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TERRITORY

REPUBLIC ACT No. 3046


(as amended by RA 5446)
AN ACT DEFINE THE BASELINES OF THE TERRITORIAL SEA OF THE PHILIPPINES.
WHEREAS, the Constitution of the Philippines describes the national territory as comprising all
the territory ceded to the United States by the Treaty of Paris concluded between the United
States and Spain on December 10, 1898, the limits of which are set forth in Article III of said
treaty, together with all the islands embraced in the treaty concluded at Washington, between
the United States and Spain on November 7, 1900, and in the treaty concluded between the
United States and Great Britain on January
2, 1930, and all the territory over which the Government of the Philippine Islands exercised
jurisdiction at the time of the adoption of the Constitution;

WHEREAS, all the waters within the limits set forth in the above-mentioned treaties have always
been regarded as part of the territory of the Philippine Islands;

WHEREAS, all the waters around, between and connecting the various islands of the
Philippines archipelago, irrespective of their width or dimension, have always been considered
as necessary appurtenances of the land territory, forming part of the inland or internal waters of
the Philippines;

WHEREAS, all the waters beyond the outermost islands of the archipelago but within the limits
of the boundaries set forth in the aforementioned treaties comprise the territorial sea of the
Philippines;

WHEREAS, the baselines from which the territorial sea of the Philippines is determined consist
of straight lines joining appropriate points of the outermost islands of the archipelago; and

