What is transformer?

"the heart of the alternating current system"

- William Stanley Jr.

A transformer is a static device which transforms electrical energy(only AC, no DC) from one
circuit to another without any direct electrical connection and with the help of mutual
induction between two windings without changing its frequency but may be in different voltage
level. It consists of two or more coils of wire wound around a common ferromagnetic core.
These coils are only connected between the coils in the common magnetic flux present within
the core. A transformer operates on the principals of “electromagnetic induction”, in the form
of Mutual Induction. Transformers get their name from the fact that they “transform” one
voltage or current level into another. Since there is no rotating or moving part so transformer is
a static device. Transformer operates on ac supply and it can step up or step down the level of
AC voltage or AC Current.

Why do we need transformer?

1. To step up and step down voltage level without having much loss. Step up voltage is
used to transmit the power to very long distance without higher transmission loss.
2. Because of Static device its operating efficiency is 98% compare to any other electrical
device.
3. Easy control & voltage adjustment.

Why don’t transformers work with direct current?

Transformers work on the principle of electromagnetic induction, that is, as long as
there's a change in the current flowing through either of the coil; an emf will be induced in the
other coil. If the current becomes constant, the emf will disappear.
When DC supply is given to the primary of a Transformer, DC current flows through primary
dϕ
winding which is constant (time invariant) in nature, so induced emf, e = =0, [as for DC,
dx
is constant] so, no emf will be produced in primary winding.
Again, I=V/Z; Z=R+jXL, XL= 2π fL
f=0 (In case of DC), XL=0, hence Z=R
so , I =V/R, R<Z (transformer winding coils are made up of copper, and therefore have almost
zero resistance)
so excessive high current (beyond the rated value) will flow if DC is used which will damage or
eventually burnout the winding.

Types of Transformers
There are two basic Types of Transformers
1. Single Phase Transformers 2. Three Phase Transformers
Types of Transformers according to the designing and manufacturing the transformers:
1. Core Type Transformers 2. Shell Type Transformers
According to the practical uses by the industry, transformers can be roughly classified as:
 Single phase Transformer

1. Power transformers 2.Distribution transformers 3. Reactors

Types of Transformer w.r.t applications

Power Transformer
Distribution Transformer
Lighting Transformer
Control Transformer
Instrument Transformer
Types of Transformer w.r.t Cooling
Self Air Cooled or Dry Type Transformer
Air Blast-Cooled Dry Type
Oil Immersed, Self Cooled (OISC) or ONAN (Oil natural, Air natural)
Oil Immersed, Combination of Self Cooled and Air blast (ONAN)
Oil Immersed, Water Cooled (OW)
Oil Immersed, Forced Oil Cooled
Oil Immersed, Combination of Self Cooled and Water Cooled (ONAN+OW)
Oil Forced, Air forced Cooled (OFAC)
Forced Oil, Water Cooled (FOWC)
Forced Oil, Self Cooled (OFAN)
Types of Instrument Transformer

Current Transformer
Potential Transformer
Constant Current Transformer
Rotating Core Transformer or Induction regulator
Auto Transformer

Working Principle of two winding Transformer

The working principle of transformer is very simple. It depends upon Faraday's

Laws of Electromagnetic Induction. According to these laws, "Rate of change of flux linkage
with respect to time is directly proportional to the induced EMF in a conductor or coil".
In other words, an e.m.f. is induced in a coil if the flux linkage of the coil changes with time.
Say we have one winding which is supplied by an alternating electrical source. The alternating
current through the winding produces a continually changing flux or alternating flux that surrounds
3
 Single phase Transformer

the winding. If any other winding is brought nearer to the previous one, obviously some portion of
this flux will link with the second. As this flux is continually changing in its amplitude and direction,
there must be a change in flux linkage in the second winding or coil. According to Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction, there must be an EMF induced in the second. If the circuit of the later
winding is closed, there must be an current flowing through it. This is the simplest form of electrical
power transformer and this is the most basic Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction
Fig. 1 shows a Single-phase transformer consisting of two windings, wound on a magnetic core
and linked by a mutual flux φ

φ
I1

V1 P S
N1 N2

Fig.1
The primary winding P is connected to an alternating voltage source V1 , therefore an alternating
current I1 starts flowing through N1 turns. The alternating m.m.f N1 I1 sets up alternating flux
φ which is confined to the iron path. The alternating flux includes voltage E1 in the primary P
and E2 in the secondary S. Now if a load is connected across the secondary, a load current will
starts flowing.

Emf Equation of Transformer

Let, the voltage V1 applied to the primary be sinusoidal. Then the current I 1 will also be
a sine wave. The mmf N1 I1 and therefore, the flux φ will follow the variations of I1 very
closely. That is, the flux φ is in time phase with the current I1 and varies sinusoidally.
Let, the sinusoidal variation of flux φ be expressed as φ = φm Sin ωt.……… (1)
Where, φm is maximum value of flux and ω=2πf.
The e.m.f e1 induced in the primary N1 turns by the alternating flux φ is given by

dφ
e1 = − N1
dt
= − N1ωφmCosω t
π
= N1ωφm Sin(ω t − ) ………………… (2)
2

Let, N1ωφm = E1m

π
∴ e1 = E1m Sin(ω t − )
2

4
 Single phase Transformer

E1m N1.φm .2π f

∴ E1 (r.m.s value) = 2 = 2 = 4.44 φm . f .N1 ……… (3)

φ
I1

+ +
N1 N2 − −

V1 E1 E2 V2 ZL

− − P S + +

The e.m.f. e1 induced in N1 turns must be in such a direction as to oppose the

cause i.e. I 1 as per Len’s Law. Therefore, e1 opposes v1 . Since, primary winding resistance is
negligible, e1 at every instant, must be equal and opposite to v1 .
dφ
i.e. v1 = −e1 = N 1
dt
or, V1 = − E1 ………………………………………… (4)

The e.m.f. induced in the secondary winding,

dφ dφ
e2 = − N 2 = − N 2ωφmCosω t
dt dt
π
= E2 m Sin(ω t − ) …………………………………………. (5)
2
Where E2 m = N 2ωφm .

E2 m N 2 .φm .2π f
E2 (r.m.s value) = =
2 2
= 4.44 N 2 .φm . f …………………………… (6)
Voltage and Turns Ratio
So from (3) & (6),

E1 4.44φm . f .N1 N1
= = …………………………………… (7)
E2 4.44φm . f .N 2 N 2

E1 E2
or = …………………………………………… (8)
N1 N 2
5
 Single phase Transformer

i.e. e.m.f. per turn in primary = e.m.f. per turn in secondary.

