Enthalpy of materials

Fe 0.72105 -3.8665 kJ/kg of metal

C 1.996786 -1057.54
Si 0.9614 1450.46
Mn 0.836 -140.448
Cr 0.836 -522.5
Ni 0.65626 -22.99
V 0.7733 -451.44
Ti 0.71896 -240.768
FeO 2.09 -2131.8
Fe2O3 0.8987 -270.446 per kg of oxide
SiO2 1.254 -530.86 1473.032
P2O5 1.13696 -119.548
AL203 1.3167 -581.02
MnO 0.8151 -326.876
TIO2 1.0241 -472.34
Cr2O3 0.8569 -300.542
V2O3 1.09516 -568.48
NiO 0.82346 -351.12
CaO 0.94886 -325.4548 1190.823 2381.647
MgO 1.3376 -539.22
CO2 1.2331 -449.4963
H2O 2.16106 -1099.34
CO 1.5884 -652.08
H2 1.47136 -593.56
P2 0.5629032258 -169.3548
Use the following formula
= 0.72*1673-3.8665 kJ/kg

Enthalpy of formation of oxides kJ/kg /1000

per kg of oxide formed
Pure Fe liquid -- >Fe2O3 5.16648
Pure Si liquid to SiO2 15.16
Pure Mn liquid -->MnO 5.42564
Pure Fe Liquid -->FeO 3.86232
P gas -- >P2O5 10.3455
Pure carbon --->CO gas 4.89896
Pure carbon -->CO2 gas 8.93
pure Cr-->Cr2O3 7.49892

Heat of solution kJ/kg /1000

Pure C -->Carbon satured about 4% 2.21122
Mn liquid--.>Mn dissolved 0
Si liquid ---> Si sissolved -4.67742
1/2 P2-->P dissolved -3.94174
pureCr -->Cr dissolved 0.40128

# Sensitivity: Unclassified
 Heat of reaction for the elements present in the hot metal at 1673 K

Estimation of Heat of Carbon to CO oxidation reaction :

C(sol,1673 K)+1/2 O2------------) CO(1773 K)

Assumption :Waste Gases are leaving at temperature of 1600 C on average

The Equation may be splitted into following parts :

5873.333 C(sol 1673)--------------->C(pure, 1673) ^H1= -2211.22 KJ/kg of C

C(pure,1673)------------->C(pure ,298) ^H2= -2283.082978 KJ/kg of C
C(pure,298)+1/2 O2(298K)---->CO(298) ^H3= 11430.906667 KJ/kg of C
CO(gas,298)--------------->CO(1873,gas) ^H4= 2322.9932 KJ/kg of C

Net heat of Oxidation of C to CO 9259.5968887 KJ/kg of C

2215.2145667 K Cal of C

5087.25 Estimation of Heat of Carbon to CO2 oxidation reaction :

C(sol,1673 K)+1/2 O2------------> CO2(1773 K)

Assumption :Waste Gases are leaving at temperature of 1600 C on average

The Equation may be splitted into following parts :

C(sol 1673)--------------->C(pure, 1673) ^H1= -2211.22 KJ/kg of C

C(pure,1673)------------->C(pure ,298) ^H2= -2283.082978 KJ/kg of C
C(pure,298)+1/2 O2(298K)---->CO2(298) ^H3= 32743.333333 KJ/kg of C
CO2(gas,298)--------------->CO2(1773,gas) ^H4= 6820.3666667 KJ/kg of C

Net heat of Oxidation of C to CO2 35069.397022 KJ/kg of C

8389.8079 KCal/kg of C

Estimation of Heat of Mn to MnO oxidation reaction :

Mn(sol,1673 K)+1/2 O2------------> MnO(1873 K)

Assumption :Product of oxidation is heated upto final steel temperature of 1600 C

The Equation may be splitted into following parts :

Mn(sol 1673)--------------->Mn(pure, 1673) ^H1= 0 KJ/kg of Mn

Mn(pure,1673)------------->Mn(pure ,298) ^H2= -1258.18 KJ/kg of Mn
Mn(pure,298)+1/2 O2(298K)---->MnO(298) ^H3= 7004.008 KJ/kg of Mn
MnO(298)--------------->MnO(1873) ^H4= 1425.38 KJ/kg of Mn

# Sensitivity: Unclassified
 Net heat of Oxidation of Mn to MnO 7171.208 KJ/kg of Mn
1715.6 KJ/kg of Mn

Estimation of Heat of Si to SiO2 oxidation reaction :

Si(sol,1673 K)+1/2 O2------------> SiO2(1873 K)

Assumption :Product of oxidation is heated upto final steel temperature of 1600 C

The Equation may be splitted into following parts :

Si(sol 1673)--------------->Si(pure, 1673) ^H1= 4677.42 KJ/kg of Si

Si(pure,1673)------------->Si(pure ,298) ^H2= -3058.8822 KJ/kg of Si
Si(pure,298)+1/2 O2(298K)---->SiO2(298) ^H3= 32485.714286 KJ/kg of Si
SiO2(298)--------------->SiO2(1873) ^H4= 3895.4614286 KJ/kg of Si