WHEREAS, the said baselines should be clarified and specifically defined and described for the
information of all concerned; Now, therefor,
Section 1. The baselines for the territorial sea of the Philippines are hereby defined and
described specifically as follows:
Distance in
N. Latitude E. Longitude Asimuth
Meters
Y'ami Island (E) 21º07'03" 121º57'24" 353º27' 71,656
Line 1 (Yami I. (E.) — Tumaruk
Rk.)
Tumaruk Rk. 20º28'28" 122º02'06" 347º13' 58,105
Line 2 (Tumaruk Rk. — Balintang
Is.)
Balintang Island 19º57'45" 122º09'28" 375º05' 97,755
Line 3 (Balingtang Is.— Didicas
Rk.)
Didicas Rk. 19º04'50" 122º12'18" 350º39' 86,155
Line 4 (Didicas Rk. - Iligan Pt.)
Iligan Pt. 18º18'45" 122º20'15" 351º23' 136,030
Line 5 (Iligan Pt. - Ditolong Pt.)
Ditolong Pt. 17º05'50" 122º31'44" 16º56' 34,378
Line 6 (Ditolong Pt. - Diviuisa Pt.)
Diviuisa Pt. 16º48'00" 122º26'06" 21º01' 57,781
Line 7 (Diviuisa Pt. - Dijohan Pt.)
Dijohan Pt. 16º18'45" 122º14'28" 10º52' 142,360
Line 7a (Dijohan Pt. - Bulubalik
Pt.)
Bulubalik Pt. 15º02'56" 121º59'30" 300º15' 120,986
Line 8 (Bulubalik Pt. - Tinaga I.)
Tinaga I. 14º29'45" 122º57'40" 286º27' 148,690
Line 9 (Tinaga I. - Horadaba Rks.)
Horadaba Rks. 14º06'41" 124º16'54" 306º34' 1,083
Line 10 (Horadaba Rks. —
Matulin Rk.)
Matulin Rk. 14º06'20" 124º17'23" 331º46' 178,480
Line 11 (Matulin Rk. - Atalaya Pt.)
Atalaya Pt. 12º40'59" 125º04'02" 313º30' 22,268
Line 11a (Atalaya Pt. - Finch Rk.)
Finch Rk. 12º32'40" 125º12'57" 313º56' 12,665
Line 12 (Finch Rk. - SE of Manjud
Pt.)
SE Manjud pt. 12º27'54" 125º17'59" 322º27' 14,225
Line 12a (SE of Manjud Pt. - Sora
Cay)
Sora Cay 12º21'47" 125º22'46" 321º03' 22,793
Line 13 (Sora Cay - Bunga Pt.)
Bunga Pt. 12º12'10" 125º30'40" 331º50' 12,686
Line 13a (Bunga Pt. - Tubabao I.)
Tubabao I. 23º06'06" 125º33'58" 355º22' 83,235
Line 14 (Tubabao I. - Tugnug Pt.)
Tugnug Pt. 11º21'06" 125º37'40" 331º03' 75,326
Line 15 (Tugnug Pt. - Suluan I.)
Suluan Island 10º45'20" 125º57'40" 347º51' 107,070
Line 16 (Suluan I. - Tuason Pt.)
Tuason Pt. 9º48'33" 126º10'00" 355º25' 55,415
Line 17 (Tuason Pt. - Cauit Pt.)
Cauit Pt. 9º18'35" 126º12'25" 342º44' 49,703
Line 18 (Cauit Pt. Arangasa Is.)
Arangasa Is. 8º52'50" 126º20'28" 348º40' 131,330
Line 19 Arangasa Is. -
Quinablangan I.)
Quinablangan I. 7º42'58" 126º34'30" 353º08' 25,619
Line 19a (Quinablangan I. - Above
Languyan R.)
Above Languyan R. 7º29'10" 126º36'10" 356º52' 22,489
Line 20 (Above Languyan R. —
Pusan Pt.)
Pusan Pt. 7º16'59" 126º36'50" 26º39' 36,259
Line 21 (Pusan Pt. - Tuguban Pt.)
Tuguban Pt. 6º59'24" 126º28'00" 20º33' 83,350
Line 22 (Tuguban Pt. - Cape S.
Agustin N.)
Cape San Agustin (N) 6º17'03" 126º12'08" 30º16' 1,707
Line 22a (Cape S. Agustin (N) —
Cape San Agustin (S)
Cape San Agustin (S) 6º16'15" 126º11'40" 39º23' 125,100
Line 23 (Cape S. Agustin (S) —
Panguil Bato Pt.)
Panguil Bato Pt. 5º23'45" 125º28'42" 66º32' 7,484
Line 23a (Panguil Bato Pt. -
Tapundo Pt.)
Tapudo Pt. 5º22'08" 125º24'59" 89º19' 7,667
Line 24 (Tapundo Pt. - Manamil I.)
Manamil I. 5º22'05" 125º20'50" 139º01' 3,051
Line 24a (Manamil I. - Balut I. (W)
Balut I. (W) 5º23'20" 125º19'45" 124º47' 149,840
Line 25 (Balut I. (W) - Middle of 3
Rk. Awash)
Middle of 3 Rk. Awash 6º09'39" 124º13'02" 86º18' 259,400
Line 26 (Middle of 3 Rk. Awash —
Tongquil I.)
Tongquil I. 6º00'15" 121º52'45" 61º29' 115,950
Line 27 (Tongquil I. -
Sumbasumba I.)
Sumbasumba I. 5º30'10" 120º57'35" 43º19' 44,445
Line 28 (Sumbasumba I. -
Kinapusan Is.)
Kinapusan Is. 5º12'37" 120º41'05" 63º14' 101,290
Line 29 (Kinapusan Is. - Manuk
Manka I.)
Manuk Manka I. 4º47'50" 119º52'10" 58º30' 80,847