E1 N1
Also, = ……………………………………….(9)
E2 N 2
N
The ratio ( 1 ) is called the Turns ratio of the transformer.
N2
N
The ratio of primary to secondary Turns ( 1 ) which equals the ratio of primary to secondary
N2
E
induced voltage ( 1 ), indicates how much the primary voltage is lowered or raised. The turn
E2
ratio, or the voltage induced ratio, is called transformation ratio and is denoted k. Thus,
E1 N1
k= = ……………………………………… (10)
E2 N 2

In a practical voltage transformer, there is a very small difference between the terminal
voltage and the induce voltage.
Therefore, we can assume that E1 = V1 and E2 = V2 , so equation (10) is modified as-

V1 N1
= = k ……………………….. ……… (11)
V2 N 2

Same ratio can be derived by dividing equation (6) by equation (3).

The winding with higher number of turns will have a high voltage and is called high voltage
(HV) winding. The winding with the lower number of turns is called the low voltage (LV)
winding.
Now, if Bm = Maximum flux density in the magnetic core in Tesla (T), A = area of cross section of
the core in squire meter(m2)
ϕm
Then, Bm = , where ϕ m is the maximum value of the flux in webers(Wb). So, 1 T = Wb/m2.
A

Step Up and Step Down Transformers:

A transformer in which the secondary voltage i.e output voltage is greater than its primary
voltage i.e input voltage is called a step up transformer.
For a step up transformer, V2>V1, so voltage transformation ratio, k<1
For a step down transformer, V1>V2, so voltage transformation ratio, k>1
The same transformer can be used as a step up transformer or set down transformer
depending upon the way it is connected in the circuit or network. When the transformer is used
as a step up transformer, the

6
 Single phase Transformer

low voltage winding is the primary and the high voltage side is the secondary. Again when the
transformer is used as a step down transformer, the high voltage winding is the primary and
the low voltage side is the secondary.

A transformer in which primary turns and secondary turns both are equal i.e primary voltage
and secondary voltage both are equal is said to be isolation transformer. Such type of
transformer also called one to one (1:1) transformer. Basically such transformers are used to
isolate two circuits. Main uses of such transformers are in industry for interior or exterior
illumination systems.
So for isolation transformer, N1=N2=k=1 or V1=V2=k=1.

Ideal Two Winding Transformers:-

For a transformer to be an ideal one, the various assumptions are as follows:-
1. Primary and secondary Winding resistances are
negligible.
2. All the flux set up by the primary winding is confined
to the core and links the secondary winding. No
leakage Flux and leakage inductances are present.
3. The hysteresis and eddy current losses are negligible.
4. Zero magnetizing current i.e the core has infinite
permeability and zero reluctance so that zero
magnetizing current is required for establishing the
required amount of flux in the core. The
magnetization curve for the core is linear.

It is mentioned here that practical transformer has none of the above properties inspite
of the fact that its operation is nearly close to ideal.
An ideal iron core transformer is shown in fig.2 below. It consists of two coils wound in
the same direction on a common magnetic core winding connection to the supply, V1, is
called the primary winding. The winding connected to the load, ZL, is called the
secondary winding.

7
 Single phase Transformer

φ
I1

+ +
N1 N2 − −
V1 E1 E2 V2 ZL

− − P S + +

Since the ideal transformer has zero primary and zero secondary impedance, the voltage
induced in the primary winding E1 is equal to to the applied voltage V1. Similarly, the secondary
voltage V2 is equal to the secondary induced voltage E2. The current I1 flows through primary
winding sets up mutual flux Φ and the required mmf I1N1 to overcome the demagnetizing effect
of the secondary mmf I2N2 as a result of connected load.
By Lenz’s law E1 is equal and opposite to V1. Since E2 and E1 are both induced by the same
mutual flux, E2 is in the same direction as E1 but opposite to V1. The magnetizing current IΦ lags
V1 by 900 and produces Φ in phase with IΦ. E1 and E2 lag Φ by 900 and are produced by Φ. V2 is
equal in magnitude to E2, and is opposite to V1. Below fig.3 shows the no-load phasor diagram
of the ideal transformer.

V1 = − E1

90o Iφ =I1
φ

90o
E2 V2

E1

Fig.3. Phasor diagram of ideal transformer at no load

Ideal transformer under load:-

Let, us consider a load impedance Z L is connected across the secondary terminals. Since
the resistance of the secondary winding is zero, V2 = E2 . According to Len’s Law, the direction
of secondary current I 2 should be such that the secondary m.m.f F2 (= I 2 N 2 ) is opposite to the

8
 Single phase Transformer

main flux φ in the core. The m.m.f. F2 , being opposite to φ , tends to reduce the alternating flux
φ . Any reduction in φ would reduce E1 . But, for an ideal transformer V1 = − E1 .If the applied
voltage V1 is constant, E1 and therefore φ must remains constant. This can happen only if the
primary draws more current I '1 from the source, in order to neutralize the demagnetizing effect
of F2 . Thus primary takes more current I '1 in excess of Iφ because of I 2 in a manner that

I '1 N1 = I 2 N 2 …………………………………. (1)

Since, the m.m.f’s F1 and F2 tends to magnetize the core in opposite direction; they
are shown in phase opposition.

V1 = − E1
F1

I1
I1'

φ
Iφ
θ2
I2

E2 = V2
F2

E1

The total primary current I1 is the phasor sum of I '1 and Iφ i.e.
'
I1 = I 1 + Iφ

If magnetizing current Iφ is neglected, then from …. (1)

9
 Single phase Transformer

I1 N1 = I 2 N 2 …………………………. (2)
Equation (2) states that the demagnetizing ampere-turns of the secondary are equal and
opposite to the magnetizing mmf of the primary of an ideal transformer

i.e. primary ampere- turns = secondary ampere- turns

.
Therefore,
V1 E1 N1 I 2
= = =
V2 E2 N 2 I1
So, for an ideal transformer, if k= transformation ratio= turn ratio
N V E I
Then, k = 1 = 1 = 1 = 2 .
N 2 V2 E2 I1

or
V1I1 = V2 I 2 ……………………………… (3)
Equation (3) shows that the voltaamperes i.e apparent power drwn from primary supply is
equal to the voltamperes i.e apparent power transferred to the secondary without any loss in
an ideal transformer.
In other words

Primary volt-amps = secondary volt-amps.

Or
Input volt-amperes = output volt-amperes.
VI VI
Also 1 1 = 2 2
1000 1000
(KVA)1=(KVA)2
Or

input kilovoltamperes = output kilovoltamperes.

