CV3012 EC3 Column Axial Bending Moment Xx1

NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
School of Civil and Environmental Engineering
CV3012: STEEL DESIGN

(Lecture Notes – Part 2)
Dr. LIE Seng-Tjhen
Office: Block N1-01c-78

Tel: 6790 5284
E-mail: cstlie@ntu.edu.sg
Note: (1) A softcopy of the Part 2 Lecture Notes, (2) Eurocode 3: Part 1-8 Design of Joints, (3) Tables of Section Properties,
(4) Tables of Bolt and Weld capacities, (5) Tutorial Questions, are all available through the EdveNTUre.
CV3012 – STEEL DESIGN – EUROCODE 3 – LIE SENG TJHEN – AY2013/2014 – JANUARY 2014
1
Lecture Materials
 CV3012 – Steel Design Part 2 Lecture Notes
 Eurocode 3: Part 1-8 – Design of Joints
 Tables of Section Properties
 Tables of Bolt and Weld Capacities
 Tutorial Questions T7 to T12
2
Part 2: Topics
 Columns subjected to pure axial compression
 Columns subjected to nominal moments and axial

compression (Columns in simple frame construction)
 Columns subjected to combined moment and axial

compression
 Lattice construction – angles, channels and T-sections
 Connection design
3
Three types of column
NEd NEd NEd
y y My,Ed Mz,Ed y My,Ed Mz,Ed

z z z
z z z
y y y
Axial
compression Axial
Axial +
compression compression
Nominal +
(small) Moments
moments
y y y
z z z
My,Ed My,Ed
Mz,Ed Mz,Ed
z z z
y y y
NEd NEd NEd
4
A typical simple frame construction
Laterally
unrestrained
beam
Laterally
restrained
beam
5
Simply supported of metal decking – one way slabs
Simply supported of metal decking
Installation of a shear stud with a stud gun Continuously supported of metal decking
6
Connections details in simple frame construction
Splice connections
Simple pinned connections

7
Joints in simple frame construction
Web Cleats Flexible End Plate Fin Plate
8
Analysis of a simple frame Construction
 Simple frame takes the gravity (vertical) loads only.

 Bracing frame takes all the lateral (wind) loads.
Bracing Simple Bracing Simple

Frame Frame Frame Frame
Simple frame and bracing or shear wall
9
Analysis ofMethod
Analysis a simple frame Construction
of Simple Construction
 Pinned connected frames split into two subassemblies
For frame B, all the beams designed as simply supported
10
Conditions of a simple frame construction
 Simple connections, namely, web cleats, flexible end plate and

fin plate are to be used for all the joints.
 Connection between the column and beam are discontinuous, i.e.

there is a small 5-12 mm gap.
 All beams are considered as simply supported between the two

connections
 Columns must be fully continuous.

l
 The column slenderness ratio   cr should not be more than
180. i
11
Dimensionless slenderness ratio
 Elastic critical buckling load (Euler buckling load at the point of

instability) is given by Ncr   2EI .

lcr
 The slenderness ratio is defined as   lcr where lcr is the buckling
i
length and i is the radius of gyration.
lcr 
 The dimensionless slenderness ratio is   1  and    .
1 i fy
l f l f  l 2
 It can also be expressed as   1  cr  y
 cr  y cr
1 i  i   i 2
y  l cr y  l cr  A
2 2
or   f f Af y .
 
  i 2    I N cr
12
Designing a simple frame construction
 Frame is fully braced for lateral deflection, columns are

continuous and simple connections are used for all the joints.
 Therefore, beams can be designed as simply supported.
 The columns are designed for dominant axial loads as well as

nominal moments arising from reactions of the beam, applied at
the appropriate eccentricity .
 At each level, the nominal moment is proportioned to the upper

and lower column according to the column stiffness.
 All columns subjected to axial load and nominal moments must

satisfy Eqn. (6.62) in EC3.
13
Simple frame construction
 For simple frame construction, assign kzy = 1.0; kzz = 1.5 in Eqn.
(6.62), then it becomes:
N Ed M y,Ed M z, Ed
1.0 1.5 1.0
N b, z, Rd M b, Rd M cb, z, Rd
where NEd = design axial load; My,Ed and Mz,Ed = design nominal
moments; Nb,z,Rd = buckling resistance of the column; Mb,Rd =
lateral torsional buckling resistance of the column; Mcb,z,Rd =
bending resistance of the column
 Design nominal bending moments My,Ed and Mz,Ed are calculated

assuming beam reactions 100 mm from column face.
14
Eccentricity between the beam and column
100 mm
100 mm
R
R
tw/2
h/2
tw
h
Nominal moment, Nominal moment,

My,Ed = R x (h/2 +100mm) and Mz,Ed = R x (tw/2+100mm) and
h is the depth of the column tw is the thickness of the web
15
Eccentricity between the beam and column
z y
y z
y z
z y
R
R
Bending about the y-y axis  My,Ed Bending about the z-z axis  Mz,Ed
16
Nominal Moments My,Ed and Mz,Ed of the column
 At each level, the nominal moment is proportioned to the upper and lower column
according to the column stiffness. It is distributed to the columns above and below
in proportion to the column stiffness I/L where I = second moment of area and L =
length of the column.
 However, when the ratio of stiffness does not exceed 1.5, then the moments is
divided equally.
3.5m I
Stiffness is defined
2
My,Ed as EI .
L
7.0m I
Stiffness of upper column 2-3 = EI/3.5; Stiffness of lower column 1-2 = EI/7; Ratio = (EI/3.5 / EI/7)
= 2.0. Since the ratio is > 1.5, then the moment My,Ed has to be divided according to the stiffness.
17
Example 1
Upper column stiffness = EI/4 and lower column stiffness = 2EI/5

