Agusan del Sur State College of Agriculture and Technology

Bunawan, Agusan del Sur

Name: NOEL P. BALDOZA Date: OCTOBER 23, 2017

Year/Section: BSE-BIOLOGY 4-A

1. WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF MYELIN SHEATH?

The myelin sheath is produced by a specialized cell called the

Schwann cell. It is a protective covering that surrounds fibers called axons,
long thin projections that extend from the main body of a nerve cell or
neuron. This sheath is composed of protein and lipids.
The main function of myelin sheath is for protection and insulation of
the axons and enhances their transmission of electrical impulses. If myelin
is damaged, the transmission of these impulses is slowed down, which is
seen in severe neurological condition such as multiple sclerosis.

2. IF A NEURON MEMBRANE SUDDENLY PERMEABLE TO MEDIUM

IONS, THERE IS A RAPID NET TRANSPORT OF SODIUM INTO CELL.
WHAT ARE THE TWO FORCES THAT DRIVE THE IONS TOWARDS?

Generally the electrical potential force and chemical potential force

drives the ion towards. A stimulus that affects the membrane’s permeability
to ions can either depolarize or hyperpolarize the membrane relative to the
membrane’s resting potential. This local voltage change is called a graded
potential, and its magnitude is proportional to the strength of the stimulus.
An action potential, or nerve impulse, is a rapid, transient depolarization of
the neuron’s membrane.
A local depolarization to the threshold potential opens voltage-gated
sodium channels, and the rapid influx of Na+ channels. A refractory period
follows an action potential, corresponding to the period when the voltage-
gated Na+ channels are inactivated. The all-or-none generation of an action
potential always creates the same amplitude of voltage change for a given
neuron. The frequency of action potentials varies with the intensity of the
stimuli.
3. WHAT DETERMINES WHETHER A NEURON IS AFFECTED BY A
SPECIAL NEUROTRANSMITTER?

Net effect determines whether a neuron is affected by a special

neurotransmitter. As a result neurotransmitter is released from the central
nervous system and peripheral nervous system in some cases, resulting to
some reaction. For instances the release of the neurotransmitter
norepinephrine give us a good feeling or a relief sensation. Membrane
potential of no transmitting neurons is due to the unequal distribution of
ions, particularly sodium and potassium, across the plasma membrane. The
cytoplasm is more negatively charged than the extracellular fluid.
Membrane potential is maintained by differential ions permeability’s and the
sodium-potassium pump.

4. CONTRAST THE TARGETS OF HUMORAL IMMUNITY WITH THOSE

ALL CELL MEDIATED IMMUNITY.

Humoral, or B-cell, immunity, based on circulation of antibodies in

the blood and lymph, defends against free viruses, bacteria and other
extracellular threats.
Cell-mediated, or T-cell, immunity defends against intracellular
pathogens by destroying infected cells. It also defends against transplanted
tissue and cancer cells.

5. COMPARE AND CONTRAST THE T-CELL RECEPTOR WITH THE

ANTIGEN RECEPTOR OF THE SURFACE OF THE B-CELLS.

A CD4-bearing helper T-cell is activated when its receptor binds

specifically to class II MHC-antigen complex on the surface of an antigen-
presenting cell. The T-cell then secretes interleukins-2 and other cytokines,
which activates B cells and cytotoxic T-cells.
B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes recognize antigens via surface
antigen receptors: membrane antibodies for B-cell and T-cell receptors for T-
cells. B-cells mature in the marrow, while T-cells mature in the thymus.