Net heat of Oxidation of Si to SiO2 37999.713514 KJ/kg of Si

9090.8405537 KJ/kg of Si

Estimation of Heat of P to P2O5 oxidation reaction :

P(sol,1673 K)+5/2 O2------------> P2O5(1873 K)

Assumption :Product of oxidation is heated upto final steel temperature of 1600 C

The Equation may be splitted into following parts :

P(sol 1673)--------------->P(pure, 1673) ^H1= 3941.74 KJ/kg of P

P(pure,1673)------------->P(pure ,298) ^H2= -772.3822581 KJ/kg of P
P(pure,298)+5/2 O2(298K)---->P2O5(298) ^H3= 23694.532258 KJ/kg of P
P2O5(298)--------------->P2O5(1873) ^H4= 4603.4981832 KJ/kg of P

Net heat of Oxidation of P to P2O5 31467.388183 KJ/kg of P

7528.0832974 KJ/kg of P

Estimation of Heat of Fe to FeO oxidation reaction :

Fe(sol,1673 K)+1/2 O2------------> FeO(1873 K)

Assumption :Product of oxidation is heated upto final steel temperature of 1600 C

The Equation may be splitted into following parts :

Fe(sol 1673)--------------->Fe(pure, 1673) ^H1= 0 KJ/kg of Fe

Fe(pure,1673)------------->Fe(pure ,298) ^H2= -1202.45015 KJ/kg of Fe
Fe(pure,298)+1/2 O2(298K)---->FeO(298) ^H3= 4965.84 KJ/kg of Fe
FeO(298)--------------->FeO(1873) ^H4= 2292.1328571 KJ/kg of Fe

Net heat of Oxidation of Fe to FeO 6055.5227071 KJ/kg of Fe

1448.6896429 KJ/kg of Fe

# Sensitivity: Unclassified
 Estimation of Heat of Cr to Cr2O3 oxidation reaction :

Cr(sol,1673 K)+3/2 O2------------> Cr2O3(1873 K)

Assumption :Product of oxidation is heated upto final steel temperature of 1600 C

The Equation may be splitted into following parts :

Cr(sol 1673)--------------->Cr(pure, 1673) ^H1= -401.28 KJ/kg of Cr

Cr(pure,1673)------------->Cr(pure ,298) ^H2= -876.128 KJ/kg of Cr
Cr(pure,298)+3/2 O2(298K)---->Cr2O3(298) ^H3= 10959.96 KJ/kg of Cr
Cr2O3(298)--------------->Cr2O3(1873) ^H4= 1906.4771 KJ/kg of Cr

Net heat of Oxidation of Cr to Cr2O3 11589.0291 KJ/kg of Cr

2772.495 KJ/kg of Cr

Estimation of Sensible heat of Hot Metal Per ton (at 1673 K) wrf 298 K

Hot Metal composition (in wt %) Wt of element in Kg per tonns Heat of solution

C 4 40 88448.8
Si 1 10 -46774.2
Cr 12 120 48153.6
Fe 83 830

Sensible heat of Hot Metal = 1314909 KJ/Tonns

Estimation of Sensible heat of Steel Per ton (at 1873 K) wrf 298 K

Steel composition (in wt %) Wt of element in Kg per tonns Heat of solution

C 0.05 0.5 1105.61

Si 0.03 0.3 -1403.226
Cr 13.5 135 54172.8
Fe 86.42 864.2

Sensible heat of Steel = 1213369 KJ/Tonns

# Sensitivity: Unclassified
 Heat of formation of 2CaO.SiO2 = 731.5 KJ/Kg of 2CaO.SiO2 172
4493.5 KJ/Kg of Si

Heat of formation of 4CaO.P2O5= 1969 KJ/Kg of 4CaO.P2O5

11623.45 KJ/Kg of P

Sensible heat of CO (at 1873 K) wrf 298 K = 2322.9932 KJ per Kg of CO

5420.3174667 KJ Per Kg of C

Sensible heat of CO2 (at 1873 K) wrf 298 K = 1860.1 KJ per Kg of CO2
6820.3666667 KJ per Kg of C

Sensible heat of slag per ton (estimated by rule of mixture for following composition ) (H1873-H298)

Slag Composition (in wt%) Wt of component in Kg Change in Enthalpy (H187

CaO 60 600 871055.988

FeO 20 200 356554
SiO2 20 200 363576.4

Sensible heat of slag = 2010580 KJ/Tonns of slag

Although literature value of enthalpy of steelmaking slag at 1873 is given = 2915000

# Sensitivity: Unclassified
 Heat of reaction for the elements

Estimation of Heat of Carbon to C

C(sol,298 K)+1/2 O2------------) CO(

Assumption :Waste Gases are leav

The Equation may be splitted into f

or MJ/Tonns of Carbon C(sol 298)--------------->C(sol, 1673)

or MJ/Tonns of Carbon C(sol,1673)------------->C(pure ,1673
or MJ/Tonns of Carbon C(pure,1673)------------>C(pure,298
or MJ/Tonns of Carbon C(pure,298)+1/2 O2(298K)---->CO(
CO(gas,298)--------------->CO(1773,
or MJ/Tonns of Carbon Net heat of Oxidation of C to CO
or Mcal/Tonns of Carbon