Stiffness ratio = (2EI/5)/(EI/4) = 1.6 > 1.5
 EI 4   2EI 5  M  0.615M
Mu    Mx  0.385Mx and Ml   
 EI 4  2EI 5  EI 4  2EI 5 x x
If the column stiffness ratio is < 1.5, then Mu = Ml = 0.5Mx
18
Example 2
Design the column marked ‘x’ between Level 1 and Level 2, assuming
the same column size is to be used for the first-storey up to the roof.
The main beam bending about the major y-y axis is capable of
providing partial rotational restraint, and the secondary beams
bending about the minor z-z axis are not capable of providing
restraint.
 The following assumptions are as follows:
The column is continuous and forms part of a braced structure of
simple construction.
The column is effectively pinned at the base.
Beams are connected to the column flange by flexible end plates.
 Buckling lengths are

about the y-y axis Lcr,y = L = 0.85 x 4200 mm = 3570 mm
about the z-z axis Lcr,z = L = 4200 mm
19
Column in Simple Construction
20
Exercise: Select a Trial Section
 Try 203 x 203 x 60 UC in Grade S275 steel
h = 209.6 mm
b = 205.2 mm
tw = 9.3 mm
tf = 14.2 mm
r = 10.2 mm
A = 7580 mm2
iy = 89.6 mm
iz = 51.9 mm
Iz = 20400000 mm4
Wpl,y = 652000 mm3
Wpl,z = 303000 mm3
21
Try 203 x 203 x 60 kg/m UC in Grade 275 steel
From Section Table,
h = 209.6 mm
b = 205.2 mm
d = 160.9mm
tw = 9.3 mm
tf = 14.2 mm
r = 10.2 mm
iy = 8.96 cm
iz = 5.19 cm
Wpl,y = 652 cm3
A = 7580 mm2
22
Loadings:
Total axial load on the column, NEd = 25 + 25 + 315 + 614 = 979 kN
Cross-sectional classification:
For S275 Steel, since nominal thickness t = 9.4 mm
t ≤ 40mm ⇒ yield strength fy = 275 N/mm2 (Table 3.1)
  235/f y  235/275  0.924
Outstand flanges (parts subject to compression),
cf  (b  t w  2r)/2  [205.2  9.3  2(10.2)]/2  87.75 mm
cf 87.75
  6.18
t f 14.2
The limiting value for Class 1 is 6.18 < 8.32

∴ Flange in compression is Class 1.
23
Web (Parts subject to bending and compression) –
cw/tw = 160.9/9.3 = 17.3

  0.5 1
N Ed  
 0.5 1 979 103 
  1.69

 f y t w d   275 9.3160.9
But -1≤  ≤ 1
∴  = 1 > 0.5
396  396  0.924  30.5

13 1 13(1) 1
c w  396  Class 1
t w 13 1
∴ Web is Class 1.
∴ Section is classified as Class 1.
24
Effective lengths:
Lcr,y = 0.85 x 4.2 = 3.57 m; Lcr,z = 4.2 m
Eccentricity:
Main beam, flange eccentricity about major axis (y-y axis)
 h 100  209.6 100  205mm

2 2
Tie beam, Flange eccentricity about the major axis (y-y axis)
= 50 mm
Web eccentricity about the minor axis (z-z axis)
 t w 100  9.3 100  105 mm

2 2
25
The nominal moments are calculated as follows:
My,Ed
 
M y,Ed  R  h  100
2 
y=0
M z,Ed  R  t w  100 C1=1.77
 2 
M y,Ed  315  205  2(25  50)  62.2 kNm yMy,Ed
The loads are balanced about the z-z axis, therefore the moment about the
minor axis Mz,Ed = 0 kNm
Column stiffness above the first-storey = EI/L = EI/4.0

Column stiffness above the second-storey = EI/L = EI/4.2
EI/4.0  1.05  1.5

Stiffness ratio =
EI/4.2
Therefore, the moment is distributed equally.

⇒ Design moment My,Ed = 62.2/2 = 31.1 kNm
26
Simplified method (Conservative):
Verify the buckling check:
N Ed M y,Ed M
 1.0  1.5 z,Ed  1.0
N b,min,Rd M b,Rd M c,z,Rd
Flexural buckling resistance:

The design buckling resistance is given by
Af y
N b,Rd  Class 1, 2 & 3 Clause 6.3.1.1(3)
 M1
 is the reduction factor and

1  2
  1.0 where   0.5 1    0.2    Clause 6.3.1.2(1)
2    
   2
Af y  Lcr   1 
  slenderness for flexural buckling   Class 1, 2 & 3
N cr  i   1 
1  93.9  93.9 0.924  86.8
27
Buckling about minor axis (z-z):
     
 z   Lcr   1    4200   1   0.93 Clause 6.3.1.2(4)
 i z   1   51.9   86.8 
  0.2  flexural buckling effects need to be considered in this case
Table 6.2,
h  209.6  1.02  1.2, t  14.2 mm  100 mm & S275 steel
f
b 205.2
⇒ buckling about minor axis (z-z), use curve ‘c’.
Table 6.1,
For buckling curve ‘c’ ⇒ imperfection factor  = 0.49
z  0.5 [1  ( z  0.2)   z ]  0.5 [1 0.49 (0.93 0.2)  0.932 ]  1.11
2
28
z  1  1  0.580  1.00
2
z  2z  λ z 1.11 1.11  0.93
2 2
Af y 0.580  7580  275

N b, z, Rd   10 3  1209 kN
 M1 1.0
N Ed
 979  0.81  1.0  OK
N b, z, Rd 1209
Therefore, minor axis flexural buckling resistance of the section is adequate.
29
Buckling about major axis (y-y):
L  1    
 y   cr  
      3570   1   0.46 Clause 6.3.1.2(4)
 iy  89.6   86.8 
   1
  0.2  flexural buckling effects need to be considered in this case
Table 6.2,
h  209.6  1.02  1.2, t  14.2 mm  100 mm & S275 steel

f
b 205.2
⇒ buckling about minor axis (y-y), use curve ‘b’.
Table 6.1,
For buckling curve ‘b’ ⇒ imperfection factor  = 0.34
2
y  0.5 [1  ( y  0.2)   y ]  0.5 [1 0.34 (0.46  0.2)  0.462 ]  0.65
30
y  1  1  0.900  1.00
2
 y  2y  λ y 0.65  0.65  0.46
2 2
Af y 0.900  7580  275

N b,y,Rd   10 3  1880.0 kN
 M1 1.0
N Ed
 979  0.52  0.83  OK
N b,y,Rd 1880.0
For the lowest storey column, if the base is nominally pinned, the axial force
ratio must also satisfy
N Ed
 0.83 Access-steel SN048b Table 2.1
N b, y,Rd
Therefore major axis flexural buckling resistance of the section is

satisfied, and Nb,min,Rd = Nb,z,Rd = 1209 kN.
31
Lateral Torsional Buckling (LTB) resistance moment:
LTWyf y
M b,Rd  Eqn. (6.55)
 M1
LTB for general case (Clause 6.3.2.2(1)), LT is the reduction factor and
 LT  1 but  LT  1.0 Eqn. (6.56)

LT  LT  
2
LT
where LT  0.5 [1  LT   LT  0.2   LT ]

2
 
 LT is an imperfection factor
Wyf y
 LT 
M cr
where Mcr is the elastic critical moment for lateral torsional buckling.
32
The appropriate buckling curve depends on h/b:
h  209.6  1.02  2
Table 6.5, ⇒ use buckling curve ‘a’.
b 205.2
Table 6.4,
For buckling curve ‘a’ ⇒ imperfection factor LT = 0.21
For doubly symmetrical sections with ‘normal support’ conditions at the ends
of the member and a linear bending moment diagram, Mcr may be determined
from