Line 30 (Manuk Manka I. -
Frances Reef)
Frances Reef 4º24'54" 119º14'54" 134º34' 29,330
Line 31 (Frances Reef - Bajapa
Reef)
Bajapa Reef 4º36'04" 119º03'36" 164º05' 13,480
Line 32 (Bajapa Reef) - Panguan
I.)
Panguan I. 4º43'06" 119º01'36" 238º48' 42,470
Line 33 (Panguan I. - Omapoy I.)
Omapoy I. 4º55'02" 119º21'15" 246º11' 51,005
Line 34 (Omapoy I. - Sanga-
Sanga I.)
Sanga-Sanga I. 5º06'12" 119º46'30" 170º05' 80,200
Line 35 (Sanga-Sanga I. - Pearl
Bank)
Pearl Bank 5º49'04" 119º39'01" 103º13' 137,050
Line 36 (Pearl Bank - Baguan I.)
Baguan I 6º06'00" 118º26'42" 76º52' 15,535
Line 36a (Banguan I. - Taganak I.)
Taganak I. 6º04'05" 118º18'30" 118º39' 24,805
Line 37 (Taganak I. - Gt.
Bakkungaan O
Gt. Bakkungaan 6º10'32" 118º06'42" 136º04' 18,470
Line 37a (Gt. Bakkungaan -
Sibaung I.)
Sibaung I. 6º17'45" 117º59'45" 215º36' 79,915
Line 38 (Sibaung - I. Muligi I.
Mulugi I. 6º53'00" 118º25'00" 119º14' 140,541
Line 39 (Mulugi I. - Mangsee Is.)
Mangsee Is. 7º30'10" 117º18'20" 134º50 48,815
Line 39a (Mangsee Is. - Cape
Melville)
Cape Melville 7º48'50" 116º59'30" 153º54' 15,665
Line 40 (Cape Melville - Ligas Pt.)
Ligas Pt. 7º56'28" 116º55'45" 170º40' 5,666
Line 41 (Ligas Pt. - Cay)
Cay 7º59'30" 116º55'15" 204º52' 22,925
Line 41a (Cay-Secam I.)
Secam I. 8º10'47" 117º00'30" 209º09' 54,900
Line 42 (Secam I. - N. of Canipan
Bay)
N. of Canipan Bay 8º36'50" 117º15'06" 218º57' 18,570
Line 43 (N. of Canipan Bay —
Tatub Pt.)
Tatub Pt. 8º44'40" 117º21'28" 222º04' 45,125
Line 44 (Tatub Pt. - Punta Baja)
Punta Baja 9º02'50" 117º37'58" 223º30' 32,194
Line 45 (Punta Baja - Malapackun
I.)
Malapackun I. 9º15'30" 117º50'04" 225º50' 148,260
Line 46 (Malapackun I. - Piedras
Pt.)
Piedras Pt. 10º11'28" 118º48'18" 203º19' 124,900
Line 47 (Piedras Pt. - Tapuitan I.)
Tapuitan I. 11º13'40" 119º15'28" 208º47' 136,590
Line 48 (Tapuitan I. - Pinnacle
Rk.)
Pincle Rk. 12º18'34" 119º51'45" 200º40' 134,230
Line 49 (Pinnacle Rk. - Cape
Calavite
Cape Calavite 13º26'40" 120º18'00" 148º12' 58,235
Line 50 (Cape Calavite - Cabra I.)
Cabra I. 13º53'30" 120º00'58" 179º26' 113,400
Line 51 (Cabra I. - Capones Is.)
Capones Is. 14º55'00" 120º00'20" 168º09' 58,100
Line 52 (Capones Is. - Pa-Lauig
Pt.)
Palauig Pt. 15º25'50" 119º53'40" 164º17' 40,870
Line 53 (Palauig. - Hermana
Mayor I.)
Hermana Mayor I. 15º47'10" 119º47'28" 167º10' 20,490
Line 53a (Hermana Mayor —
Tambobo Pt.)
Tambobo Pt. 15º58'00" 119º44'55" 181º43' 22,910
Line 54 (Tambobo Pt. - Rena Pt.)
Rena Pt. 16º10'25" 119º45'18" 191º39' 18,675
Line 54a (Rena Pt. - Cape Bolinao
Cape Bolinao 16º20'20" 119º47'25" 226º20' 80,016
Line 55 (Cape Bolinao -
Darigayos Pt.)
Darigayos Pt. 16º50'15" 120º20'00" 179º58' 81,616
Line 56 (Darigayos Pt. - Dile Pt.)
Dile Pt. 17º34'30" 120º19'58" 188º27' 12,060
Line 56a (Disle Pt. - Pinget I.)
Pinget I. 17º40'58" 120º20'58" 192º46' 27,170
Line 56b (Pinget I. - Badoc I.)
Badoc I. 17º55'20" 120º24'22" 195º03' 65,270
Line 57 (Badoc I. - Cape
Bojeador)
Cape Bojeador 18º29'30" 120º34'00" 222º16' 101,740
Line 58 (Cape Bojeador - Dalupiri
I.)
Dalupiri I. 19º10'15" 121º13'02" 213º29' 25,075
Line 59 (Dalupiri I. - Catanapan
Pt.)
Catanapan Pt. 19º21'35" 121º20'56" 202º27' 116,870
Line 60 (Catanapan Pt. - Dequey
I.)
Dequey I. 29º20'06" 121º46'35" 180º47' 42,255
Line 61 (Dequey I. - Raile)
Raile 20º43'00" 121º46'55" 200º30' 48,140
Line 62 (Raile - Y'ami I. (W)
Y'ami I.(W) 21º07'26" 121º56'39" 238º40' 237
Line 63 (Y'ami I. (W) - Y'ami I. (M)
Y'ami I. (M) 21º07'30" 121º56'46" 307º08' 1,376
Line 64 (Y'ami I.(M) - Y'ami I. (E)
Y'ami I. (E) 21º07'03" 121º57'24"

