HUMAN

REPRODUCTION
Cytogenetics
 HUMAN GROWTH
• Genes are responsible for our growth and development
• From conception to adulthood
• Gene expression influences cell growth, physiologic growth, possible
defects

• Starts with the gametes (sperm and oocyte)

• Each contains 50% genes from each parent
 REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
• Both male and female reproductive organs contain the
following:
• Paired gonad structures (testes, ovaries)
• Tubular structures for cell transport
• Hormones and secretions regulating production
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
STRUCTURE FUNCTION
1. Scrotum Pouch of skin that holds testes
2. Testes Site of sperm cell production; source of male
hormones
3. Epididymis Site for sperm cell maturation and storage
4. Vas deferens / ductus deferens Transports sperm from epididymis to urethra
5. Ejaculatory ducts Passageway for sperm ejection
6. Seminal vesicles Secretes alkaline fluid (fructose, prostaglandins)
7. Prostate Secretes fluid (enzymes, citric acid,
seminalplasmin)
8. Bulbourethral gland Secretes alkaline fluid and mucus into urethra
prior to sperm cell release
9. Penis Contains the urethra, passageway for sperm and
urine
 SPERMATOGENESIS
• Production of sperm cells within the testis
 SPERM CELL
• Produced within seminiferous tubules

• Matures in epididymis
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
 FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Structure Function
1. Ovaries Produces oocyte (egg cell); female hormones
2. Uterine / fallopian tubes Passageway for sperm to reach ovum
3. Uterus Passageway for sperm to reach uterine tubes;
site of implantation of fertilized egg; source of
menstrual flow
4. Vagina Receives the penis during sexual intercourse;
outlet of menstrual flow; passageway for childbirth
 OOGENESIS
• Occurs within the ovarian
follicles

• Ovarian / menstrual cycle

• Oogenesis
• Preparation of uterus
REPRODUCTIVE
CYCLE
 FERTILIZATION
• Union of sperm and oocyte
• Merger of genes (diploid cell)
• Formation of zygote
FERTILIZATION
 FERTILIZATION
Stage Time frame Key events
Fertilized egg 12 to 24 hours after ovulation Fertilized egg; zygote has 23
pairs of chromosomes
Cleavage 30 hours to 3rd day Increased mitosis
Morula 3rd to 4th day Solid ball of cells
Blastocyst 5th day to 2nd week Formation of trophoblast (outer
cover of cell) and inner cell
mass; implantation (embryonic
disc)

Gastrula End of 2nd week Primary germ layers form

EMBRYONIC AND FETAL GROWTH
 REFERENCES
1. Lewis, R. 2018. McGraw-Hill Education, New York.

2. Tortora, G.J., Derrickson, B. 2009. John Wiley & Sons, (Asia)

Pte Ltd.

3. Seeley, R.R., Stephens, T.D., Tate, P. 2007. McGraw-Hill, New

York.