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ISSN 2278-7763
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Corresponding Author
Muhammad Daud
PH# +923349556663 E-mail: Khattaks2010@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
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The present study was formatted to determine the irrigation quality of district Kohat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan. In Ko-
hat dams, wells, tube wells, pressure pumps and springs water are used for irrigation purpose. All five types (dams, wells, tube
wells, pressure pumps and springs) of irrigation water samples were exposed to bacteriological analysis which included, Total
Coliform bacteria, Salmonella, Shigella, V.cholerae, Pseudomonas and E.coli. The. The Physico-chemical analysis includes (pH, Electric
conductivity, Total hardness, Calcium hardness, Magnesium hardness, Total suspended solids, Iron, Arsenic, and Copper &
Zinc). The bacteriological analysis result showed the presence of total Coliform bacteria (TCB) and E.coli in all sources of irriga-
tion water and Salmonella, Shigella, V.cholerae, Pseudomonas in dams, springs and well water. The Physico-chemical analysis re-
sults showed that the ranges of pH(7, 6, 7.8, 7.5, 7.3), Electrical conductivity (420, 900, 400, 450, 850uScm1), Sodium (200, 200,
350, 400, 550 mg/L), Potassium (7, 7, 3, 6, 9 mg/L), Total hardness (250, 1200, 200, 400, 300 mg/L), Calcium hardness (200, 1300,
400, 100, 250 mg/L), Magnesium hardness (150, 320, 300, 350, 150 mg/L), Total suspended solids (7, 7, 32 ,6 ,8 mg/L), Arse-
nic(0.04, 0.06, 0.22, 0.05, 0.01 mg/L), Chlorides (290, 280, 590, 320, 230 mg/L), Zinc(0.08, 0.13, 0.04, 0.04, 0.17 mg/L), Copper(0.05,
0.03, 0.03, 0.02, 0.02.mg/L) and iron (1.8, 2,1.6, 2.7, 0.8.mg/L) respectively in the tube wells, springs, dams, Pressure pumps and
well water .Bacteriological results showed presence of Total Coliform bacteria (TCB), Salmonella, Shigella, V.cholerae, Pseudomo-
nas, E.coli. in dams, springs and well water sources that not fit for irrigation .The Physico-chemical analysis showed that all the
parameters were found in range of FAO standard in different irrigation water sources except Total hardness were exceed in
spring water.
1 INTRODUCTION
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rigation water from different sources of Kohat. (Eosin Methylene Blue). E. coli on EMB Agar was showing
green metallic sheen, smooth, regular and transparent
colonies. Figure 4.2 shows that all the samples of irriga-
2 MATERIALS AND METHOD: tion water sources are contaminated with E. coli except
2.1Site Description tube wells water in which 15 samples shows negative re-
Kohat is a medium sized city in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa Prov- sults and less contaminated. Salmonella was detected on
ince of Pakistan. The Sources for irrigation purposes are main- SS agar. Salmonella on SS agar was showing black centre,
ly Tube wells, Wells, springs, Dams and Pressure pumps. irregular and smooth colonies. Figure 4.4 shows that all
the sources of irrigation water were positive for salmonel-
2.2 Water Sample Collection la except pressure pumps water.
Sampling was performed from July (2013) to Septem-
ber (2013) and the sampling was done randomly from differ- 3.2Shigella and Vibrio Cholerae
ent locations of Kohat. Forty (40) samples were collected from Shigella was detected on SS Agar. Shigella on
home wells (HW), tube wells (TW), springs (SP), pressure SS agar showed light, colorless, transparent and smooth
pumps and dams. The sample collection was performed ac- colonies. Figure 4.6 shows that all the irrigation water
cording to standard method given by (APHA 2005). Samples samples sources were positive for Shigella except tube
were collected aseptically in 500 ml sterile autoclavable plastic well and pressure pumps water. Vibrio cholerae was de-
(polypropylene) bottles and were transferred in an ice box to tected on TCBS Agar (Thiosulfate-citrate-bile salts-sucrose
the laboratory. The samples were air tight during the transpor- agar). Vibrio cholerae on TCBS Agar showed yellow color,
tation to avoid the further contamination. irregular, rough and transparent. Figure 4.8 shows that all
2.3 Bacteriological Anaylsis the irrigation water sources are positive for V.cholerae ex-
cept pressure pump and tube wells water are less contam-
The experiments for bacteriological analysis of irriga-
tion water were carried out at the laboratories of Pakistan inated.
Council Scientific and Industrial Research (PCSIR) complex
3.3Pseudomonas
Peshawar. Analysis of E. coli, Pseudomonas, Vibrio cholera, Sal- Pseudomonades were detected on Pseudo
monella and Shigella were performed in the irrigation water. Agar. Pseudomonas on Pseudo agar showed light green,
transparent and smooth colonies. Figure 4.10 that all the
2.4 Sterilzation of glass ware and medium sources of irrigation water are positive for Pseudomonas
except pressure pumps and tube wells water.