M cr  C1 2
2 EI
z I w 
L2GIT (Access-Steel document SN003)
L I z 2 EI z
where L is the element length between points of lateral restraint = 4200 mm.
33
C1 is a coefficient depending on the section properties, support conditions
and the shape of the bending moment diagram = 1.77 (Access-Steel SN003
Table 3.1)
M cr  1.77    210 10 22040 10 

  2 3 4
  4200 
1.95 1011 4200 2  81103  46.6 104 


  2  10
6
2040 10 4   210 10  2040 10 
3 4
 674.9 kNm
34
 LT  652 10  275
3
 0.515
674.9 106
LT  0.5 [1 0.21 (0.515  0.2)  0.515 2 ]  0.666
 LT  1  0.919
0.666  0.666  0.515
2 2
 LT  0.919
For circular or square hollow sections, and for rectangular hollow sections,
the lateral torsional buckling resistance for simple columns Mb,Rd should be
taken as equal to the moment resistance Mc,y,Rd of the cross-section.
35
 LT Wyf y 0.919 652 103  275
M b,Rd   10 6  164.777 kNm
 M1 1.00
Verify the buckling check for combined bending and axial compression:
(SN0481-EN-GB Access Steel Document).
Instead of Eqns. (6.61) & (6.62), the simplified method is adopted:
N Ed M y,Ed M
1.0 1.5 z,Ed  1.0
N b, min,Rd M b, Rd M c,z,Rd
N b, min,Rd  N b, z,Rd  1209 kN
 979 1.0 31.1  0  0.999  1.00

1209 164.777
Therefore, the section is satisfactory.
36
Three types of column
NEd NEd NEd
y y My,Ed Mz,Ed y My,Ed Mz,Ed

z z z
z z z
y y y
Axial
compression Axial
Axial +
compression compression
Nominal +
(small) Moments
moments
y y y
z z z
My,Ed My,Ed
Mz,Ed Mz,Ed
z z z
y y y
NEd NEd NEd
37
Simple frame construction
 For simple frame construction, assign kzy = 1.0; kzz = 1.5 in Eqn.
(6.62), then it becomes:
N Ed M y,Ed M z, Ed
1.0 1.5 1.0
where
NEd = design axial load
My,Ed and Mz,Ed = design nominal moments
Nb,z,Rd = buckling resistance of the column
Mb,Rd = lateral torsional buckling resistance of the column
Mcb,z,Rd = bending resistance of the column
38
Design of Column – Axial compression and
bending moments
 Columns are subjected to large end moments in continuous construction.
Portal Frame
Multi-storey Building
39
Rigid connections used in continuous construction
40
bending moments
 Uniform Members in Bending and Axial

Compression
 Cross-sections Resistance (Clause 6.2.9.1)
 Flexural Buckling Resistance (Clause 6.3.1.1)
 Lateral Torsional Buckling Curves – General Case
(Clause 6.3.2.2)
41
Introduction
 Members in bending and axial compression
 Includes most members in continuous framed structures
 Two conditions to check

 Section resistance (strength)
 Member resistance (flexural buckling )
 Member resistance (lateral torsional buckling )
 U.K. simplified approach (Simple Frame Construction)
 EC3 two alternative methods

 Annex A
 Annex B
42
Beam-column in Uniaxial Bending
 Beam-columns bending about the major axis only
x
z
N
M
y y
L
z
y y
M
z
N
Column deflects in z-x plane only
43
Cross-section Resistance
Checks
44
Cross-sectional Behaviour
 No overall buckling
 Axial compression reduces moment resistance
MEd ≤ MN,Rd (Clause 6.2.9.1)
where MN,Rd is the design plastic moment resistance reduced

due to the presence of axial force NEd.
 About the y-y axis, no allowance necessary if
NEd ≤ 0.25 Npl,y,Rd and
NEd ≤ 0.5 hwtwfy / M0 (Clause 6.2.9.1(4))
where Npl,y,Rd = Afy/M0 is the design plastic resistance of the

gross cross-section.
45
Cross-sectional Behaviour
 About the z-z axis, no allowance necessary if
NEd ≤ hwtwfy / M0 (Clause 6.2.9.1(4))
where NEd = design axial compression load, hw = effective web

depth, tw = web thickness and fy = yield strength.
46
Class 1 and 2 Cross-sections
 Various combinations of bending moment (MEd) and axial

load (NEd)
 NEd = 0, MN,Rd = Mpl,y,Rd , the full plastic moment, to
 MEd = 0, NM,Rd = Npl,y,Rd , the squash load
 M-N relationship depends on

 shape of the section
 position of the neutral axis (web or flange)
 Consider general loading condition for symmetrical I and

H sections bending about major axis
47
Plastic Stress Distribution Bending About y-y axis
Axial load –
compression
fy
yn
yn NM
MN
-fy
(a) yn < (h – 2tf) / 2 – Neutral axis in the web
NM = 2 fy tw yn
MN = fy b tf (h - tf) + fy {(h - 2tf)2 / 4 - yn2} tw
48
Plastic Stress Distribution Bending About y-y axis
Axial load –
compression
fy
yn NM
yn MN
-fy
(b) yn > (h – 2tf) / 2 – Neutral axis in the flange
NM = fy {tw (h - 2tf) + 2b (tf – h / 2 + yn)}

MN = fy b (h / 2 - yn) (h / 2 + yn)
49
Section Resistance – Class 1 and 2 Cross-
sections
 The following criterion shall be satisfied: MEd  MN,Rd
MN,Rd is the design plastic moment resistance reduced due to the
axial force NEd.
 Major axis bending

MN,y,Rd = Mpl,y,Rd (1 - n)/(1 – 0.5 a)
but MN,y,Rd ≤ Mpl,y,Rd
where n = NEd / Npl,Rd and a = (A - 2btf) / A but a ≤ 0.5
 Minor axis bending

For n ≤ a: MN,z,Rd = Mpl,z,Rd
For n > a: MN,z,Rd = Mpl,z,Rd {1 – [(n - a)/(1 - a)]2}
where n = NEd / Npl,Rd and a = (A - 2btf) / A but a ≤ 0.5
50
sections
 For bi-axial bending, the following criterion shall be satisfied:
 b
   
