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FIELD CONSOLIDATION LINE


 The modified curve of the logarithm of vertical effective stress
versus void ratio (e- log`) is called the field consolidation line.
There are two methods for determining the field consolidation
line, one for normally consolidated clay, and the other for over
consolidated clay.
 In the case of normally consolidated clay, determination of the
field consolidation line is fairly simple. However for over
consolidated clay, finding the field consolidation line is
somewhat difficult.

FIELD CONSOLIDATION LINE


NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY

In the case of normally consolidated clay, with the


given (e- log`) curve develop from the laboratory
test, the point on the (e- log`) curve
corresponding to 0.4 eo is determined let point f. a
straight line connecting points a (point a is the
point designated by a pressure of `0 and void
ratio of eo) and f gives the field consolidation line
for normally consolidated clay.

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FIELD CONSOLIDATION LINE


NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY

log `

Normally consolidated clay

FIELD CONSOLIDATION LINE


NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY

log `

Normally consolidated clay

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FIELD CONSOLIDATION LINE


NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY
 point a is the point designated by a pressure of `0 and void ratio of eo
e
a
eo

log `
`o

Normally consolidated clay

FIELD CONSOLIDATION LINE


NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY
 Point f on the (e- log`) curve corresponding to 0.4𝑒𝑜 is determined
e
a
eo

0.4 eo f

log `
`o

Normally consolidated clay

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FIELD CONSOLIDATION LINE


NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY
 a straight line connecting points a and f gives the field consolidation
line for normally consolidated clay.
e
a
eo

0.4 eo f

log `
`o

Normally consolidated clay

FIELD CONSOLIDATION LINE


NORMALLY CONSOLIDATED CLAY

e
a
eo
af is called field
consolidation line

0.4 eo f

log `
`o

Normally consolidated clay

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COMPRESSION INDEX
 The slope of the field consolidation line is called compression index

e
a
e1

e2 f

log `
log `v1 log `v2

COMPRESSION INDEX

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COMPRESSION INDEX

SETTLEMENT FROM ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION

let the primary settlement be Sc

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SETTLEMENT FROM ONE-DIMENSIONAL CONSOLIDATION

where e0 initial void ratio at volume V0

MAXIMUM PAST PRESSURE


 The earliest and the most widely used method was
the one proposed by Casagrande (1936).
 The method involves locating the point of maximum
curvature on the laboratory e-log p curve of an
undisturbed sample,
 a tangent is drawn to the curve and a horizontal line
is also constructed.
 The angle between these two lines is then bisected.
 The abscissa of the point of intersection of this
bisector with the upward extension of the inclined
straight part corresponds to the preconsolidation
pressure `m

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MAXIMUM PAST PRESSURE


 locating the point of maximum curvature
e
g

` (log scale)

MAXIMUM PAST PRESSURE


 tangent is drawn to the curve and a horizontal line is
also constructed
e
Horizontal line
h

` (log scale)

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MAXIMUM OVERBURDEN PRESSURE


 angle between these two lines is then bisected
e
g
h

` (log scale)

MAXIMUM OVERBURDEN PRESSURE


 Draw upward extension of the inclined straight part of
the curve
e
g
h
k
j

` (log scale)

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MAXIMUM PAST OVERBURDEN PRESSURE


 The abscissa of the point of intersection of this bisector with the
upward extension of the inclined straight part corresponds to the
e preconsolidation pressure `m
g
h
k
j

`m ` (log scale)

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Elastic settlement profile and contact pressure in clay

Flexible foundation

Rigid foundation

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Elastic settlement profile and contact pressure in sand

Flexible foundation

Rigid foundation

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Elastic Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity
From Hooke’s law

Where
Se elastic settlement
Es modulus of elasticity of soil
μs Poisson’s ratio of the soil
H thickness of the soil layer
Δσx, Δσy, Δσz, stress increase due to the
net applied foundation load in the x, y, and
z directions, respectively

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Elastic Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity

where
q0 is net applied pressure on the
foundation
μs Poisson’s ratio of the soil
Es average modulus of elasticity of
the soil under the foundation
measured from z = 0 to about z = 4B
B' = B/2 for center of foundation
= B for corner of foundation
α = factor that depends on the location
on the foundation where
settlement is being calculated
Is shape factor
If depth factor

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Elastic Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity

(Steinbrenner, 1934)
settlement at the center of the foundation

settlement at a corner of the foundation

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Elastic Settlement Based on the Theory of Elasticity

Fox, 1948

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


The elastic settlement of a rigid foundation

Bowles (1987) recommended using a weighted average


value of Es

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Example
Calculate the elastic
settlement of a rigid shallow
foundation 1 m x 2 m at the
center of the foundation.

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Saturated Clay (Poisson’s ratio μ = 0.5)
Janbu et al. (1956) Christian and Carrier (1978)

where A1 is a function of H/B and L/B


A2 is a function of Df /B
and Es is modulus of elasticity

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Saturated Clay (Poisson’s ratio μ = 0.5)
Janbu et al. (1956)

where cu undrained shear strength.

Duncan and Buchignani, (1976)

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: From CPT test
Schmertmann et al. (1978).

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: Use of Strain Influence Factor
Schmertmann et al. (1978).

Iz can be calculated as

where
qZ 1 is effective stress at a depth of z1 before
construction of the foundation

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: From CPT test
Schmertmann et al. (1978).

Terzaghi et al.,(1996)

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: From CPT test
Procedure

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: From CPT test
Procedure

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: From CPT test

Example

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: From CPT test

Solution

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: From CPT test

Solution

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: From CPT test

Solution

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: From SPT test
Meyerhof’s Method
Meyerhof (1956)

According to Meyerhof’s theory, for 25 mm (1 in.) of estimated maximum settlement

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: From SPT test
researchers have observed that its results are rather conservative. Later, Meyerhof (1965)
suggested that the net allowable bearing pressure should be increased by about 50%.

Bowles (1956)

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: From SPT test
researchers have observed that its results are rather conservative. Later, Meyerhof (1965)
suggested that the net allowable bearing pressure should be increased by about 50%.

* The N60 referred to in the preceding equations is the standard penetration


resistance between the bottom of the foundation and 2B below the bottom

Study by yourself
Burland and Burbidge’s Method
Example 5.8

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ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: From SPT test
Example

Solution

ELASTIC SETTLEMENT OF FOUNDATIONS


Settlement of Sandy Soil: From SPT test
Example

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