Section 2. All waters within the baselines provided for in Section one hereof are considered
inland or internal waters of the Philippines.
Section 3. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

Republic Act No. 5446


September 18, 1968
as amended by R.A. 9522

AN ACT TO AMEND SECTION ONE OF REPUBLIC ACT NUMBERED THIRTY HUNDRED


AND FORTY-SIX, ENTITLED "AN ACT TO DEFINE THE BASELINES OF THE TERRITORIAL
SEA OF THE PHILIPPINES"

Section 1. To correct typographical errors, Section one of Republic Act numbered thirty hundred
and forty-six is amended to read as follows:
"SECTION 1. The baselines for the territorial sea of the Philippines are hereby defined and
described specifically as follows:
N. Latitude E. Longitude Azimuth Distance (In
Meters)
Y’ami Island (E) 21º07’03" 121º57’24"
Line 1 (Y’ami I. (E.) - Tumaruk Rk.) 353º27’ 71,656
Tumaruk Rk. 20º28’28" 122º02’06"
Line 2 (Tumaruk Rk. - Balintang Is.) 347º13’ 58,105
Balintang Islands 19º57’45" 122º09’28"
Line 3 (Balintang Is. - Didicas Rk.) 357º05’ 97,755
Didicas Rk. 19º04’50" 122º12’18"
Line 4 (Didicas Rk. - Iligan Pt.) 350º39’ 86,155
Iligan Pt. 18º18’45" 122º20’15"
Line 5 (Iligan Pt. - Ditolong Pt.) 351º23’ 136,030
Ditolong Pt. 17º05’50" 122º31’44"
Line 6 (Ditolong Pt. - Diviuisa Pt.) 16º56’ 34,375
Diviuisa Pt. 16º48’00" 122º26’06"
Line 7 (Diviuisa Pt. - Dijohan Pt.) 21º01’ 57,781
Dijohan Pt. 16º18’45" 122º14’28"
Line 7a (Dijohan Pt. - Bulubalik Pt.) 10º52’ 142,360
Bulubalik Pt. 15º02’56" 121º59’30"
Line 8 (Bulubalik Pt. - Tinaga I.) 300º15’ 120,980
Tinaga I. 14º29’45" 122º57’40"
Line 9 (Tinaga I. - Horadaba Rks.) 286º27’ 148,690
Horadaba Rks. 14º06’41" 124º16’54"
Line 10 (Horadaba Rks. - Matulin Rk.) 306º34’ 1,083
Matulin Rk. 14º06’20" 124º17’23"
Line 11 (Matulin Rk. - Atalaya Pt.) 331º46’ 178,480
Atalaya Pt. 12º40’59" 125º04’02"
Line 11a (Atalaya Pt. - Finch Rk.) 313º30’ 22,263
Finch Rk. 12º32’40" 125º12’57"
Line 12 (Finch Rk. - SE of Manjud Pt.) 313º56’ 12,663
SE Manjud Pt. 12º27’54" 125º17’59"
Line 12a (SE of Manjud Pt. - Sora Cay) 322º27’ 14,225
Sora Cay 12º21’47" 125º22’46"
Line 13 (Sora Cay - Bunga Pt.) 321º03’ 22,761
Bunga Pt. 12º12’10" 125º30’40"
Line 13a (Bunga Pt. - Tubabao I.) 331º50’ 12,646
Tubabao I. 12º06’06" 125º33’58"
Line 14 (Tubabao I. - Tugnug Pt.) 355º22’ 83,225
Tugnug Pt. 11º12’06" 125º37’40"
Line 15 (Tugnug Pt. - Suluan I.) 331º03’ 75,326
Suluan Island 10º45’20" 125º37’40"
Line 16 (Suluan I. - Tuason Pt.) 347º51’ 107,070
Tuason Pt. 9º48’33" 126º10’00"
Line 17 (Tuason Pt. - Cauit Pt.) 355º25’ 55,415