So, the KVA ratting of an ideal transformer is same on both sides.

Actual or practical transformer

In case of ideal transformer certain assumptions were made which are not valid in a real or
practical. In actual transformer both windings resistances are exists and the core has finite
permeability and there is a leakage flux present. Therefore, the efficiency of a real transformer
is not 100% due to the winding impedance losses.

Winding Resistance and Reactance:

In actual transformer both the primary and secondary windings have finite resistances r1 and
r2 respectively which cause copper losses and voltage drop in them. So in actual the result is
that:-
1. V2<E2 and V2 is the phasor difference of E2 and I2r2 if magnetic leakage is
neglected.
2. V1>E1 and V1 is the phasor sum of E1 and I1r1 if magnetic leakage is neglected.
10
 Single phase Transformer

It was previously assumed that the entire flux developed by the primary winding is confined
into the core but in actual case, part of the flux produced by the primary winding links only
with the primary winding turns and that leakage flux is denoted by ΦL1 and leakage reactance
caused due to this is denoted as xL1.This is true for the secondary winding turns also and the
leakage flux is denoted by ΦL2 and the leakage reactance is denoted as xL2.

A practical or real transformer with magnetic leakage and

winding resistance is equivalent to an ideal transformer (having
no resistance and leakage reactance) having resistive and
inductive coil connected in series with each windings as shown
in fig.4 below.

Actual transformer at no load:-

At no loan secondary winding remains open circuited and hence no current flows through it
only a small amount no loan primary current (only 3to 6% of the full load primary
current)(denoted by Ie) flows through primary winding when an alternative voltage is applied
to the primary winding. No load current Ie has two components IΦ and Ic. The components IΦ is
called the magnetizing component which magnetizes the iron core and sets up the magnetic
flux in the core, so it is in phase with the flux Φ. IΦ is also called reactive or wattles component
of no load current.
The other component Ic, supplies the hysteresis and eddy current losses in the core is called the
active or wattful component of no load current. It is in phase with the applied voltage V1.
(i) The mutual flux φ is common both to the primary and secondary
(ii) The induced e.m..f’s E1 and E2 lag φ by 90o .
(iii) The voltage − E1 is replaced by V '1 and V '1 may be treated as voltage drop in the
primary in the direction of primary current.
(iv) Effect of iron loss:-the core loss (or iron loss)

φ, B
A

− H1
O + H1
H , Ie

11
 Single phase Transformer

The current in the primary is alternating, therefore the magnetizing force H cyclically varies
from a +ve value say H1 to a –ve value − H1 .
When the no-load current I e becomes zero, the flux density has some finite +ve value OA,
indicating that flux φ lags I e by a small angle α .
The no load current I e is called exiting current of transformer and can be resolved into two
components. The component Iφ along φ is called the magnetizing current and the component
along V '1 is called loss component, so that

I e = Iφ 2 + I c 2
(v) Effect of transformer resistance:- this can be accounted for, by adding to V '1 , a voltage drop
equal to I e r1 .
(vi) Effect of leakage flux:-

•
φl1
V1 P S
N1 N2
φl1
•

The point A is at a higher magnetic potential than point B. this magnetic potential difference
produces
(a) the mutual flux φ which links both the winding.
(b) the primary leakage flux φl1 which links only the primary winding.
The effect of primary leakage flux is represented by a reactance x1 which is known
as primary leakage reactance. The effect of this can be accounted for by adding a voltage
drop jI e x1 to V '1 .

V1 = V1' + I e ( r1 + jx1 )

12
 Single phase Transformer

V1
jI e x1

I e r1 Cosθ 0
V = − E1
1
'

Ie
Ic
θ0
α
Iφ φ

V2 = E2

E1
UNDER LOAD:-
i) E1 and E2 lag φ by 90o .
ii) The exciting current I e = I c + Iφ .
iii) The effect of secondary leakage flux φl 2 is represented by another reactance x2 which is
known as secondary leakage reactance. If the secondary resistance is r2 and secondary
current I 2 , then E2 = V2 + I 2 (r2 + jx2 )
φm
I1
I2

E1
N1 N2 E2
V1 φl 1 φl1 V2
P r1 φl 2 r2 φl 2
S

iv) Due to I 2 in the secondary, a current I '1 flows in the primary which is in phase opposition
to I 2
v) Total primary current I1 = I ' 1 + I e
vi) The voltage V '1 equal to E1 is considered in the direction of current in primary winding, so
that V '1 = − E1
vii) The drop in the primary winding I1 (r1 + jx1 )
Therefore V1 = V '1 + I1 (r1 + jx1 )
13
 Single phase Transformer

V1
jI1 x1

I1r1
I1
V1' = − E1
I1'
θ1

Ic Ie

φm
θ2 Iφ
V2

I2 I 2 r2
E2
jI 2 x2

E1

Lagging p.f. load.

V1 jI1 x1

I1r1
I1
I1' θ1
Ie
Ic
φ
Iφ
V2
θ2
I 2 r2 I2
E2
jI 2 x2
E1
leading p.f load

The phasor diagram is helpful in analysis only (i) when a transformer is to be studied
alone and (ii) when the internal behavior of the transformer is to be understood. When the
transformer is a part of the integrated power system network, instead of phasor diagram, the
transformer equivalent circuit is used.

14
 Single phase Transformer

Prob. A 2200/220V, 50Hz, 1- φ transformer has exiting current of 0.6A and a core loss of 361
watts, when its h.v. side is energized at rated voltage. Calculate the two components of exciting
current.
If the transformer supplies a load current of 60A at 0.8p.f lag on its h.v. side then calculate
the primary current and it’s power factor. Ignore leakage impedance drop.

Sol. I e =0.6A, supply voltage V '1 =2200V, core loss ( Pc ) = 361W

Pc V1' 361
∴ Core loss component ( I c ) = = =0.164A
V1' Iφ 2200
∴ Magnetizing component ( Iφ ) = I e2 − I c2 = 0.62 − 0.1642 =0.576A

Let V '1 = 2200 ∠0o V, I e = I c -j Iφ = 0.164-j0.576= 0.6 ∠ − 74.1o A

V1 = − E1

I1
'
I1

36.8o

Ic Ie
74.1o
φm
Iφ
θ2
= 36.8o

I2 E2 = V2
=60A
E1

Now, cos θ 2 =0.8(lag) ∴ θ 2 = 36.8o (lag)

I1' N 2 N N V 220 1
I 2 =60A, Now = , or, I '1 = 2 × I 2 , Again, 2 = 2 = =
I 2 N1 N1 N1 V1 2200 10
1
∴ I '1 = × 60 =6A.
10
∴ I1' =6 ∠ − 36.8o A and I e =0.6 ∠ − 74.1o A.
∴ I1 = I1' + I e =6 ∠ − 36.8o +0.6 ∠ − 74.1o =4.8-j3.6+0.164-j0.577
=4.964-j4.177=6.48 ∠ − 40o A
15
 Single phase Transformer

∴ Primary current =6.48A, and power factor, = Cos(- 40o )= 0.766(lag).