 M y, Ed   Mz,Ed 




   1.0
 
 MN,y, Rd   MN,z,Rd 
 
where  and b are constants depending on the sections,

 I and H sections:  = 2 ; b = 5n but b  1
 Circular hollow sections:  = 2 ; b = 2
 Rectangular hollow sections:  = b = 1.66/(1-1.13n2) but  = b  6
where n = NEd/Npl,Rd
51
sections
 Class 3: (Clause 6.2.9.2)
 Restricted to elastic behaviour
 The failure criterion is first yield
 Maximum stress is fc + fb
 First yield occurs when fy / M0 = fc + fb
 Class 4: (Clause 6.2.9.3)

 Prone to local buckling
 Use reduced section properties
 Based on effective widths for slender compression elements
52
Conservative Approach – All Cross-sections
 For Class 1, 2 and 3 cross-sections subjected to the

combination of NEd, My,Ed and Mz,Ed, the following criteria
should be satisfied:
NEd My, Ed Mz,Ed

   1.0 Eqn. (6.2)
NRd My, Rd Mz,Rd
where NEd, My,Ed, Mz,Ed are the design axial load and
bending moments, and NRd, My,Rd, Mz,Rd are the design
resistances.
53
Member Buckling Resistance
Checks
54
Member Checks – Buckling Resistance
 Overall stability must also be checked
 Two design approaches used in EC3
 Interaction equations (Clause 6.3.3)

– Two alternative methods of calculating interaction
factors kyy, kyz, kzy and kzz
– Annex A and B
 General method (Clause 6.3.4)

– Requires FE analysis
55
Interaction Equations – Uniform members in
bending and axial compression
 Combinations of NEd, My,Rd and Mz,Rd are considered

simultaneously.
 As a proportion of corresponding member resistance, NRd

and MRd:
 NRd is dominant for columns in axial compression.
 MRd is dominant for beams in bending.
 Biaxial bending combined with flexural buckling about

major axis (y-y axis) and minor axis (z-z axis) checks are
given by Eqn. (6.61) and Eqn. (6.62) respectively.
56
EC3 Interaction Equations

major axis (y-y axis):
N Ed M y,Ed M z, Ed
 kyy  kyz 1.0 Eqn. (6.61)
N b, y,Rd M b, Rd M cb, z, Rd

minor axis (z-z axis):
N Ed M y,Ed M z, Ed
 kzy  kzz 1.0 Eqn. (6.62)
57
Definitions
 NEd, My,Ed, Mz,Ed = design compression force and bending

moments
 Nb,y,Rd and Nb,z,Rd = design buckling resistances about
major and minor axes (6.3.1.1(2))
 Mb,Rd = design buckling resistance moment of a laterally

unrestrained column (6.3.2.1(3))
 Mcb,z,Rd = Wpl,z fy / M1 (Class 1 & 2)

Mcb,z,Rd = Wel,z fy / M1 (Class 3)
 kyy, kyz, kzy, kzz, = interaction factors
58
kyy, kyz, kzy, kzz Interaction Factors
 Depend on
–  , non-dimensional slenderness ratio
– NEd / Nb,Rd
– cm , equivalent uniform moment factor
– Whether member is susceptible or not susceptible to torsion
 Alternative methods allowed

– Annex A (French/Belgium method)
– Annex B (German/Austrian method)
– U.K. approach
 Simplified approach often adopted (Annex B)
59
Equivalent Moment Factors – Appendix B
 cmy, cmz, cmLT

 For members with sway buckling mode, cmy, cmz = 0.9
respectively
 For no sway members, based on shape of bending
moment diagrams between relevant points of restraint
Moment factor Bending axis Points braced in

direction
cmy y-y z-z
cmz z-z y-y
cmLT y-y y-y
60
Equivalent Uniform Moment Factor – End
Moments Only (Table B3)
Moment Range of  Cmy, Cmz,CmLT for UDL and PL
61
kyy, kyz, kzy, kzz Factors – Annex B
 k values as a function of cm – Tables B1 & B2
 Figures D2 – D8 of SCI Concise Guide, e.g.
62
kyy, kyz, kzy, kzz Factors – Simplified (NCCI)
 Conservative approach based on maximum values in
Annex B for members susceptible to torsion
Interaction Maximum values according to

factor Annex B
Class 1 & 2 Class 3
kyy 1.8 x cmy 1.6 x cmy
kyz 0.6 x kzz 1.0 x kzz
kzy 0.6 x kyy 0.8 x kyy
kzz 2.4 x cmz 1.6 x cmz
63
EC3 Procedures
 Determine
– Nb,y,Rd, Nb,z,Rd [6.3.1.1(3)]
– Mb,Rd [6.3.2.1(3)]
– Mcb,z,Rd [6.2.5]
– cmy , cmz , and cmLT based on shape of bending moment
diagrams [Table B3]
 Select figure for k factors based on

– section type
– cross-section classification
 Determine k factors based on

– cm , equivalent moment factor
–  , non-dimensional slenderness ratio
– NEd / Nb,Rd [Table B1 or B2]
64
EC3 Procedures (continued)
 Verify for biaxial bending combined with flexural

buckling about major axis (6.3.3(4))
N Ed M y,Ed M z, Ed
 kyy  kyz 1.0 Eqn. (6.61)

buckling about minor axis (6.3.3(4))
N Ed M y,Ed M z, Ed
 kzy  kzz 1.0 Eqn. (6.62)
65
Exercise: Alternative Approaches
 Clause 6.3.3 with Annex A (use spreadsheet

calculation)
 Clause 6.3.3 with Annex B (use for manual

calculation)
 U.K. approach, simplification for columns in

simple frame construction. It is explained in
the Non-Contradictory Complementary
Information (NCCI) website.
66
Summary
 In practice, many columns are generally subjected

to both axial compression and bending.
 The section and member resistances must be

checked using interaction formulae.
 The methods can be quite lengthy and complex.
 For simple frame construction still commonly used

practice, the simplified and conservative methods
can be used.
67
bending moments
 Uniform Members in Bending and Axial

Compression
 Cross-sections Resistance (Clause 6.2.9.1)
 Flexural Buckling Resistance (Clause 6.3.1.1)
 Lateral Torsional Buckling Curves – General Case
(Clause 6.3.2.2)
68
sections
 For bi-axial bending, the following criterion shall be satisfied:
 b
   