Cauit Pt. 9º18’35" 126º12’25"
Line 18 (Cauit Pt. Arangasa Is.) 342º44’ 49,703
Arangasa Is. 8º52’50" 126º20’28"
Line 19 (Arangasa Is. - Quinablangan I.) 348º40’ 131,330
Quinablangan I. 7º42’58" 126º34’30"
Line 19a (Quinablangan I - Above Languyan R.) 353º08’ 25,619
Above Languyan R. 7º29’10" 126º36’10"
Line 20 (Above Languyan R. - Pusan Pt.) 356º52’ 22,489
Pusan Pt. 7º16’59" 126º36’50"
Line 21 (Pusan Pt. - Tugubun Pt.) 26º39’ 36,259
Tugubun Pt. 6º59’24" 126º28’00"
Line 22 (Tugubun Pt. - Cape S. Agustin N.) 20º33’ 83,350
Cape San Agustin (N) 6º17’03" 126º12’08"
Line 22a (Cape S. Agustin (N) - Cape San Agustin (S) 30º16’ 1,707
Cape San Agustin (S) 6º16’15" 126º11’40"
Line 23 (Cape S. Agustin (S) - Panguil Bato Pt.) 39º23’ 125,100
Panguil Bato Pt. 5º23’45" 125º28’42"
Line 23a (Panguil Bato Pt. - Tapundo Pt.) 66º32’ 7,484
Tapundo Pt. 5º22’08" 125º24’59"
Line 24 (Tapundo Pt. - Manamil I.) 89º19’ 7,667
Manamil I. 5º22’05" 125º20’50"
Line 24a (Manamil I. - Balut I. (W) 139º01’ 3,051
Balut I. (W) 5º23’20" 125º19’45"
Line 25 (Balut I. (W) - Middle of 3 Rk. Awash) 124º47’ 149,840
Middle of 3 Rk. Awash 6º09’39" 124º13’02"
Line 26 (Middle of 3 Rk. Awash - Tongquil I.) 86º18’ 259,400
Tongquil I. 6º00’15" 121º52’45"
Line 27 (Tongquil I. - Sumbasumba I.) 61º29’ 115,950
Sumbasumba I. 5º30’10" 120º57’35"
Line 28 (Sumbasumba I. - Kinapusan Is.) 43º19’ 44,445
Kinapusan Is. 5º12’37" 120º41’05"
Line 29 (Kinapusan Is. - Manuk Manka I.) 63º14’ 101,290
Manuk Manka I. 4º47’50" 119º52’10"
Line 30 (Manuk Manka I. - Frances Reef) 58º30’ 80,847
Frances Reef 4º24’54" 119º14’54"
Line 31 (Frances Reef - Bajapa Reef) 134º34’ 29,330
Bajapa Reef 4º36’04" 119º03’36"
Line 32 (Bajapa Reef - Panguan I.) 164º05’ 13,480
Panguan I. 4º43’06" 119º01’36"
Line 33 (Panguan I. - Omapoy I.) 238º48’ 42,470
Omapoy I. 4º55’02" 119º21’15"
Line 34 (Omapoy I. - Sanga-Sanga I.) 246º11’ 51,003
Sanga-Sanga I. 5º06’12" 119º46’30"
Line 35 (Sanga-Sanga I. - Pearl Bank) 170º05’ 80,200
Pearl Bank 5º49’04" 119º39’01"
Line 36 (Pearl Bank - Baguan I.) 103º13’ 137,050
Baguan I. 6º06’00" 118º26’42"
Line 36a (Baguan I. - Taganak I.) 76º52’ 15,535
Taganak I. 6º04’05" 118º18’30"
Line 37 (Taganak I. - Gt. Bakkungaan) 118º39’ 24,805
Gt. Bakkungaan 6º10’32" 118º06’42"
Line 37a (Gt. Bakkungaan-Sibaung I.) 136º04’ 18,470
Sibaung I. 6º17’45" 117º59’45"
Line 38 (Sibaung - I. Muligi I.) 215º36’ 79,915
Muligi I. 6º53’00" 118º25’00"
Line 39 (Muligi I. - Mangsee Is.) 119º14’ 140,541
Mangsee Is. 7º30’10" 117º18’20"
Line 39a (Mangsee Is. - Cape Melville) 134º50’ 48,815