Equivalent Circuit of a transformer:-

The primary current I1 consist of two components, one component I '1 counteracts the
secondary mmf I 2 N 2 totally and the other component is the exciting current I e which is
composed of I c and Iφ .The current I c is in phase with V '1 and can be represented by a
V1'2
resistance Rc in parallel with V '1 , where Rc = . The current Iφ lags V '1 by 90o and this can,
Pc
V1'
therefore be represented in the equivalent ckt by a reactance X φ , such that, X φ = .
Iφ
r1 jx1 jx2 r2
Ο Ο
I1 N1 N2 I2

V1 V1' E2' V2

Ο Ο

(a) Exciting current neglected

r1 jx1 jx2 r2
Ο Ο

Ie I N1 N2 I2
I1 Ic φ
'
jX φ V1 E2'
V1 Rc V2

Ο Ο

(b) Exact equivalent circuit.

r1 jx1 jx2' r2'
Ο Ο Ο
Ie N N1 N
I1 Ic Iφ I1 = I 2 ( 2 ) 2
N1
N
V1 Rc jX φ V2 ( 1 ) V2
N2

Ο Ο Ο

16
 Single phase Transformer

(c)Exact equivalent circuit referred to primary.

r1' jx1' jx2 r2

Ο Ο Ο
N1
N1 N2 N Ie ( ) I2
I1 ( 1 ) N2
N2 Rc Iφ
N V2
V1 V1 ( 2 ) N jX φ
N1 Ic ( 1 )
N2

Ο Ο Ο

(d) Exact equivalent circuit referred to secondary.

Secondary resistance drop, when transferred to primary must be multiplied by the turn’s
N
ratio 1 .
N2
N
∴ Secondary resistance drop when transferred to primary= I 2 .r2 . 1
N2
N N
= X e I1. 1 .r2 . 1 = I1.r1'
N2 N2
N
Where r2' = secondary resistance referred to primary= r2 ( 1 )2
N2
N
Similarly for reactance:- x2' = x2 ( 1 ) 2
N2

17
 Single phase Transformer

Refereed to primary Referred to secondary

Primary resistance= r1 N2 2
Primary resistance= r1' = r1 ( )
N1 2 N1
Secondary resistance= r2' = r2 ( )
N2 Secondary resistance= r2
Primary reactance= x1 N2 2
Primary reactance= x1' = x1 ( )
N1 2 N1
Secondary reactance x2' = x2 ( )
N2 Secondary reactance = x2
Total resistance= re1 = r1 + r2' Total resistance= re 2 = r1' + r2
Total reactance= xe1 = x1 + x2' Total reactance= xe 2 = x1' + x2
∴ Impedance= ze1 = re1 + jxe1 ∴ Impedance= ze 2 = re 2 + jxe 2
Primary current= I1 N
Primary current= I1' I1.( 1 )
N N2
Secondary current= I 2' = I 2 ( 2 )
N1 Secondary current I 2
Primary voltage = V1 N
Primary voltage= V1' = V1 ( 2 )
N N1
Secondary voltage= V2' = V2 ( 1 )
N2 Secondary voltage = V1

Approximate Equivalent Circuit:-

Approximation-(i):- Primary leakage impedance drop due to exciting current i.e I e (r1 + jx1 ) is
neglected.
18
 Single phase Transformer

I1 j ( x1 + x '2 ) r1 + r2'
Ο Ο
Ie '
I2

V1 V2 '
Rc jX φ

Ο Ο

Referred to primary

Approximation –(ii):- since, I e is about 2 to 6% of fill load current, I e often neglected.

j ( x1 + x2' )
r1 + r2'

Ο Ο

I1 = I '
2

V1 V2'

Ο Ο

Referred to primary

Prob. A 33 KVA, 2200/220, 50Hz, 1- φ transformer has the following parameters:-

Primary winding:- resistance( r1 )=2.4 Ω , leakage reactance( x1 )=6.00 Ω .
Secondary winding:- resistance( r2 )= 0.03 Ω , leakage reactance( x2 )=0.07 Ω
Find:-
(a)The equivalent impedance referred to primary and also referred to secondary
(b)The total ohmic loss at full load
Sol.
N1 V1 2200
Turns ratio = = = =10
N 2 V2 220
Referred to Primary:-
r1 =2.4 Ω , r2' = 0.03 × (10) 2 =3.0 Ω
∴ re1 =2.4+3.0=5.4 Ω
x1 =6.00 Ω , x '2 = 0.07 × (10) 2 = 7.0Ω
∴ xe1 =6.0+7.0=13.0 Ω
∴ ze1 =5.4+j13.0=14.07 ∠67.44o Ω

19
 Single phase Transformer

33 ×103
I1 = = 15 A
2200
∴ Ohmic loss,= I1' × re1 = (15) 2 × 5.4 = 1215W
Referred to Secondary:
1
r1' = 2.4 × ( ) 2 = 0.024Ω
10
r2 =0.03 Ω
re1 =0.024+0.03=0.054 Ω
1
x1' = 6.0 × ( ) 2 = 0.06Ω , x2 =0.07 Ω
10
∴ xe1 =0.06+0.07=0.13 Ω
∴ ze1 =0.054+j0.13=0.1407 ∠67.44o Ω
33 ×103
I2 = = 150 A
220
∴ Ohmic loss= I 22 × re 2 = (150) 2 × 0.054 =1250W

OPEN CIRCUIT AND SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:-

These two test on a transformer help to determine (i) the parameters of the
equivalent ckt (ii) the voltage regulation, (iii) efficiency.

OPEN CIRCUIT TEST:-

Ο Ο

Ο Ο

(a) ckt diagram for open ckt test on a transformer.

20
 Single phase Transformer

Ie
Ο Ο
Ie
Ic
V1 = V1' V2 '
Rc Xφ

Ο Ο

(b)Approximate equivalent ckt at no load.