 M y, Ed   Mz,Ed 




   1.0
 
 MN,y, Rd   MN,z,Rd 
 
where  and b are constants depending on the sections,

 I and H sections:  = 2 ; b = 5n but b  1
 Circular hollow sections:  = 2 ; b = 2
 Rectangular hollow sections:  = b = 1.66/(1-1.13n2) but  = b  6
where n = NEd/Npl,Rd
69
bending moments

buckling about major axis (6.3.3(4))
N Ed M y,Ed M z, Ed
 kyy  kyz 1.0 Eqn. (6.61)

buckling about minor axis (6.3.3(4))
N Ed M y,Ed M z, Ed
 kzy  kzz 1.0 Eqn. (6.62)
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
Example 3
Check the stability of a pinned ends 3.1m long 203 x 203 x 60 UC of Grade
S275 steel to carry a compressive load of 340kN, assuming that this acts at
effective eccentricities of 100mm from the column face such as to produce
single curvature bending about the z-z axis and double curvature bending
about the y-y axis.
340 kN z
y y
z Rotation
Deflection
Deflection
y y
z
340 kN
78
Deflections and bending moments of single and double
curvature bending of a pinned-end column
M1 M2
=+1.0 =-1.0
M1 M2
Minor Major Minor Major

z-z axis y-y axis z-z axis y-y axis
79
Try 203 x 203 x 60 kg/m UC in Grade S275 steel
From Section Table,

h = 209.6 mm
b = 205.2 mm
d = 160.9mm
tw = 9.3 mm
tf = 14.2 mm
r = 10.2 mm
iy = 8.96 cm
iz = 5.19 cm
Wpl,y = 652 cm3
Wpl,z = 303 cm3
A = 7580 mm2
E = 210000 N/mm2
80
Cross-sectional classification:
For Grade S275 Steel, since nominal thickness t = 14.2 mm
t ≤ 40mm ⇒ yield strength fy = 275 N/mm2 (Table 3.1)
  235/f y  235/275  0.924
Outstand flanges (Parts subject to compression) –

cf = (b-tw-2r)/2 = [205.2 - 9.3 – 2 (10.2)]/2 = 87.75 mm
cf 87.75
  6.18
t f 14.2
c
The limiting value for class 1 is f  9  9  0.924  8.32
tf
6.18 < 8.32
∴ Flange in compression is Class 1.
81
Web (Parts subject to bending and compression) –
cw/tw = 160.9/9.3 = 17.3

  0.5 1
NEd  
 0.5 1 340 103   0.913

 f yt wd   275 9.3160.9
But -1 ≤  ≤ 1 and ∴ = 0.913 > 0.5
396ε  396  0.924  33.51

13α 1 13(0.913) 1
c w  396 → Class 1
t w 13 1
∴Web is Class 1.
∴ Section is classified as Class 1.
82
Design bending moments and compression force:
Design compressive force NEd = 340 kN
Design bending moment about y-y axis:

My,Ed = 340 x (100 + 0.5 x 209.6) x 10-3 = 69.632 kNm
Design bending moment about z-z axis:

Mz,Ed = 340 x (100 + 9.3/2) x 10-3 = 35.581 kNm
83
Partial safety factors for resistance:
M0 = 1.0, M1 = 1.0
Cross Sectional Resistance:

N Ed
Verify that  1.0 Clause 6.2.4(1)
N c,Rd
The design resistance of the cross-section for uniform compression is,
Af y
N c, Rd  for Class 1, 2 & 3
 M0
Af y 75.8100  275
N c, Rd   103  2084.5 kN
 M0 1.0
N Ed
 340  0.163  1.0  OK
N c,Rd 2084.5
Therefore, the compression resistance of the cross-section is satisfied.
84
Resistance to bi-axial bending:
 b
 M   M 

M
y,Ed 


 z,Ed 
 1.0 Eqn. (6.41)
 N,y,Rd  
M N,z,Rd 
For bending about y-y axis,

0.5h w t w f y
NEd ≤0.25 Npl,Rd and N Ed  Eqns. (6.33) & (6.34)
 M0
0.25 Npl,Rd = 0.25 x 2084.5 = 521.125 kN > NEd = 340 kN → OK
Npl,Rd = design plastic resistance to normal forces of the gross cross-section = Nc,Rd
hw = h – 2tf = 209.6 – 2(14.2) = 181.2 mm
0.5h w t w f y 0.5181.2 9.3 275

 103  231.71kN  340kN → Not OK
 M0 1.0
∴ Since the second verification fails; the effect of axial force on the plastic
resistance moment needs to be allowed for bending about y-y axis.
85
For bending about z-z axis,
h w t wf y
N Ed 
 M0 Eqn. (6.35)
h w t w f y 181.2 9.3 275

 103  463.42kN  340 kN  OK
 M0 1.0
∴ The effect of the axial force on the plastic resistance moment can be
neglected for bending about the z-z axis.
Design plastic moment resistance for major axis (y-y) is given by
Wpl,yf y 632 103  275

M pl,y,Rd   106  173.8 kNm Eqn. (6.13)
 M0 1.0
Design plastic moment resistance for minor axis (z-z) is given by
Wpl,z f y 303103  275 Eqn. (6.13)

M pl,z,Rd   106  83.325 kNm
 M0 1.0
86
Design plastic moment resistance reduced due to the effects of the axial
force may be found using the following equations:
M N,y,Rd  M pl,y,Rd  1 n 
 
but MN,y,Ed ≤ Mpl,y,Rd Eqn. (6.35)
1 0.5a 
N Ed
where n  340  0.163
N pl, Rd 2084.5
A  2btf 7580  2(205.2)(14.2)
a   0.231  0.5
A 7580
M N,y,Rd  173.8 
 1  0.163   164.46 kNm Eqn. (6.35)
 1  0.5 (0.231) 

164.46  M pl,y,Rd  173.8 kNm  OK
MN,y,Rd = 164.46 kNm

MN,z,Rd = 83.325 kNm (effect of the axial force on the plastic resistance moment
is neglected about the z-z axis)
87
For I & H sections,  = 2,
b = 5n = 5(0.163) = 0.816 but b ≥ 1

∴b=1
 b
 M   M   
2
 
1
 y, Ed    z, Ed    69.632    35.581
 M N, y, Rd   M N, z, Rd   164.46   83.325 
   
 0.179  0.427  0.606  1.0  OK
Resistance to combined bending and axial force is satisfied.
88
Member buckling resistance, Clause 6.3.1.1(3):
Af y
N b,Rd  For Class 1,2 & 3 cross - section Eqn. (6.47)
 M1
Reduction factor for flexural buckling,
 1  1.0
2
Eqn. (6.48)
  2  λ
 2
where   0.5 1    0.2  λ 
   
Af y  Lcr  1 
  slenderness for flexural buckling   for Class 1, 2 & 3
N cr  i  1 
Ncr  elastic critical buckling force about the relevant axis
i  radius of gyration about the relevant axis
1   E  93.9 Clause 6.3.1.3(1)

fy
89
Elastic critical force & non-dimensional slenderness for flexural buckling:
Lcr,y = Lcr,z = 1.0L = 3100 mm (pinned ends)
2 EI y 2  210000  6090 104