Cape Melville 7º48’50" 116º59’30"
Line 40 (Cape Melville - Ligas Pt.) 153º54’ 15,665
Ligas Pt. 7º56’28" 116º55’45"
Line 41 (Ligas Pt. - Cay) 170º40’ 5,666
Cay 7º59’30" 116º55’15"
Line 41a (Cay-Secam I.) 204º52’ 22,925
Secam I. 8º10’47" 117º00’30"
Line 42 (Secam I. - N. of Canipan Bay) 209º09’ 54,990
N. of Canipan Bay 8º36’50" 117º15’06"
Line 43 (N. of Canipan Bay-Tatub Pt.) 218º57’ 18,570
Tatub Pt. 8º44’40" 117º21’28"
Line 44 (Tatub Pt. - Punta Baja) 222º04’ 45,125
Punta Baja 9º02’50" 117º37’58"
Line 45 (Punta Baja - Malapackun I.) 223º30’ 32,195
Malapackun I. 9º15’30" 117º50’04"
Line 46 (Malapackun I. - Piedras Pt.) 225º50’ 148,260
Piedras Pt. 10º11’28" 118º48’18"
Line 47 (Piedras Pt. - Tapiutan I.) 203º19’ 124,900
Tapiutan I. 11º13’40" 119º15’28"
Line 48 (Tapiutan I. - Pinnacle Rk.) 208º47’ 136,590
Pinnacle Rk. 12º18’34" 119º51’45"
Line 49 (Pinnacle Rk. - Cape Calavite) 200º40’ 134,230
Cape Calavite 13º26’40" 120º18’00"
Line 50 (Cape Calavite-Cabra I.) 148º12’ 58,235
Cabra I. 13º53’30" 120º00’58"
Line 51 (Cabra I. - Capones Is.) 179º26’ 113,400
Capones Is. 14º55’00" 120º00’20"
Line 52 (Capones Is. - Palauig Pt.) 168º09’ 58,100
Palauig Pt. 15º25’50" 119º53’40"
Line 53 (Palauig. - Hermana Mayor I.) 164º17’ 40,870
Hermana Mayor I. 15º47’10" 119º47’28"
Line 53a (Hermana Mayor I. - Tambobo Pt.) 167º10’ 20,490
Tambobo Pt. 15º58’00" 119º44’55"
Line 54 (Tambobo Pt. - Rena Pt.) 181º43’ 22,910
Rena Pt. 16º10’25" 119º45’18"
Line 54a (Rena Pt. - Cape Bolinao) 191º39’ 18,675
Cape Bolinao 16º20’20" 119º47’25"
Line 55 (Cape Bolinao - Darigayos Pt.) 226º20’ 80,016
Darigayos Pt. 16º50’15" 120º20’00"
Line 56 (Darigayos Pt. - Dile Pt.) 179º58’ 81,616
Dile Pt. 17º34’30" 120º19’58"
Line 56a (Dile Pt. - Pinget I.) 188º27’ 12,060
Pinget I. 17º40’58" 120º20’58"
Line 56b (Pinget I. - Badoc I.) 192º46’ 27,170
Badoc I. 17º55’20" 120º24’22"
Line 57 (Badoc I. - Cape Bojeador) 195º03’ 65,270
Cape Bojeador 18º29’30" 120º34’00"
Line 58 (Cape Bojeador - Dalupiri I.) 222º16’ 101,740
Dalupiri I. 19º10’15" 121º13’02"
Line 59 (Dalupiri I. - Catanapan Pt.) 213º29’ 25,075
Catanapan Pt. 19º21’35" 121º20’56"
Line 60 (Catanapan Pt. - Dequey I.) 202º27’ 116,870
Dequey I. 20º20’06" 121º46’35"
Line 61 (Dequey I. - Raile) 180º47’ 42,255
Raile 20º43’00" 121º46’55"
Line 62 (Raile - Y’ami I. (W) 200º30’ 48,140
Y’ami I. (W) 21º07’26" 121º56’39"
Line 63 (Y’ami I. (W) - Y’ami I. (M) 238º40’ 237
Y’ami I. (M) 21º07’30" 121º56’46"
Line 64 (Y’ami I. (M) - Y’ami I. (E) 307º08’ 1,376
Y’ami I. (E) 21º07’03" 121º57’24"