In open ckt test a voltmeter, a wattmeter and an ammeter are connected on the l.v. side of the
transformer as shown. The high voltage side is left open ckted. The rated frequency rated
voltage is applied to thew l.v. side.
The ammeter records the no-load current or exciting current I e . Since I e is about 2 to 6%
of rated current, the primary leakage impedance drop is negligible, hence V1 = − E1
The input power given by the wattmeter reading consists of core loss and ohmic loss
during open ckt test is 0.04 to 0.36 % of full load ohmic loss and is neglected. Hence, the
wattmeter reading can be taken to be transformer core loss.
V1 = − E1

Ic θ0 Ie
φm
Iφ

E2 = V2

E1

V2 Pc
No-load power ( pc ) = V1.I e .Cosθ 0 , ∴ Cosθ 0 =
V1 V1.I e
I c = I e Cosθ 0 and Iφ = I e Sinθ 0

21
 Single phase Transformer

V1 V V2
Then Rc = and X φ = 1 . Turns ratio= .
Ic Iφ V1

The values calculated are referred to the l.v. side as all the instruments are connected on the l.v
side.
From open ckt test we can find out:-
(a) Core loss at rated voltage and frequency.
(b) Rc and X φ of equivalent ckt.
(c) Turns ratio of the transformer.

SHORT CIRCUIT TEST:-

Ο Ο

Ο Ο

(a) Ckt diagram for short ckt test on a transformer.

r1 x1 x2 r2
Ο Ο

Rc Xφ

Ο Ο

(b) Equivalent ckt with L.V. short ckted.

22
 Single phase Transformer

r1 x1 x2 r2
Ο Ο

I sc
Vsc , Psc

Ο Ο

(c) Approximate equivalent ckt with L.V. short ckted.

In shirt ckt test, the l.v side of the transformer is short ckted and the instrument are connected
on the high voltage side. The applied voltage is adjusted to calculated rated current in the high
voltage side which in turn causes rated current to flow in the l.v winding.
From the equivalent ckt, it is clean that the secondary leakage impedance drop which is
about 1 to 6 % of rated voltage appears across the exciting branch. The resultant exciting
current being 0.02 to 0.36 % of its full-load value can be ignored. Thus the core loss under short
ckt test can also be neglected. Hence the wattmeter reading can be taken to register only the
ohmic losses in both the windings.
From the approximate equivalent ckt:-
V P
Z e = sc , ∴ Re = sc 2
I sc ( I sc )
∴ X e = Z 22 − Re2
Where, Z e , Re and X e are equivalent impedance, resistance and reactance referred to h.v. side.

Prob. A 20KVA, 2500/250v, 50Hz, 1-φ transformer gave the following test results:
Open circuit (on l.v. side) -250V, 1.4A, 105 watts
Short circuit (on h.v. side)-104V, 8A, 320 watts.
Compute parameters of the approximate equivalent circuit referred to l.v and h.v sides
and draw the approx equivalent circuit.

Sol.:
N1 V1 2500
Turns ratio,= I h2+ e .Rh + e = (9.08)2 × 250 = 20.61 = = = 10
N 2 V2 250
From open circuit test:-
105
Cos θ 0 = 0.3 , ∴ θ 0 = 72.55o .
250 × 1.4
∴ c
I = I e Cosθ 0 = 1.4 × 0.3 = 0.42 A

23
 Single phase Transformer

& Iφ = I e Sinθ 0 = 1.4 × Sin72.55o = 1.336 A

V1 250
∴ RcL = = = 595 Ω
I c 0.42
V 250
& XφL = 1= = 187 Ω
Iφ 1.336
From short circuit test:-
V 104
Z CH = SC1 = = 13 Ω
I SC 8
P 320
reH = SC 2 = 2 = 5 Ω
( I SC ) 8
∴ X eH = 132 − 52 = 12 Ω

Equivalent ckt parameters referred to l.v side:-

RcL = 595 Ω , ∴ X φ L = 187 Ω
1 1
reL = 5( ) 2 = 0.05 Ω , xeL = 12( )2 = 0.12 Ω
10 10

0.12Ω 0.05Ω
Ο Ο

595Ω 187Ω

Ο Ο

Equivalent parameters referred to h.v side:-

RcH = 595 ×102 = 59500 Ω
X φ H = 187 ×102 = 18700 Ω
reH = 5 Ω , ∴ X eH = 12 Ω .

24
 Single phase Transformer

12Ω 5Ω
Ο Ο

59500Ω 18700Ω

Ο Ο

Per- Unit Impedance:-

Voltage drop across Z at rated current

P.U. Impedance ( Z P.U ) = ------------------------------------------------------------

Rated voltage

I rated × Z (inΩ)
=
Vrated

% Impedance = P.U. impedance × 100.

Prob. A 10KVA, 2000/200V, 1-φ transformer has the following parameters:-

r1 =3.6 Ω r2 = 0.04 Ω
x1 =5.3 Ω x2 =0.056 Ω
Find the P.U. values of re and xe referred to l.v and h.v sides.

Sol.
P.U.impedance referred to either l.v or h.v sides of a transformer are same.
10000
Rated current= =5A
2000
5 × 3.6
∴ p.u. r1 = = 0.009 .
2000
5 × 5.2
p.u. x1 = = 0.013 .
2000
10000
L.V side:- Rated voltage =200v, Rated current = = 50 A
200
50 × 0.04
∴ p.u. r2 = = 0.01
200

25
 Single phase Transformer

50 × 0.056
p.u, x2 = = 0.014
200
∴ p.u. re = p.u. r1 + p.u. r2 = 0.009+0.01=0.019
p.u. xe = p.u. x1 + p.u. x2 = 0.013+0.014=0.027

∴ % re = 0.019 × 100=1.9%
& % xe = 0.027 × 100=2.7%.

VOLTAGE REGULATION OF A TRANSFORMER:-

Deff.It is defined as the change in secondary terminal voltage, expressed as percentage of the
secondary rated voltage, when load of the given power factor is increased from zero, with the
primary applied voltage held constant.
If V2 = secondary terminal voltage at full-load.
& E2 = secondary terminal voltage at no-load
Then, at specified power factor,

E2 − V2
Voltage Regulation= ×100
Secondary, rated , voltage
As per IS, the secondary rated voltage of a transformer is equal to the secondary terminal
voltage at no-load i.e E2 .
E −V
∴ Voltage Regulation= 2 2 × 100
E2
At no-load, the primary leakage impedance drop is almost negligible. Therefore, the
N
secondary no-load voltage E2 = V1. 2
N1
N
V1. 2 − V2
N1
∴ Voltage Regulation= × 100
N2
V1.
N1
N
V1 − V2 . 1
N2
= × 100
V1

Prob:- The full-load voltage regulation of a 6600/440V 1-φ transformer, at 0.8 p.f (lag)
is 4.6%. Find the secondary terminal voltage at full-load at 0.8 p.f (lag).
Sol.
E2 − V2
×100 = 4.6
E2

