] L. Ettre, "The development of gas chromatography," Journal of Chromatography A, 112, (1975): 1-26,.
[15] M. Sermakkani and V. Thangapandian, "GC-MS analysis of Cassia italica leaf methanol extract," Asian J Pharm Clin Res, 5, 2012): 90-94,.
[16] A. M. Al-Shammari, "Environmental pollutions associated to conflicts in Iraq and related health problems," in Reviews on Environmental
Health 31, ed, (2016): 245.
[17] T. Mythili and R. Ravindhran, "Phytochemical screening and antimicrobial activity of Sesbania sesban(L.) Merr," Asian J. Pharm. Clin. Res,
5, (2012): 179-182,.
[18] C. Sulaiman, S. P. Geetha, and B. Indira, "Identification of phenolic antioxidants in Ipomoea mauritiana jacq. using spectrophotometric and
mass spectroscopic studies," Avicenna journal of phytomedicine, 4, (2014): 89.
[19] P. M. Richardson, "Phytochemical Methods: A Guide to Modern Techniques of Plant Analysis," Brittonia, 42, (1990): 115-115,.
[20] A. Feizbakhsh and A. Naeemy, "Chemical composition of the essential oil of Cyperus conglomeratus Rottb. From Iran," Journal of
Chemistry, 8, (2011): S293-S296,.
[21] O. Lawal and A. Oyedeji, "Chemical composition of the essential oils of Cyperus rotundus L. from South Africa," Molecules, 14, (2009):
2909-2917,.
[22] S. Kilani, R. B. Ammar, I. Bouhlel, A. Abdelwahed, N. Hayder, A. Mahmoud, et al., "Investigation of extracts from (Tunisian) Cyperus
rotundus as antimutagens and radical scavengers," Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology, 20, (2005): 478-484,.
[23] İ. E. Poyraz, B. Demirci, and S. Küçük, "Volatiles of Turkish Cyperus rotundus L. Roots," Records of Natural Products, 12, (2018).
[24] R. Aeganathan, A. Rayar, S. Ilayaraja, K. Prabakaran, and R. Manivannan, "Antioxidant, anti-microbial evaluation and GC–MS analysis of
Cyperus rotundus L. rhizomes chloroform fraction," American Journal of Ethnomedicine, 2, (2015): 14-20,.
[25] Z. Al-Hilli, A. M. Al-Shammari, E. F. A. Al-Jumaily, and N. Y. Yaseen, "The antiangiogenic effect of polyphenolic fraction of Cyperus
Rotundus L. on human Glioblastoma cell line," presented at the First Scientific Conference on Nanotechnology, Advanced Material and
Their applications, At: University of Technology, Baghdad, Iraq, (2009).
[26] A. F. Abdel-Razik, M. I. Nassar, E.-D. A. El-Khrisy, A.-A. M. Dawidar, and T. J. Mabry, "New prenylflavans from Cyperus
conglomeratus," Fitoterapia, 76, (2005): 762-764,.
[27] M. Abdel-Mogib, S. Basaif, and S. Ezmirly, "Two novel flavans from Cyperus conglomeratus," Pharmazie, 55, (2000): 693-695,.
[28] M. Singh and V. Sharma, "In vitro evaluation of secondary metabolites and hydroxyl radical scavenging efficacy of different extracts of
Cyperus rotundus L. and Rubia cordifolia L.: protection against photodamages," International Journal of Research in Ayurveda and
Pharmacy (IJRAP), 6, (2015): 144-149,.
[29] H. J. de Boer, A. Kool, A. Broberg, W. R. Mziray, I. Hedberg, and J. J. Levenfors, "Anti-fungal and anti-bacterial activity of some herbal
remedies from Tanzania," Journal of ethnopharmacology, 96, (2005): 461-469,.
[30] S. Quideau, "Flavonoids. Chemistry, Biochemistry and Applications. Edited by Øyvind M. Andersen and Kenneth R. Markham,"
Angewandte Chemie International Edition, 45, (2006): 6786-6787,.
[31] K. Niemelä and E. Sjöström, "Alkaline degradation of alginates to carboxylic acids," Carbohydrate research, 144, (1985): 241-249,.
[32] Z.-w. An, R. D'Aloisio, and C. Venturello, "A new, facile synthesis of methyltartronic acid," Synthesis, (1992, ): 273-275, 1992.
[33] J. Y. Ruey and E. J. Van Scott, "Method of using 2-hydroxypropanoic acid (lactic acid) for the treatment of wrinkles," ed: Google Patents,
(1995).
[34] W. K. Sinclair, "Hydroxyurea: differential lethal effects on cultured mammalian cells during the cell cycle," Science, 150, (1965): 1729-
1731,.
[35] F. Haviv, J. D. Ratajczyk, R. W. DeNet, F. A. Kerdesky, R. L. Walters, S. P. Schmidt, et al., "3-[1-(2-Benzoxazolyl) hydrazino]
propanenitrile derivatives: inhibitors of immune complex induced inflammation," Journal of Medicinal Chemistry, 31, (1988): 1719-1728,.
[36] J. Hine and M. Hine, "The Relative Acidity of Water, Methanol and Other Weak Acids in Isopropyl Alcohol Solution1," Journal of the
American Chemical Society, 74, (1952): 5266-5271,.
[37] R. J. Sundberg and R. B. Martin, "Interactions of histidine and other imidazole derivatives with transition metal ions in chemical and
biological systems," Chemical reviews, 74, (1974): 471-517,.
[38] J. M. Rademaker-Lakhai, D. van den Bongard, D. Pluim, J. H. Beijnen, and J. H. Schellens, "A phase I and pharmacological study with
imidazolium-trans-DMSO-imidazole-tetrachlororuthenate, a novel ruthenium anticancer agent," Clinical Cancer Research, 10, (2004):
3717-3727,.
[39] J. Kjällstrand and G. Petersson, "Phenolic antioxidants in wood smoke," Science of the Total Environment, 277, (2001): 69-75,.
[40] T. Thenappan and A. P. Devaraj, "Dielectric studies on binary polar mixtures of propanoic acid with esters," Journal of molecular liquids,
123, (2006): 72-79,.
[41] B.-B. Zhang, Y. Dai, Z.-X. Liao, and L.-S. Ding, "Three new antibacterial active diarylheptanoids from Alpinia officinarum," Fitoterapia,
81, (2010): 948-952,.
1474 Russell A. Abo-Altemen et al. / Energy Procedia 157 (2019) 1462–1474
Author name / Energy Procedia 00 (2018) 000–000 13

[42] A. Aghassi, A. Naeemy, and A. Feizbakhsh, "Chemical composition of the essential oil of Cyperus rotundus L. from Iran," Journal of
Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 16, (2013): 382-386,.
[43] V. Kumar, "Medicinal Uses, Phytochemistry and Pharmacological Activities of Motha (Cyperus rotundus Linn.): A Potential Herb."
[44] Z. Al-Hilli, "Effect of cyperus rotundus crude extracts on cancer cell lines M. Sc," thesis. College of Science Univ Baghdad Iraq, (2004).
[45] A. E. Al-Snafi, "A review on Cyperus rotundus A potential medicinal plant," IOSR Journal Of Pharmacy, 6, (2016): 32-48,.