All the glass wares like Petri-plates, flasks, pipettes,
3.4Total Coliform Bacteria
beakers and test tubes used in experiments were properly
washed with available commercial detergent. After scrubbing Detection of Total Coliform Bacteria was performed
with a brush, the glassware were rinsed repeatedly with water on lactose leuryle broth. Results (Figure 4.11.) shows that av-
and then rinsed two or three times in distilled water until all erage MPN value of Total Coliform bacteria is 100/ml of dif-
Copyright © 2014 SciResPub. IJOART
International Journal of Advancements in Research & Technology, Volume 3, Issue 3, March-2014 124
ISSN 2278-7763
ferent source of Irrigation water of Kohat. The Highest value is 3.5.7Arsenic in Irrigation water
619.25 of Dams Water and the lowest value is 7.33 in pressure Arsenic in Irrigation Water was detected by
pump water. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Arsenic ranged from
3.5Physico-chemical Anaylsis 0.02 to 0.23 mg/l with average Arsenic is 0.08 mg/l among
3.5.1pH different irrigation water sources were analyzed. Figure 4.18
PH of Irrigation water was determined by pH shows that high ranges are (0.23 mg/l) in dams water while
meter. The pH ranged from 7 to 7.8 with average pH 7.4 the lowest ranges (0.02 mg/l) in wells water.
among different irrigation water sources was analyzed.
Figure 4.12 shows that the dams water has highest aver- 3.5.8Zinc in Irrigation water
age range of pH is 7.8 and the springs have lowest aver- Zinc in Irrigation Water was detected by
age range is 7. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Zinc ranged from0.03
to 0.17 mg/l with average zinc is 0.09 mg/l among different
3.5.2Magnesium in Irrigation water irrigation water sources were analyzed. Figure 4.19 shows that
Magnesium in Irrigation Water was deter- the springs and wells water has high ranges 0.17- 0.13 mg/l
mined by EDTA method. The magnesium ranged from and dams and pressure pumps water 0.06-0.03 mg/l.
180 to 370 mg/l with average magnesium is 274 mg/l
among different irrigation water sources were analyzed. 3.5.9Total suspended Solids in Irrigation water
Figure 4.13 shows the results that pressure pumps, spring Total Suspended Solids in Irrigation Water
and Dams water have high average range of magnesium was determined by filtration methods.TSS ranged from 5 to 32
which is 370 mg/l and the tube wells and wells water mg/l with average TSS is 12.2 mg/l among different irrigation
have low average range which near about 180 mg/l. water sources were analyzed. Figure 4.20 shows that dams
water have high ranges of TSS (32 mg/l) and other sources
3.5.3Sodium In Irrigation water have low range (5-9 mg/l).
Sodium in Irrigation Water was detected by
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flame photometer. The sodium ranged from 190 to 540 mg/l 3.5.10Iron in Irrigation water
with average Sodium is 341 mg/l among different irrigation Water Iron in Irrigation Water was detected
water sources were analyzed. Figure 4.14 shows that wells by Atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Irons ranged from
water have high ranges of sodium which is 540 mg/l and 0.6 to 2.6 mg/l with average iron are 1.7 mg/l among different
springs water have lowest average ranges 190 mg/l. irrigation water sources were analyzed. Figure 4.21 shows that
pressure pumps water has high ranges (2.6 mg/l) and wells
3.5.4Total Hardness in Irrigation water water has lowest ranges (0.6 mg/l).
Total Hardness in Irrigation Water was de-
termined by EDTA method. Total hardness ranged from 100 to 3.5.11Chlorides in Irrigation water
1300 mg/l with average TH is 490 mg/l among different irri- Chlorides in Irrigation Water were deter-
gation water sources were analyzed. Figure 4.15 shows the mined by EDTA methods. Chlorides ranged from 220 to 590
results that the springs water have high ranges of TH 1300 mg/l with average Chlorides is 338 mg/l among different ir-
mg/l and dams water have lowest ranges of TH 100 mg/l. rigation water sources were analyzed. Figures 4.22 shows that
dams water have high ranges (590 mg/l) and wells water have
3.5.5Potassium in Irrigation water low ranges (220 mg/l).
Potassium in Irrigation was determined by
flame photo meter. The potassium ranged from 3 to 9 mg/l 3.5.12Calcium hardness in irrigation water
with average Potassium is 6.6 mg/l among different irrigation Calcium hardness in Irrigation Water was de-
water sources were analyzed. Figure 4.16 shows that the wells termined by EDTA methods. Calcium hardness ranged from
water springs and pressure pumps water have high average 100 to 1400 mg/l with average Calcium hardness is 470 mg/l
ranges are 6mg/l to 9mg/l and the lowest are in Dams water among different irrigation water sources were analyzed. Fig-
are 3mg/l. ure 4.23 shows that spring water have high ranges (1400 mg/l)
and pressure pumps water have low ranges (100mg/l).