N cr,y  2
 2
106  13134 kN
L cr, y 3100
 7580  275  0.398

Af y
 y 
N cr 13134000
N cr,z   EI2z    210000  2040 104 106  4399.73 kN

2 2
L cr, z 31002
 7580  275  0.688

Af y
 z 
N cr 4399730
90
Major y-y axis buckling curves:
Table 6.2,
h  209.6  1.02  1.2, t  14.2 mm  100 mm & S275 steel
f
b 205.2
⇒buckling curve about major axis (y-y) to consider is ‘b’
Table 6.1,
For buckling curve ‘b’ ⇒ imperfection factor  = 0.34
y  0.5 1   ( y  0.2)   y   0.5 1  0.34 (0.398  0.2)  0.398 2   0.613

 2
 
y  1  1  0.927  1.00
2
y  2y   y 0.613  0.613  0.398
2 2
N b,y,Rd  0.927  7580  275 10 3  1932 kN

1.0
N Ed
 340  0.18  1.0  OK
N b,y,Rd 1932
Major axis flexural buckling resistance is satisfied.
91
Minor z-z axis buckling curves:
Table 6.2,
h  209.6  1.02  1.2, t  14.2 mm  100 mm & S275 steel
f
b 205.2
⇒buckling curve about minor axis (z-z) to consider is ‘c’
Table 6.1,
For buckling curve ‘c’ ⇒ imperfection factor  = 0.49
z  0.5 1   ( z  0.2)  λ z   0.5 1  0.49 (0.688  0.2)  0.688 2   0.856

 2
 
z  1  1  0.732  1.00
2
z  2z  λ z 0.856  0.856  0.688
2 2
N b,z,Rd  0.732  7580  275 10 3  1526 kN

1.0
N Ed
 340  0.22  1.0  OK
N b,z,Rd 1526
Minor axis flexural buckling resistance is satisfied.
92
Member lateral torsional buckling resistance about y-y axis (Clause 6.3.2):
My,Ed = 69.632 kNm and Mz,Ed = 35.581 kNm
Wyf y
M b, Rd  LT Clause 6.3.2.1(3)
 M1
where Wy = Wpl,y for Class 1 & 2 cross-section
Determine Mcr:
M cr  C1  EI I w  L2GIT
2
z (Access-Steel Document SN003)
L2 I z 2 EI z
where:
L = Lcr = Element length between points of lateral restraint
C1 = a coefficient depending on the section properties, support conditions and
the shape of the bending moment diagram (Access-Steel SN003 Table 3.1)
E = Young modulus (E = 210000 N/mm2)
G = Shear modulus (G = 81000 N/mm2)
Iz = Second moment of area about the weaker axis
It = torsion constant
Iw = Warping constant
93
For equal and opposite moments (y-y axis) ( = -1, C1 = 2.752)
M cr  2.752    210 10 22040 10 

  2 3 4
  3100 
1.95 1011 3100 2  81103  46.6 104 


  2  10
6
2040 10 4   210 10  2040 10 
3 4
 1630.68 kNm
 652 10  275

Wyf y 3
 LT   0.332
M cr 1630.68 106
The appropriate buckling curve depends on h/b:

The lateral torsional buckling curves of the general case is adopted (Clause
6.3.2.2). Table 6.4 (Rolled I-sections),
h  209.6  1.02  2  buckling curve to consider is 'a'

b 205.2
94
Table 6.3,
For buckling curve ‘a’ ⇒ imperfection factor LT = 0.21
LT  1 but  LT  1.0

2
Clause 6.3.2.2(1)
LT     
LT LT
 2 
where LT  0.5 1  LT ( LT  0.2)   LT 
 
LT  0.5 [1  0.21 (0.332  0.2)  0.3322 ]  0.569
 LT  1  0.97
0.569  0.5692  0.3322
fy
M b, Rd   LT w y  0.97  652 103  275 106  174 kNm
 M1 1.0
M Ed 69.632
  0.40  1.0  OK
M b, Rd 174
95
Member buckling resistance in combined bending and axial compression
(Clause 6.3.3):
Members subjected to combined bending and axial compression must satisfy
both Eqns. (6.61) and (6.62).
N Ed M y,Ed M
 k yy  k yz z,Ed  1.0 Eqn. (6.61)
 y N Rk M


y,Rk 
M z,Rk
 LT   M1
 M1   M1 

 
and
N Ed M y,Ed M
 k zy  k zz z,Ed  1.0 Eqn. (6.62)
 z N Rk M


y,Rk 
M z,Rk
 M1  LT     M1
 M1 
 
where y, x are reduction factors for flexural buckling about the major and
minor axis from (Clause 6.3.1).
LT is the reduction factor for LTB from (Clause 6.3.2) and kyy, kyz, kzz, kzy are
interaction factors.
96
Determine interaction factors (kij):
Annex A
From Table A.1, for Class 1 & 2 cross-sections:
y 1 ; y 1 0.6 w z
k yy  CmyCmLT k yz  Cmz
N C N C wy
1 Ed yy 1 Ed yz
N cr,y N cr, z
k zy  CmyCmLT  z 1 0.6 w y ; k zz  Cmz  z 1
N C wz N C
1 Ed zy 1 Ed zz
N cr,y N cr, z
Non-dimensional slendernesses:
From the flexural buckling check:
λ y  0.398 and λ z  0.688  max  0.688
From the lateral torsional buckling check:
 LT  0.332 and 0  0.332
97
Equivalent uniform moment factors Cmi:
Torsional deformation is possible ( 0  0) , from the bending moment diagram,
y = -1 & z = +1. Therefore, from Table A.2,
N Ed
Cmy,0  0.79  0.21 y  0.36 ( y  0.33)
Ncr,y
 0.79  0.21 (-1)  0.36 (-1 0.33) 340  0.568
13134
N Ed
Cmz,0  0.79  0.21 z  0.36 ( z  0.33)
Ncr,z
 0.79  0.21 (1)  0.36 (1 0.33) 340 1.019
4399.73
 69.63210
M y, Ed A 6 7580  2.67
y  for Class 1, 2 & 3 cross - sections
N Ed Wel,y 340103 5811000
IT
a LT 1  0 1 46.6  0.99
Iy 6090
98
The elastic torsional buckling force,
 2 EI 
1  
N cr,T  2  GIT  2 w  where i 0  i 2y  i 2z  y02
i 0  lT 
y0 = distance from the shear centre to the centroid of the gross cross-section
along the y-y axis
y0 = 0 (for doubly symmetric sections, since the shear centre and centroid of
gross section coincide)
iy = 89.6 mm and iz = 51.9 mm