Section 2. The definition of the baselines of the territorial sea of the Philippine Archipelago as
provided in this Act is without prejudice to the delineation of the baselines of the territorial sea
around the territory of Sabah, situated in North Borneo, over which the Republic of the
Philippines has acquired dominion and sovereignty.

Section 3. This Act shall take effect upon its approval.

PRESIDENTIAL DECREE No. 1599


ESTABLISHING AN EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES

WHEREAS, an exclusive economic zone extending to a distance of two hundred nautical miles
from the baselines from which the territorial sea is measured is vital to the economic survival
and development of the Republic of the Philippines;

WHEREAS, such a zone is now a recognized principle of international law;

NOW, THEREFORE, I, FERDINAND E. MARCOS, President of the Philippines, by virtue of the


powers vested in me by the Constitution, do hereby decree and order:

Section 1. There is hereby established a zone to be known as the exclusive economic zone of
the Philippines. The exclusive economic zone shall extend to a distance of two hundred nautical
miles beyond and from the baselines from which the territorial sea is measured: Provided, That,
where the outer limits of the zone as thus determined overlap the exclusive economic zone of
an adjacent or neighboring state, the common boundaries shall be determined by agreement
with the state concerned or in accordance with pertinent generally recognized principles of
international law on delimitation.
Section 2. Without prejudice to the rights of the Republic of the Philippines over it territorial sea
and continental shelf, it shall have and exercise in the exclusive economic zone established
herein the following;
(a) Sovereignty rights for the purpose of exploration and exploitation, conservation and
management of the natural resources, whether living or non-living, both renewable and non-
renewable, of the sea-bed, including the subsoil and the superjacent waters, and with regard to
other activities for the economic exploitation and exploration of the resources of the zone, such
as the production of energy from the water, currents and winds;
(b) Exclusive rights and jurisdiction with respect to the establishment and utilization of artificial
islands, off-shore terminals, installations and structures, the preservation of the marine
environment, including the prevention and control of pollution, and scientific research;
(c) Such other rights as are recognized by international law or state practice.
Section 3. Except in accordance with the terms of any agreement entered into with the Republic
of the Philippines or of any license granted by it or under authority by the Republic of the
Philippines, no person shall, in relation to the exclusive economic zone:
(a) explore or exploit any resources;
(b) carry out any search, excavation or drilling operations:
(c) conduct any research;
(d) construct, maintain or operate any artificial island, off-shore terminal, installation or other
structure or device; or
(e) perform any act or engage in any activity which is contrary to, or in derogation of, the
sovereign rights and jurisdiction herein provided.

Nothing herein shall be deemed a prohibition on a citizen of the Philippines, whether natural or
juridical, against the performance of any of the foregoing acts, if allowed under existing laws.

Section 4. Other states shall enjoy in the exclusive economic zone freedoms with respect to
navigation and overflight, the laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and other internationally
lawful uses of the sea relating to navigation and communications.

Section 5. (a) The President may authorize the appropriate government office/agency to make
and promulgate such rules and regulations which may be deemed proper and necessary for
carrying out the purposes of this degree.
(b) Any person who shall violate any provision of this decree or of any rule or regulation
promulgated hereunder and approved by the President shall be subject to a fine which shall not
be less than two thousand pesos (P2,000.00) nor be more than one hundred thousand pesos
(100,000.00) or imprisonment ranging from six (6) months to ten (10) years, or both such fine
and imprisonment, in the discretion of the court. Vessels and other equipment or articles used in
connection therewith shall be subject to seizure and forfeiture.

Section 6. This Decree shall take effect thirty (30) days after publication in the Official Gazette.

Republic Act No. 9522

March 10, 2009


AN ACT TO AMEND CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF REPUBLIC ACT NO. 3046, AS AMENDED
BY REPUBLIC ACT NO. 5446, TO DEFINE THE ARCHIPELAGIC BASELINE OF THE
PHILIPPINES AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress
assembled::

Section 1. Section 1 of Republic Act No. 3046, entitled "An Act to Define the Baselines of the
Territorial Sea of the Philippines", as amended by Section 1 of Republic Act No. 5446, is hereby
amended to read as follows:

Section 1. The baselines of the Philippines archipelago are hereby defined and described
specifically as follows:
Basepoint Station Location World Geodetic System of 1984 Distance
Number Name (WGS 84) Coordinates to next
basepoint
Latitude (N) Longitude (E) (M)
1 PAB-01 Amianan Is. 21º6’57.73" 121º57’27.71" 70.08
2 PAB-02 Balintang Is. 19º57’38.19" 122º9’46.32" 99.17
3 PAB-04 Bigan Pt. 18º18’35.30" 122º20’19.07" 71.83
4 PAB-05A Ditolong Pt. 17º7’16.30" 122º31’28.34" 1.05
5 PAB-05B Ditolong Pt. 17º6’14.79" 122º31’43.84" 0.39
6 PAB-05 Ditolong Pt. 17º5’51.31" 122º31’42.66" 3.29
7 PAB-06 Spires Is. 17º2’36.91" 122º31’3.28" 9.74
8 PAB-06B Digollorin Pt. 16º59’18.03" 122º27’56.61" 3.51
9 PAB-06C Digollorin Rk. 16º49’56.11" 122º26’50.78" 2.40
10 PAB-07 Divimisa Pt. 16º47’38.86" 122º26’4.40" 30.94
11 PAB-08 Dinoban Pt. 16º18’44.33" 122º14’06.69" 116.26
12 PAB-10A Tinaga Is. 14º29’54.43" 122º57’51.15" 80.29
13 PAB-11 Horodaba Rk. 14º6.29.91" 124º16’59.21" 0.54
14 PAB-12 Matulin Rk. 14º6.10.40" 124º17’26.28" 96.04
15 PAB-13 Atalaya Pt. 12º41’6.37" 125º3’53.71" 6.79
16 PAB-13A Bacan Is. 12º36’18.41" 125º8’50.19" 5.52
17 PAB-14 Finch Rk. 12º32.33.62" 125º12’59.70" 0.80
18 PAB-14A Cube Rk. 12º31.57.45" 125º13’32.37" 4.90
19 PAB-14D NW Manjud Pt. 12º28’36.42" 125º17’12.32" 1.30
20 PAB-15 SE Manjud Pt. 12º27’37.51" 125º18’5.23" 7.09
21 PAB-16A S Sorz Cay 12º21’41.64" 125º23’7.41" 5.68
22 PAB-16B Panablihon 12º17’27.17" 125º27’0.12" 5.21
23 PAB-16C Alugon 12º13’21.95" 125º30’19.47" 1.94
24 PAB-16D N Bunga Pt. 12º11’48.16" 125º31’30.88" 0.54
25 PAB-17 E Bunga Pt. 12º11’20.67" 125º31’48.29" 5.71
26 PAB-18A SE Tobabao Is. 12º6’7.00" 125º34’11.94" 83.94
27 PAB-19C Suluan Is. 10º45’16.70" 125º58’8.78" 56.28
28 PAB-19D N Tuason Pt. 9º49’59.58" 126º10’6.39" 57.44
29 PAB-20A Arangasa Is. 8º53’16.62" 126º20’48.81" 40.69
30 PAB-21B Sanco Pt. 8º13’11.53" 126º28’53.25" 30.80
31 PAB-22 Bagoso Is 7º42’45.02" 126º34’29.08" 12.95
32 PAB-22C Lan
Magalona v. Ermita

In March 2009, Republic Act 9522, an act defining the archipelagic baselines of the Philippines
was enacted – the law is also known as the Baselines Law. This law was meant to comply with
the terms of the third United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS III), ratified by
the Philippines in February 1984.
Professor Merlin Magallona et al questioned the validity of RA 9522 as they contend, among
others, that the law decreased the national territory of the Philippines hence the law is
unconstitutional. Some of their particular arguments are as follows:
a. the law abandoned the demarcation set by the Treaty of Paris and other ancillary treaties –
this also resulted to the exclusion of our claim over Sabah;
b. the law, as well as UNCLOS itself, describes the Philippine waters as “archipelagic” waters
which, in international law, opens our waters landward of the baselines to maritime passage by
all vessels (innocent passage) and aircrafts (overflight), undermining Philippine sovereignty and
national security, contravening the country’s nuclear-free policy, and damaging marine
resources, in violation of relevant constitutional provisions;
c. the classification of the Kalayaan Island Group (KIG), as well as the Scarborough Shoal (bajo
de masinloc), as a “regime of islands” pursuant to UNCLOS results in the loss of a large
maritime area but also prejudices the livelihood of subsistence fishermen.

ISSUE: Whether or not the contentions of Magallona et al are tenable.

HELD: No. The Supreme Court emphasized that RA 9522, or UNCLOS, itself is not a means to
acquire, or lose, territory. The treaty and the baseline law has nothing to do with the acquisition,
enlargement, or diminution of the Philippine territory. What controls when it comes to acquisition
or loss of territory is the international law principle on occupation, accretion, cession and
prescription and NOT the execution of multilateral treaties on the regulations of sea-use rights
or enacting statutes to comply with the treaty’s terms to delimit maritime zones and continental
shelves.
The law did not decrease the demarcation of our territory. In fact it increased it. Under the old
law amended by RA 9522 (RA 3046), we adhered with the rectangular lines enclosing the
Philippines. The area that it covered was 440,994 square nautical miles (sq. na. mi.). But under
9522, and with the inclusion of the exclusive economic zone, the extent of our maritime was
increased to 586,210 sq. na. mi. (See image below for comparison)
If any, the baselines law is a notice to the international community of the scope of the maritime
space and submarine areas within which States parties exercise treaty-based rights.

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