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ABSTRACT B
B\\B Biological membranes are thin boundary structures of molecular size on the surface of
cells and subcellular particles, as well as canaliculi and vesicles piercing the
protoplasm. Their most important function is to regulate the transport of ions, sugar and
amino acids, and other metabolic products. Biological membranes adapt their
composition such that the physical properties are maintained when the external
conditions change. This gives a role to change a composition, to temperature and
pressure. In this activity, different transport of activities and the different factors affecting
diffusion, osmosis and dialysis were observed. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4)
crystals was used for the diffusion in water. It was observed that the fastest rate of
diffusion of the solute KMnO4 crystals was on hot distilled water among the other types
and conditions of water which were tap water and distilled water. Therefore, the
presence of the large amount of kinetic energy in high temperature made solute
particles diffuse quickly. For the diffusion in colloid, gelatin was used to observed the
rate of diffusion. As the experiment result showed, the KMnO4 was the fastest among
the other test stains with the smallest particle. Congo red was next to KMnO4 and the
lowest was the methylene blue. It was the believed that the particle size affects the rate
of diffusion whereas the particle size was inversely proportional to the rate of the
diffusion. Solute concentration between two solutions is the factor that affect the rate of
osmosis. Based on the results, the increase in weight of the test tube is relatively
proportional to the period of time perform in the experiment. Moreover, the
concentration of solute is inversely proportional to the concentration of water. In dialysis,
the result showed that after two minutes, the methylene blue which has larger
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NASC 2115 – BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY
molecules, pass through the longganisa skin and change the color of the distilled water
in the beaker into blue. While chloride ions diffuse faster compared to calcium ions
because it has a smaller molecular size and both chloride and calcium ions reacted with
their reactants, the silver sulphate and oxalic acid. It was concluded that a dried
longganisa skin is a semipermeable membrane that permits the passage of solvent,
dissolved ions and small molecules but blocks the passage of larger molecules.
were completely dissolved in the water and obtained the measurements for 120
and repeat the determination. minutes at10-minute intervals or until the
dye reaches the bottom of the tube.
Figure 1.0: Diffusion of solutes in various types
of Water (from left to right) –Hot distilled water,
tap water, cold distilled water, distilled water Figure 2.0: Diffusion in a Colloid (from left to
right) – Potassium Permanganate [3], Methylene
The experimenters did two trials of the Permanganate diffused faster when put
experiment because the first trial failed to in hot water mainly because its
get the expected results. The following molecules moved with greater energy
results gathered in the first trial are the than in cold water.
following: For Hot distilled water the
solute took 48.14 seconds to diffuse. For However, coming from the results of the
Distilled water the solute took 122 experiment, it is found that two of the
seconds to diffuse. For Tap water the results are inconsistent to the expected
solute took 23.04 seconds to diffuse. For rate of diffusion. Between the tap and the
Cold distilled water the solute took 132 distilled water, the Potassium
seconds to diffuse. The experimenters Permanganate should diffuse faster in
had a human error when they failed to the distilled water because it is more pure
turn off the timer accurately after the and has lesser impurities than the tap
solute already diffused that resulted to water which contains more impurities that
inaccuracy of results. However the impedes diffusion. For an instance if a
experimenters got the results in the cold pinch of salt is added to water it will make
distilled water right thus they didn’t redo the diffusion slower because it will
it on the next trial. contain other molecules which will
impedes diffusion. The experimenters in
The second trial results show that when the second trial failed to observe that the
the KMNO4 (Potassium Permanganate) distilled water diffused faster than the tap
was added in a hot distilled water the water because the amount of Potassium
solute diffused after 36.26 seconds. In Permanganate put within the two test
the second test tube when the KMNO4 tubes is not the same hence it caused
(Potassium Permanganate) was added confusion in observing the results.
in a distilled water the solute diffused
after 60.14 seconds. In the third test tube 1.2 Diffusion in Colloid
when the KMNO4 (Potassium Diffusion in colloid is slower than in
Permanganate) was added in a tap water water. It is for a reason that they have
the solute diffused after 44.02 seconds. different states where in gelatin is solid
Lastly in the fourth test tube that has cold while water is liquid.
distilled water the result of 132 seconds
Gels are networks of cross-linked
remained.
molecules in water or other liquids. The
particles of gelatin move slower hence
With increase in temperature, the kinetic
they collide less frequently meaning that
energy of all particles in the system
they spread less and restricts diffusion.
increases. This increases the rate at
which solute and solvent molecules
move, and increases collisions. From the
results of the second trial this means that
it’s accurate that the Potassium
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The osmotic pressure of a solution is the The experimenters obtained the weight
pressure difference needed to stop the of the test tube every 10 minutes in a
flow of solvent across a semipermeable span of 2 hours. The results shown as
membrane. The osmotic pressure of a follows:
solution is proportional to the molar
concentration of the solute particles in
solution. The more solute added to a Time in minutes Weight in grams
solvent, the higher the osmotic pressure.
10 31g
20 32g
30 32.5g
40 33g
50 33.5g
60 34g
70 34.5g
80 34.8g
90 35.1g
100 35.5g
110 35.5g
120 35.7g
Fig. 2: Suspended test tube with saturated
sugar upside down in a beaker
In the experiment the longanisa casing The results only show that the weight of
acted as the semipermiable membrane the test tube with the high concentrated
to separate the two solutions. The high solution becomes heavier every 10
concentrated solution is the saturated minutes within 2 hours which followed the
sugar, while the low concentrated process of osmosis. The data gathered is
solution is the distilled water. The test congruent to the expected results of the
tube with a 10ml saturated sugar was experiment therefore it is considered as
covered with a 2 ply longanisa skin while a success.
secured with a rubber band. It is then
suspended with a clamp in an upside
2. Dialysis
down setup in a beaker filled with 250ml
water.
JOURNAL OF LABORATORY REPORTS IN BIOCHEMISTRY
NASC 2115 – BIOCHEMISTRY LABORATORY
https://www.bbc.com/bitesize/articles/znqbcj6
https://biologydictionary.net/diffusion/
https://prezi.com/8vm9vq304bim/exercise-4-cell-transport/
https://www.biophysics.org/Portals/0/BPSAssets/Education/Documents/LessonPlanDiffu
sion_122115sm.pdf
http://leavingbio.net/osmosis-diffusion/
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry_Textbook_Maps/
Supplemental_Modules_(Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry)/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/
Solutions_and_Mixtures/Colligative_Properties/Osmotic_Pressure
https://www.physiologyweb.com/lecture_notes/membrane_transport/membrane_transpo
rt_processes_summary.html
https://www.scribd.com/presentation/99900245/Exercise-4-Metho
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305493284_Diffusion_Dialysis_and_Osmosis
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