As we can see above th

and following reaction is

C(pure,1673)------------->

Therefore Heat of react

Net heat of Oxidation of C to CO

or MJ/Tonns of C
or MJ/Tonns of C
or MJ/Tonns of C
or MJ/Tonns of C

or MJ/Tonns of C Net heat of Oxidation of C to CO2

or MCal/Tonns of C

or MJ/Tonns of Mn
or MJ/Tonns of Mn
or MJ/Tonns of Mn
or MJ/Tonns of Mn

# Sensitivity: Unclassified
 or MJ/Tonns of Mn Net heat of Oxidation of Mn to Mn
or MJ/Tonns of Mn

or MJ/Tonns of Si
or MJ/Tonns of Si
or MJ/Tonns of Si
or MJ/Tonns of Si

or MJ/Tonns of Si Net heat of Oxidation of Si to SiO

or MJ/Tonns of Si

or MJ/Tonns of P
or MJ/Tonns of P
or MJ/Tonns of P
or MJ/Tonns of P
Net heat of Oxidation of P to P2O
or MJ/Tonns of P
or MJ/Tonns of P

or MJ/Tonns of Fe
or MJ/Tonns of Fe
or MJ/Tonns of Fe
or MJ/Tonns of Fe

or MJ/Tonns of Fe Net heat of Oxidation of Fe to Fe

or MJ/Tonns of Fe

# Sensitivity: Unclassified
 or MJ/Tonns of Cr
or MJ/Tonns of Cr
or MJ/Tonns of Cr
or MJ/Tonns of Cr

or MJ/Tonns of Cr Net heat of Oxidation of Cr to Cr2

or MJ/Tonns of Cr

eat of solution change in enthalpy (H1673-H298)

91323.32
30588.82
105135.4
998033.6

eat of solution change in enthalpy (H1673-H298)

1141.541
917.6647
118277.3
1039157

# Sensitivity: Unclassified
 125818 4252.907

on ) (H1873-H298)

hange in Enthalpy (H1873-H298) Heat of solution of SiO2 to form 2CaO.SiO2

419393.3

KJ /Tonn of slag

# Sensitivity: Unclassified
eaction for the elements present in the scrap at 298 K

on of Heat of Carbon to CO oxidation reaction :

K)+1/2 O2------------) CO(1773 K)

on :Waste Gases are leaving at temperature of 1500 C on average

tion may be splitted into following parts :

)--------------->C(sol, 1673) ^H1= 0 KJ/kg of C or MJ/Tonns of Carbon

3)------------->C(pure ,1673) ^H2= 0 KJ/kg of C or MJ/Tonns of Carbon
73)------------>C(pure,298) ^H3=
8)+1/2 O2(298K)---->CO(298) ^H4= 0 KJ/kg of C or MJ/Tonns of Carbon
98)--------------->CO(1773,gas) ^H5= 0 KJ/kg of C or MJ/Tonns of Carbon
of Oxidation of C to CO 0 KJ/kg of C or MJ/Tonns of Carbon
0 K Cal of C or Mcal/Tonns of Carbon

As we can see above that ^H1= - ^H3

and following reaction is not included if compare from hot metal case .

C(pure,1673)------------->C(pure ,298)

Therefore Heat of reactions in scrap are calculated as following : (Exclude ^H2 in the case of elements dissolved in Hot metal)

of Oxidation of C to CO 11542.68 KJ/kg of C or MJ/Tonns of Carbon

2761.407 K Cal of C or Mcal/Tonns of Carbon

of Oxidation of C to CO2 37352.48 KJ/kg of C or MJ/Tonns of C

8936 KCal/kg of C or MCal/Tonns of C

# Sensitivity: Unclassified
of Oxidation of Mn to MnO 8429.388 KJ/kg of Mn or MJ/Tonns of Mn
2016.6 KJ/kg of Mn or MJ/Tonns of Mn

of Oxidation of Si to SiO2 41058.6 KJ/kg of Si or MJ/Tonns of Si

9822.631 KJ/kg of Si or MJ/Tonns of Si

of Oxidation of P to P2O5 32239.77 KJ/kg of P or MJ/Tonns of P

7712.864 KJ/kg of P or MJ/Tonns of P

of Oxidation of Fe to FeO 7257.973 KJ/kg of Fe or MJ/Tonns of Fe

1736.357 KJ/kg of Fe or MJ/Tonns of Fe

# Sensitivity: Unclassified
of Oxidation of Cr to Cr2O3 12465.16 KJ/kg of Cr or MJ/Tonns of Cr
2982.095 KJ/kg of Cr or MJ/Tonns of Cr

# Sensitivity: Unclassified
olved in Hot metal)

# Sensitivity: Unclassified