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Sources 𝐼𝐼
and linear 𝑉𝑉
elements Same 𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝐼𝐼 𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐼𝐼
𝑍𝑍𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉
𝑉𝑉𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒 𝐼𝐼𝑒𝑒𝑒𝑒
In Out Type
V V Voltage ampl.
I I Current ampl.
V I Transconductance ampl.
I V Transresistance ampl.
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜
𝑅𝑅𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅𝑜𝑜
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖
𝐴𝐴𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝐴𝐴𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖
𝑅𝑅𝑠𝑠 𝑅𝑅𝑜𝑜
𝑉𝑉𝑠𝑠 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜
𝐴𝐴𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿
𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖 = 𝑉𝑉𝑆𝑆 𝑉𝑉𝑜𝑜 = 𝐴𝐴𝑉𝑉 𝑉𝑉𝑖𝑖
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 + 𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆 𝑅𝑅𝑜𝑜 + 𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿
𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆 𝑅𝑅𝑜𝑜
𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖 = 𝐼𝐼𝑆𝑆 𝐼𝐼𝑜𝑜 = 𝐴𝐴𝐼𝐼 𝐼𝐼𝑖𝑖
𝑅𝑅𝑖𝑖 + 𝑅𝑅𝑆𝑆 𝑅𝑅𝑜𝑜 + 𝑅𝑅𝐿𝐿
Alessandro Spinelli – Electronics 96032
Current gain 14
From [2]
+ 𝐺𝐺𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 - 𝜀𝜀 𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝐹𝐹
𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝜀𝜀 = 0
+ 𝐺𝐺𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 = ∞
𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 - 𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝐹𝐹
𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 1
𝜀𝜀 = = 0 ⇒ 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 − 𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 = 0 ⇒ = = 𝐺𝐺𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖
𝐺𝐺𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 𝐹𝐹
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 1 𝐺𝐺 1
= 2
=
𝑑𝑑𝐺𝐺𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 1 + 𝐺𝐺𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐹𝐹 𝐺𝐺𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 1 − 𝐺𝐺𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝐺𝐺𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 1 ≪1
=
𝐺𝐺 𝐺𝐺𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 1 − 𝐺𝐺𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝐺𝐺𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 2
=− = −𝐺𝐺
𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹 1 + 𝐺𝐺𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂 𝐹𝐹 2
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝐹𝐹 𝐺𝐺𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙 ≈ −1
=
𝐺𝐺 𝐹𝐹 1 − 𝐺𝐺𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙𝑙
+ 𝐺𝐺𝑂𝑂𝑂𝑂
𝑆𝑆𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖 - 𝜀𝜀 𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 • Changes in 𝐹𝐹 cannot be
𝐹𝐹𝑆𝑆𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜𝑜 compensated
𝐹𝐹
Alessandro Spinelli – Electronics 96032
Outline 28
+ 0 +
𝜀𝜀 𝜀𝜀
_ _
Feedback
loop is on the
negative pin 𝐹𝐹 𝐹𝐹
1. http://tcts.fpms.ac.be/cours/1005-01/equiv.pdf
2. https://www.wpi.edu/News/Transformations/2005Summer/tim
ecapsule.html