3.5.6Copper in Irrigation water
Copper in Irrigation Water was determined 3.5.13Electric conductivity of irrigation water
by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The copper ranged Electric Conductivity of Irrigation Water was
from 0.03 to 0.06 mg/l with average Copper is 0.03 among determined by EC meter. Electric Conductivity ranged from
different irrigation water sources were analyzed. Figure 4.17 400 to 820 μScm-1 with average EC 584 μScm-1 among different
shows the results that the tube wells water have high ranges irrigation water sources were analyzed. Figure 4.24 shows that
of copper which is 0.06 mg/l and wells water have lowest spring and wells water have ranges between (850-820 μScm-1)
ranges which is 0.03 mg/l. and dams water have low range (400 μScm-1)
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ferent location and from different sources such as dams, wells, range are 300-400 mg/L. The total hardness in water from all
tube wells, springs and pressure pumps that it may represent the ground water resources ranges between 228 and 644mg/L.
the overall irrigation water sources of District Kohat. (Khan etal 1999) concluded the result which ranges from 192-
In worldwide different disease occur because of pathogens 350mg/L, excessive concentration causes stomach disorder
present in irrigation water. In irrigation water pathogen which and difficulty in washing[12].
are recorded they are E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Pseudomonas, The ability of an aqueous solution to carry an electric current
Vibrio cholerae and Total coliform bacteria. E. coli were detected is called Electrical Conductivity. In this present study dams
in all the water samples collected from dams, tube wells water has low range with 400μScm-1 and highest range of
,wells, springs and pressure pumps Total Coliforms were also spring water with value of 850μScm-1 and the FAO range are
recorded in this study. Total coliforms were found in all the 800-1000 μScm-1. (Richards 1968) concluded that EC values of
samples and has high amount in dams water followed by water samples were ranged from 196 to 483 μScm-1[10].
wells. (Griffith et. al., 2003) concluded that Total coliforms
were apparently present but it is important to note that coli- Total suspended solids analysis have ranges of 6mg/L to 34
form bacteria are widely distributed in nature do not neces- mg/L. The highest value is 34mg/L of dam’s water while
sarily specify fecal pollution [9]. pressure pumps have low value of 6 mg/L. Total Suspended
solids ranges from 584 mg/L and lower 380 mg/L. (H.Iqbal et
Shigella and Salmonella were founded in three sources dams, al; 2013) reported total suspended solids which ranges from
wells and springs except pressure pumps and Tube wells 10-20mg/L[11].
while as Vibrio cholerae found in three sources samples except
tube wells and pressure pumps. Calcium and magnesium was found in all the samples having
the ranges 200, 150, 400, 1400mg/L, and100, 190,300,150,320
Physicochemical parameters such as pH, Total Hardness, To- and 350mg/L in wells, tube wells, dams, springs and pressure
tal suspended solids, Electrical Conductivity (E.C) ,Calcium, pumps respectively. The FAO range are 100-1500 mg/L in
Magnesium, Copper, Zinc, Arsenic, Iron, Chlorides, Potassi- spring water more Ca and Mg is present as compare to surface
um, and Sodium have important role in the quality of irriga- water. (H.Iqbal et al: 2013) reported Ca and Mg content of wa-
tion water. ter samples they ranges from 121.1-229.1 to 45.2-111.6 and
PH of water samples were in the range of 7-7.8.The highest mg/L respectively[11].
value of water pH that is of Dams water with mean ranges of In this study Copper, Zinc, Arsenic, Iron, and Chlorides, Po-
7.8. And the FAO ranges are 4.5-9.0. (Ayers and Westcott, tassium, and Sodium were also analyzed respectively in all the
1985) recommended the pH of water samples varied from 6.71 sources of irrigation water. The Ranges of Cu are (0.02 -0.06),
to 7.84 indicating slightly acidic to slightly alkaline in nature Zn (0.04 -0.15), Fe (0.8-2.6),Cl (250-590), K (04-09) and Na (200-
and was within the safe limit for irrigation. The recommended 550) mg/L in dams, wells, tube wells, springs and pressure
pH limit of irrigation water is 6.0-8.5 [3]. pumps respectively. FAO standard are (0.2, 2, 5, 0.2, 300-700,
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water. Land disposal of solid and liquid materials in bacterio- 11. H.Iqbal, M.Ishfaq, A.Jabbar, M.Naseer Abbas,
logical point of view the exposed water sources are not fit for A.Rehaman, S.Ahmad, M.Zakir, S.Gul, B.Ibtesam
irrigation Dams, wells, and springs exceeds the FAO standard. Shagufta, M. Ullah, W.Ahmad. Physico-Chemical
Physicochemically all the sources of irrigation water are suita- Analysis of Drinking Water in District Kohat, Khyber
ble for irrigation according to the FAO standards. Different Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. IJBMSP, Vol. 3, No. 2, pp. 37-
physiochemical variations were found in irrigation water 41, Dec 2013
Sources because these water sources have different site of loca- 12. M.khan, M.A. Khawaja and M.Riaz. Physico-
tion and soil structure and their sounding area composition Chemical Characteristics of Sub-Surface water of
and location. Heavy metals were found in normal range in all Haripur area-Hazara (N.W.F.P).Jour. chem. Soc. Pak.
sources of irrigation water. Vol 21,No 4,1999
6 ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We are thankful to Deparment of Microbiology Kohat univer-
sity of Science and Technology, Kohat, Pakistan to provide us
Research Facility.
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