26
 Single phase Transformer

Again, E2 =440V
440 − V2
∴ × 100 =4.6, ∴ V2 =419.75V.
440

Problem on Equivalent circuit:-

The parameters of a 2300/230V, 50Hz transformer are given below:
R1 =0.286Ω R2 = 0.00319Ω Rc =250Ω
x1 =0.73Ω x2 =0.0073Ω xφ =1250Ω
The secondary load impedance Z L =(0.387+j0.29)Ω
Find the primary current, and power factor, power input, secondary current. Total cu-loss &
core loss.
Sol.
r1 x1 x2 ' r2'
Ο Ο
I0 '
I1 I 2

V1 = 2300∠0o Rc Xφ V2' Z L'

Ο Ο

2300
Turns ratio= = 10 , Z L =(0.387+j0.29)Ω.
230
∴ Z L' = Z L .K 2 =100(0.387+j0.29)=(38.7+j29.0)Ω
Z 2' = Z 2 .K 2 =100(0.00319+j0.0073)=(0.319+j0.73)Ω
Z 2' + Z ' L =(38.7+0.319)+j(29+0.73)=39.02+j29.73=49.0 ∠37.3o Ω
1 1
Ym = ( −j ) = (0.004-j0.0008) 
250 1250
1 1
∴ Zm = = =(240+j48)Ω
Ym 0.004 − j 0.0008
V1 2300∠0o
I1 = =
Z (Z ' + Z ' ) (0.286 + j 0.73) + 41.4∠33o
Z1 + m 2 ' L '
Zm + (Z2 + Z L )
2300∠0o
= = 54.8∠ − 33.7o (Ans).
42∠33.7 o

Zm 245∠11.3o
Now, I 2' = I1 × = 54.8∠ − 33.7 o
× = 46.2∠ − 3.8o (Ans)
Z m + (Z 2 + Z L )
' '
290∠15.6 o

27
 Single phase Transformer

( Z 2' + Z L' ) 49∠37.3o

I 0 = I1 × = 54.8∠ − 33.7 o
× = 9.26∠ − 12o (Ans.)
Z m + ( Z 2' + Z L' ) 290∠15.6o
Input power factor=Cos( −33.7o )=0.832(lagging)(Ans.)
Power input= V1.I1.Cosφ1 = 2300 × 54.8 × 0.832 = 105 KW.(Ans)
Primary cu-loss= 54.82 × 0.286 = 860 Watts.
Secondary cu-loss= 46.22 × 0.319 = 680 Watts
∴ Total cu-loss= (860+680)=1540Watts(Ans).

Core- loss = I 02 × 240 = 20.61 KW (Ans).

No-load current ( I 0 )= 9.26∠ − 12o A
jXφ 1250∠90o 11575∠78o
∴ I h+e = I 0 . = 9.26∠−12o × = = 9.08∠− 0.7o A
Rh+e + jXφ 250 + j1250 1274.7∠78.7o
Iφ = I 0 − I h + e = 9.26∠ − 12o − 9.08∠ − 0.7o
=9.06-j1.92-9.08+j0.11=-0.02-j1.81=1.81 ∠ − 90.63o A
∴ Core-loss = I h2+ e .Rh + e = (9.08)2 × 250 = 20.61 KW. (Ans).

Transformer Losses and Efficiency:-

Transformer Losses:-
There are mainly two kinds of losses in a transformer. Viz,
(i) Core loss which is constant.
(ii) Copper losses in primary and secondary winding resistances which
varies with load.
There will also be a very small amount of stray load losses.

Efficiency:-
V2 =Out put voltage.
I 2 = output current
Cosθ 2 = output p.f.
re 2 = equivalent resistance referred to secondary.
Pc = Core-loss.
∴ Output= V2 I 2 Cosθ 2
∴ Input= V2 I 2 Cosθ 2 + Pc + (0.0206 × 0.8 + 0.0978 × 0.6) ×100 I 22 .re 2
output
∴ Efficiency= ×100
Input
V2 I 2Cosθ 2
= ×100
V2 I 2Cosθ 2 + Pc + I 22 re 2

28
 Single phase Transformer

Condition for maximum efficiency:-

dη
=0, ∴ I 22 .re 2 = Pc i.e Core-loss=Copper loss.
dI 2
The copper loss varies as the squire of the load.
∴ at x% of load, Copper-loss= x 2 .Pcu , where Pcu =Copper loss at full load.
Let, maximum efficiency occurs at x% load, then x 2 .Pcu = Pc ( Pc being constant)
Pc Core − loss
∴ x= = .
Pcu full − load − copper − loss

Prob.:- A 10KVA, 2500/250V, 1-φ transformer gave the following test result:
Core-loss=50W; re 2 =0.05Ω
Find,
(i) the efficiency at 25% and 125% of full-load at 0.8 p.f(lag)
(ii) calculate the ova output a which maximum efficiency occurs and also the
value of maximum efficiency a 0/.8 p.f(lag)
Sol.
10000
Full-load secondary current= =40A
250
∴ Full-load copper-loss= 402 × 0.05 Ω=80Watts.
(i) Copper loss at 255 load= (0.25)2 × 80 =5Watts
Output at 25% load and 0.8 p.f.(lag)=0.25 × 10000 ×0.8=2000 Watts.
2000
η= ×100 =97.32%.
2000 + 50 + 5
Copper loss at 125% load= (1.25)2 × 80 =100 Watts.
Output at 1255 load and 0.8 p.f.(lag)=1.25 × 10000 × 0.8=10,000 Watts.
10, 000
η= × 100 =98.28%.
10, 000 + 50 + 100
50
(ii) the load at which maximum efficiency occurs= =0.79 times rated load.
80
∴ KVA output at maximum η = 0.79 ×10 =7.9 KVA

Copper loss at 79% load=core loss=50Watts

Output at 79% load at 0.8 p.f(lag)= 10, 000 × 0.79 × 0.8 = 7900 × 0.8 =6320 Watts.
6320
Maximum η = =98.44%.
6320 + 50 + 50

29
 Single phase Transformer

Voltage Regulation:-
The voltage regulation of a transformer can be obtained from its approximate
equivalent ckt referred to primary or secondary. Fig.(a) & (b) illustrate the approximate
equivalent ckt of a transformer referred to the secondary side and the phasor diagram for this
ckt drawn for a lagging power factor load.

xe 2
re 2
+ +
Ο Ο

I2

E2 V2'

Ο Ο
− −

(a)