∴ i02 = 89.62 + 51.92 + 0 = 10719.5 mm2
N cr,T  1 
(81000  46.610 4 ) 
2  210000  0.1951012 
10719.5  31002 
 7444.62 kN
99
Check:
Since section is doubly symmetrical, torsional-flexural buckling Ncr,TF is
ignored. (The column is not subjected to torsion at the two ends).
 N Ed   N Ed 
0.2 C1 4 1 1 


N cr,z   N cr,T F 
 340   0.325  λ 0  0.332

 0.2 2.752 4 1 
 4399.73
100
Therefore,
ε y a LT
Cmy  Cmy,0  (1  Cmy,0)  0.568  (1  0.568) 2.67(0.99)
1  ε y a LT 1  2.67(0.99)
 0.835
Cmz  Cmz,0  1.019
a LT 0.99
CmLT  C2my  0.8352 1

1  N Ed   N Ed  
1  340  
1  340 
1  4399.73  7444.62 


N cr,z   N cr,T   
 0.736 (but  1)
CmLT  1.00
101
Other auxiliary terms (Table A.1):
N Ed
1 1  340
N cr,y
y   13134  0.998
N Ed  340 
1  y 1  (0.927)  

N cr,y  13134 
N Ed
1 1  340
N cr,z
z   4399.73  0.978
N Ed  340 
1  z 1  (0.732)  

N cr,z  4399.73
102
Wpl,y
wy   1.5  652  1.12
Wel,y 581
Wpl,z
wz   1.5  303  1.52  1.5 w z  1.5
Wel,z 199
N Ed 340
n pl    0.163
N Rk / M1 2084.5/1.0
2 M y,Ed M z,Ed
b LT  0.5a LT λ 0
 LT M pl,y,Rd M pl,z,Rd
 69.632   35.581  9.62 103
 0.5(0.99)(0.3322 ) 
 0.97 173.8   83.325 
 
103
2

c LT  10a LT  o 4 
M y,Ed
5   z Cmy LT M pl,y,Rd
 2  
 10(0.99)  0.332 4   69.632   0.103
 5  0.688  0.835  0.97 173.8 

λo  M y,Ed M z,Ed
d LT  2a LT  
0.1  z Cmy LT M pl,y,Rd CmzM pl,z,Rd
4
   35.581   0.42
 2(0.99)  0.332 4   69.632 
 0.1 0.688   0.835 0.97 173.8   1.019  83.325
 
λo  M y,Ed
e LT  1.7a LT 
0.1  z Cmy LT M pl,y,Rd
4
  
 1.7(0.99)  0.332 4   69.632   0.853
 0.1  0.688  0.835  0.97 173.8 

104
Cij factors:
 
   W
C yy  1 (w y 1)  2 
1.6 2 1.6 2 2 
Cmy  max  Cmy  max n pl  b LT   el,y
 wy wy   Wpl,y
  
 
  
 1 (1.12 1)  2  1.6 (0.8352 )(0.688)  1.6 (0.8352 )(0.6882 )  (0.163)  9.62103 
 1.12 1.12  
 1.015
Wel,y
 0.89 and 1.015  0.89 C yy  1.015
Wpl,y
 2  
 C2my λ max  
w Wel,y
C yz  1 (w z 1)  2 14 

n  c LT 
 pl
 0.6 z
w 5z w y Wpl,y
  
  
 
 (1.0192 )(0.6882 )  
 1 (1.5 1)  2 14   (0.163)  0.103  1.038


1.55 
 

W  
0.6 w z el,z  0.6 1.5  1   0.457 and 1.038  0.457 C yz  1.038
w y Wpl,z 1.12 1.52 
105
Cij factors:
  
 C 2 2  
max w y Wel,y
Czy  1 (w y 1)  2 14  my

 n pl  d LT   0.6

w y 
5

w z Wpl,y
  
 2 )(0.6882 )  
 1 (1.12 1)  2 14 
 (0.835  (0.163)  0.42  0.937
  5 
 

1.12  
w y Wel,y  
0.6  0.6 1.12  1   0.463 and 0.937  0.463 Czy  0.937
w z Wpl,y 1.5 1.12 
 2   W
Czz  1 (w z 1)  2  1.6 C2mz  max  1.6 C2mz  max  n pl  e LT   el,z
 wz wz  

Wpl,z
 
 1 (1.5 1)  2  1.6 (1.0192 )(0.688)  1.6 (1.0192 )(0.6882 )  (0.163)  0.853  0.632
  
 1.5 1.5  
Wel,z
 0.657 and 0.632  0.657 Czz  0.657
Wpl,z
106
Interaction factors kij (Table A.1):
 
 
y 1  0.998   1 
k yy  C myC mLT  (0.835) (1.00)   
 0.843
N Ed C yy 1  340  1.015 
1 
13134 
N cr,y  
 
 
k yz  C mz z 1 0.6 w z  (1.019)  0.998   1  0.6 1.5  0.737

N C wy 1  340  1.038  1.12
1 Ed yz 
4399.73 
N cr,z 
 
 
k zy  C myC mLT z 1 0.6 wy  0.978   1 
 (0.835) (1.00)  0.6 1.12  0.464
wz  
N C 1  340   0.937  1.5
1 Ed zy 
13134 
N cr,y 
 
 
k zz  C mz  z 1 
 (1.019)  0.978   1 
 1.644
 
N Ed C zz 1  340  0.657 
1 
4399.73 
N cr,z  
107
Check compliance with interaction formulae of Eqn. (6.61) & (6.62):
N Ed M y,Ed M
 k yy  k yz z,Ed  1.0 Eqn. (6.61)
 y N Rk M


y,Rk 
M z,Rk
γ M1  LT    M1
 γ
M1  

 0.843  69.632  0   0.737  35.581 0 

340    
0.927 2084.5  0.97 173.8  83.325 
1.0
 0.176  0.348  0.315  0.839  1.0  Satisfied
and
N Ed M y,Ed M
 k zy  k zz z,Ed  1.0
 z N Rk M


y,Rk 
M z,Rk Eqn. (6.62)
γ M1  LT    M1
 γ
M1  

 0.464  69.632  0  1.644  35.581 0 

340    
0.732 2084.5  0.97 173.8  83.325 
1.0
 0.223  0.192  0.702  1.12  1.0  Not Satisfied
Buckling resistance of the 203x203x60 UC in S275 steel under combined
bending and compression is inadequate.
108
ALTERNATIVE
Determine interaction factors (kij):
Annex B
For Class 1 cross-sections, EC3: Part 1-1, Table 6.7
NRk = Afy = 275 x 7580 x 10-3 = 2084.5 kN
My,Rk = Wyfy = Wpl,yfy = 632 x 103 x 10-6 x 275 = 173.8 kNm
Mz,Rk = Wzfy = Wpl,zfy = 303 x 103 x 10-6 x 275 = 83.325 kNm
From the bending moment diagram,