E2 D
I 2 xe 2
V2 A B θ2
O
θ2 θ2 C F
I 2 re 2
I2 B' C'
(b)

For the calculation of voltage regulation, let us draw an arc of radius OD meeting the
extension of line OA at F. It may be seen from fig.(b) that OF is approximately equal to OC.
E2  OC =OA+AB+BC(or B 'C ' )
=OA+ AB 'Cosθ 2 + DB ' Sinθ 2
= V2 + I 2 re 2Cosθ 2 + I 2 xe 2 Sinθ 2
∴ E2 − V2 = I 2 re 2Cosθ 2 + I 2 xe 2 Sinθ 2

∴ The voltage regulation:-

E2 − V2 I 2 re 2 I x
= Cosθ 2 + 2 e 2 Sinθ 2
E2 E2 E2
= ∈r Cosθ 2 + ∈x Sinθ 2 -------------------------- (1)
30
 Single phase Transformer

It should be noted that equation (1) is valid for lagging power factors only. If the load power
factor is leading, then the voltage drop in the secondary terminal voltage
= I 2 re 2Cosθ 2 − I 2 xe 2 Sinθ 2 , and p.u. voltage regulation= =∈r Cosθ 2 − ∈x Sinθ 2 ……….. (2)

Condition for maximum voltage regulation:-

Maximum voltage regulation will occur when power factor is lagging and when,
d
(p.u. voltage regulation) = 0
dθ 2
∈ r
Or, − ∈r Sinθ 2 + ∈x Cosθ 2 = 0 , tan θ 2 = x = e 2 ,
∈r Z e 2
r x
Cosθ 2 = e 2 , and Sinθ 2 = e 2 , Where, Z e 2 = re22 + xe22
Ze2 Ze2
Maximum voltage regulation:-
r x I .r r I .x x
= ∈r . 2 + ∈x . e 2 = 2 e 2 × e 2 + 2 e 2 × e 2
Ze2 Ze2 E2 Ze2 E2 Ze2
I2 I .Z 2 I .Z
= (re22 + xe22 ) = 2 e 2 = 2 e 2 = p.u.Z e 2
E2 .Z e 2 E2 .Z e 2 E2

Prob. A 6600/440V, Single-phase transformer has an equivalent resistance of 0.02p.u. and an

equivalent reactance of 0.05p.u. Find the full-load voltage regulation at 0.8 p.f. lag, if the
primary voltage is 6600V. Find also the secondary terminal voltage at full-load.
Sol.
p.u. voltage regulation= ∈r Cosθ 2 + ∈x Sinθ 2 =0.02×0.8+0.05×0.6=0.046(Ans).
E2 − V2
=0.046
E2
For a primary voltage of 6600V, the secondary no load voltage E2 is 440V.
The change in the secondary voltage E2 − V2 =440×0.046=20.25V
Secondary terminal voltage V2 =440-2025=419.75 V (Ans).
Prob.:- The maximum efficiency of a 500KVA, 3300/500V, 50Hz, single phase transformer is
97% and occurs at 755 full-load, unity power factor. If the impedance is 105, calculate the
regulation at full-load, power factor 0.8 lagging.
Sol.:-
0.75 × 500 ×103 × 1
From given data, ηmax = =0.97
0.75 × 500 ×103 ×1 + 2 Pc
∴ Pc =5799 W
Pc
Let, full-load cu-loss= Pcu , ∴ =0.75, or, Pcu =10309W
Pcu

31
 Single phase Transformer

I 2 re 2 10309
∈re = = =0.0206
V2 I 2 500 ×103
Given: ∈ze =0.1, ∴ ∈xe = (0.1) 2 − (0.0206) 2 =0.0978
∴ % Reg. = (0.0206 × 0.8 + 0.0978 × 0.6) × 100 =7.51%.(Ans).

Parallel Operation of Single-Phase Transformer:-

When electric power is supplied to a locality, city or an area, a single transformer capable
of handling the required power demand is installed. In some cases, it may be preferred to install
two or more transformers in parallel, instead of one large unit. Though two or more
transformers may be expensive than one large unit, yet this scheme possesses certain
advantages described below.
(i) With two or more transformers, the power system becomes more reliable. for
instance, if one transformer develops fault, it can be removed and the other
transformers can maintain the flow of power, though at a reduced level.
(ii) Transformers can be switched off or on, depending upon the power demand. In
this manner, the transformer losses decrease and the system becomes more
economical and efficient in operation.
(iii) The cost of a standby unit is much less when two or more transformers are
installed.
In any case, with the passage of time, electric power demand may become more
than the rated KVA capacity of the already existing transformer or transformers. Under
such circumstances the need for extra transformer arises. Since, the supply voltage has
to remain the constant; the extra unit must be connected in parallel.
It is important to note that the parallel operation of transformers requires that
their primary windings and the secondary windings are connected in parallel, as shown
in Fig.
• •
• •

+ +
Ea Eb

• •
• •

The various conditions which must be fulfilled for the satisfactory parallel operation of
two or more single phase transformers are as follows:-
(i) The transformers must have the same voltage ratios i.e. with the primary
connected to voltage source; the secondary voltage of all the transformers
should be equal in magnitude.
32
 Single phase Transformer

(ii) The equivalent leakage impedances in ohm should be inversely proportional

to their respective KVA ratings. In other words, the p.u. impedances of the
transformers must be equal
x
(iii) The ratio of equivalent leakage reactance to equivalent resistance i.e. e
re
should be same for all the transformers.
(iv) The transformers must be connected properly. So far as their polarities are
concerned.
Out of the conditions listed above, condition (iv) must be strictly fulfilled. If
the secondary terminals are connected with wrong polarities, large circulating
currents will flow and the transformer may get damaged. Condition (i) should be
satisfied as accurately as possible, since different secondary voltages would give rise
to undesired circulating currents. For conditions (ii) and (iii) same deviation is
possible. Thus, the fulfillment of condition (iv) is essential, whereas the fulfillment of
other conditions are desirable.

Transformer as Magnetically Coupled Circuit:-

In fig.1 a two-winding transformer is shown, where r1 and r2 are resistances of primary and
secondary windings respectively. The applied voltage v1 establishes current i1 in the primary
winding. When current i1 is acting alone, total flux φ1 is produced. This primary flux φ1 links all
the primary turns and made up of two component fluxes φ m1 and φl1 i.e N 2φm1 − N 2φ2 . Flux φm1
produced by i1 alone, is called the mutual flux, since it links both the primary and secondary
windings. Flux φl1 links only the primary winding and is, therefore, called primary leakage flux.
The mutual flux φ m1 is time varying; therefore, an e.m.f e2 is induced in the secondary N 2 turns.
If a load is connected across the secondary winding, a current i2 starts flowing.
φm1
i1 φm 2
+ i2
Ο +
Ο
r1 + + r2
N1 N2 v2
v1
φ L1 P r1
S φL2
Ο
Ο −
−

Fig.1

The direction of current i2 in N 2 turns must be in such a direction as to oppose the flux φm1 , as
per Lenz’s law. In other words if i2 were acting alone, the mutual flux φm 2 produced by it,
would be in a direction opposite φ m1 . When primary current i1 and secondary or load current i2

33
 Single phase Transformer

are acting together, both φm1 and φm 2 are produced in the magnetic core and the resultants
mutual flux φ linking both primary and secondary windings is
φ m1 - φm 2 .
Total flux linkage with the primary winding is:-
Ψ1 =(mutual flux linkages with primary)+(leakage flux linkages with
primary)
= N1.φ + N1.φl1 = N1 (φm1 − φm 2 ) + N1.φl1
= N1 (φm1 + φl1 ) − N1.φm 2 = N1.φ1 − N1.φm 2
Now, the Kirchhoff’s voltage law gives the voltage equation for the primary winding of
transformers of fig. (1).
d Ψ1
As, v1 = r1.i1 + , ……………………(1)
dt
d
Or, v1 = r1.i1 + ( N1φ1 − N1φm 2 )………… (2)
dt
The self inductance of a winding is defined as the total flux linkage with a winding pe ampere
Nφ
in the same winding. Therefore, the self inductance of primary winding is, L1 = 1 1 , or,
i1
N1φ1 = L1i1
Here, N1φm 2 is the flux linkage with the primary winding due to current i2 in the secondary
winding.
Nφ
Similarly, M 21 = 2 m1
i1
For mutually-coupled circuits, M 12 = M 21 = M

∴ N1.φm 2 = M .i2 and N 2 .φm1 = M .i1

Substitution of the values of N1φ1 and N1φ m 2 in equation (2) gives.
d di di
v1 = r1i1 + ( L1i1 − Mi2 )= r1i1 + L1 1 − M 2 …………….(3)
dt dt dt
the flux linkage with the secondary winding is:-
Ψ 2 =(mutual flux linkage with secondary)+(leakage flux linkage with secondary)
= N 2φ + N 2 (−φl 2 ) , ( the minus sign before φl 2 is due to the fact that φl 2 and φm1 are
opposing each other)
= N 2 (φm1 − φm 2 ) − N 2φl 2 = N 2φm1 − N 2 (φm 2 + φl 2 ) .
Ψ 2 = N 2φm1 − N 2φ2 ………………………………………………..(4)
d Ψ2
The voltage equation for the secondary circuit from fig.1 is, I c = r2i2 + v2 ,
dt
d
Or, ( N 2φm1 − N 2φ2 ) = r2i2 + v2 …… ……………. (5)
dt
Nφ Nφ
Since, L2 = 2 2 and M = 2 m1
i2 i1

34
 Single phase Transformer

d
Equitation (5), gives, ( Mi1 − L2i2 ) = r2i2 + v2
dt
di1 di
Or M = L2 2 + r2i2 + v2 …………………, (6)
dt dt
A magnetically coupled circuit which satisfied equation (3) and (6) is installed in fig.2
r1 r2
Ο Ο

i1 i2
• M •
v1 L1 L2 v2

Ο Ο

Fig.2

Voltage equation (6) is for the secondary side of the transformer. This can be referred to
N
primary side by multiplying it with the turns ratio 1 =a. Therefore, equation (6) when
N2
referred to primary side is
di d i i
+ aM 1 = a 2 L2 ( 2 ) + a 2 r2 ( 2 ) + av2 …………… (7)
dt dt a a
d i2
Adding −aM ( ) to both the side, on get
dt a
d i d i i
aM (i1 − 2 ) = (a 2 L2 − aM ) ( 2 ) + a 2 r2 ( 2 ) + av2 …………. (8)
dt a dt a a
The voltage equation (3) is as follows:-
di d i2
v1 = r1i1 + L1 1 − aM ( )
dt dt a
di d i
or, v1 = r1i1 + ( L1 − aM ) 1 + aM (i1 − 2 ) …………………… (9)
dt dt a
A conductively coupled circuit for a two winding transformer, satisfying equation (8) and
(9) is illustrated in fig.3

35
 Single phase Transformer

r1 L1 − aM a 2 L2 − aM a 2 r2
Ο Ο
i2
i1
a
i
v1 (i1 − 2 ) aN
a av2

Ο Ο

Fig.3

N1 N 2φm1 N1φm1
Now, aM = . =
N2 i1 i1
The mutual flux linkage ( N1φm1 ) with a winding per ampere in the same winding is called the
Nφ
magnetizing inductance ( Lm ).∴ aM = 1 m1 = Lm1 ,
i1
Nφ Nφ N Nφ
Also, L1 − aM = L1 − Lm1 = 1 1 − 1 m1 = 1 (φ1 − φm1 ) = 1 l1 .
i1 i1 i1 i1
The leakage inductance is defined as the leakage flux lingage ( N1φl1 ) with a winding per
ampere in the same winding.
∴ L1 − aM = L1 − Lm1 = primary leakage inductance.
N N Nφ
Similarly, a 2 L2 − aM = a 2 ( L2 − ) = a 2 ( L2 − 2 . 1 m 2 )
a N1 i2
= a 2 ( L2 − Lm 2 ) = a 2 (secondary leakage inductance)= a 2 .l2 .
The current flowing through magnetizing inductance Lm1 of fig.3 is equal to (Primary current i1
i i
secondary current referred to primary 2 ). Since, the core-loss is neglected, (i1 − 2 ) must be
a a
i
equal to the transformer magnetizing current iφ i.e. (i1 − 2 ) = iφ
a
The circuit of fig.3 can now be drawn as shown in fig.4

r1 l1 a 2l2 a 2 r2
Ο Ο
i2
i1
a
v1 iφ Lm1 av2

Ο Ο

Fig.4
36
 Single phase Transformer

Pc
The effect of transformer core-loss can be accounted for by a resistance Rc ( ) in parallel
I c2
with Lm1 , where Pc is the core-loss and I c is the core-loss component of no-load current. Thus
the equivalent ckt of fig.4 can be generalized as shown in fig.5

r1 l1 (= x1 ) a 2l2 (= a 2 x2 ) a 2 r2
Ο Ο
i0
i1 ic iφ i2
a
v1 Rc v2 Lm1 (= X φ ) v2

Ο Ο

Fig.5

37