(y-y axis)  = -1 and (z-z axis)  = +1
Cmy = CmLT = 0.6 + 0.4(-1) = 0.2 < 0.4 → Cmy = CmLT = 0.4
Cmz = 0.6 + 0.4(1) = 1.0 > 0.4
For members susceptible to torsional deformations, the expressions given in

Table B.2 should be used to calculate the interaction factors.
109
For Class 1 cross-sections, kyy is given by
   
   
 N Ed   N Ed 
k yy  C my 1 ( y  0.2)   C my 1  0.8 
  y N Rk    y N Rk 

  M1   
  M1 

 
 
0.4 1 (0.398  0.2)
 340   0.414

0.927  2084.5 
 1.0 
 
 
0.4 1 0.8 340   0.456

0.927  2084.5 
 1.0 
0.414  0.456
k yy  0.414
110
For Class 1 cross-sections, kzy is given by
   
   
k zy  1 0.1  z
 N Ed   0.1 N Ed 
  1  
 (c mLT  0.25)  z N Rk   (c mLT  0.25)  z N Rk 

  M1    M1 

 
 
1  0.1 (0.688)  340   0.898


(0.4  0.25) 0.732 2084.5 
 1.0 
 
 
1  0.1  340   0.851


(0.4  0.25) 0.732 2084.5 
 1.0 
0.898  0.851
k zy  0.898
111
For Class 1 cross-sections, kzz and kzy are given by
   
   
 N Ed   N Ed 
k zz  C mz 1 (2 z  0.6)   C mz 1  1.4 
  z N Rk    z N Rk 

  M1  
  M1 

 
 
1.0 1 (2  0.688  0.6)
 340   1.04

0.732 2084.5 
 1.0 
 
 
1.0 1 0.776
 340   1.17

0.732  2084.5 

 1.0 
1.17  1.31
k zz  1.17 and k yz  0.6 k zz  0.6(1.17)  0.702
112
Check compliance with interaction formulae Eqns. (6.61) & (6.62):
N Ed M y,Ed M
 k yy  k yz z,Ed  1.0 Eqn. (6.61)
 y N Rk M


y,Rk 
M z,Rk
 M1  LT     M1
 M1  

   
   
340  69.632  0  35.581 0
 0.414    0.702 
 
0.927  2084.5  173.8  
  
83.325 
1.0  1.0  
1.0     1.0 
 0.176  0.166  0.300  0.642  1.0  Satisfied
113
and
N Ed M y,Ed M
 k zy  k zz z,Ed  1.0 Eqn. (6.62)
 z N Rk M


y,Rk 
M z,Rk
 M1  LT     M1
 M1  

   
   
 0.851  69.632  0  1.17  35.581 0 
340  
0.732 2084.5  173.8  
  
83.325 
1.0  1.0  
1.0     1.0 
 0.223  0.341 0.500  1.064  1.0  Not Satisfied
Buckling resistance of the 203x203x60 UC in S275 steel under

combined bending and compression is not satisfied.
114
Comparison between Annex A and B:
Annex A Annex B
kyy 0.843 0.414
kyz 0.737 0.626
kzy 0.464 0.851
kzz 1.644 1.04
Eqn. (6.61) 0.176 + 0.348 + 0.315 = 0.176 + 0.166 + 0.300 =
0.839 < 1 0.642 < 1
Eqn. (6.62) 0.223 + 0.192 + 0.702 = 0.223 + 0.341 + 0.500 =
1.12 > 1 1.064 > 1
115

CV3012 EC3 Column Axial Bending Moment Xx1

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NANYANG TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

School of Civil and Environmental Engineering

CV3012: STEEL DESIGN

Dr. LIE Seng-Tjhen

Office: Block N1-01c-78

 CV3012 – Steel Design Part 2 Lecture Notes

 Eurocode 3: Part 1-8 – Design of Joints

 Tables of Section Properties

 Tables of Bolt and Weld Capacities

 Tutorial Questions T7 to T12

 Columns subjected to pure axial compression

 Columns subjected to nominal moments and axial

 Columns subjected to combined moment and axial

 Lattice construction – angles, channels and T-sections

y y My,Ed Mz,Ed y My,Ed Mz,Ed

NEd NEd NEd

Simply supported of metal decking

Simple pinned connections

Web Cleats Flexible End Plate Fin Plate

 Simple frame takes the gravity (vertical) loads only.

Bracing Simple Bracing Simple

Simple frame and bracing or shear wall

 Pinned connected frames split into two subassemblies

For frame B, all the beams designed as simply supported

 Simple connections, namely, web cleats, flexible end plate and

 Connection between the column and beam are discontinuous, i.e.

 All beams are considered as simply supported between the two

 Columns must be fully continuous.

 Elastic critical buckling load (Euler buckling load at the point of

 Frame is fully braced for lateral deflection, columns are

 Therefore, beams can be designed as simply supported.

 The columns are designed for dominant axial loads as well as

 At each level, the nominal moment is proportioned to the upper

 All columns subjected to axial load and nominal moments must

 Design nominal bending moments My,Ed and Mz,Ed are calculated

Nominal moment, Nominal moment,

Upper column stiffness = EI/4 and lower column stiffness = 2EI/5

If the column stiffness ratio is < 1.5, then Mu = Ml = 0.5Mx

 Buckling lengths are

 Try 203 x 203 x 60 UC in Grade S275 steel

  235/f y  235/275  0.924

Outstand flanges (parts subject to compression),

cf  (b  t w  2r)/2  [205.2  9.3  2(10.2)]/2  87.75 mm

The limiting value for Class 1 is 6.18 < 8.32

396  396  0.924  30.5

 h 100  209.6 100  205mm

Web eccentricity about the minor axis (z-z axis)

 t w 100  9.3 100  105 mm

Column stiffness above the first-storey = EI/L = EI/4.0

EI/4.0  1.05  1.5

Therefore, the moment is distributed equally.

Flexural buckling resistance:

 is the reduction factor and

  0.2  flexural buckling effects need to be considered in this case

⇒ buckling about minor axis (z-z), use curve ‘c’.

Af y 0.580  7580  275

Therefore, minor axis flexural buckling resistance of the section is adequate.

h  209.6  1.02  1.2, t  14.2 mm  100 mm & S275 steel

⇒ buckling about minor axis (y-y), use curve ‘b’.

Af y 0.900  7580  275

Therefore major axis flexural buckling resistance of the section is

 LT  1 but  LT  1.0 Eqn. (6.56)

where LT  0.5 [1  LT   LT  0.2   LT ]

M cr  1.77    210 10 22040 10 