Layers Of Sun

The sun has many different layers that describe its structure.

 Core
 Radiation zone
 Convection zone
 Photosphere-sunspots
 Chromosphere
 Transition region
 Corona

 Core

The core is the innermost layer of the sun and it is a source for all the Sun's energy.
The material in the core is firmly attached and has very high temperature, which is
about 15 million degrees Kelvin. In the core the intense heat destroys the internal
structure of an atom and therefore all atoms are broken down into their constituent
parts. An atom is composed of protons, electrons and neutrons. Neutrons have no
electric charge and so they do not interact a lot with the surrounding medium. Thus
neutrons go away the core fairly and quickly. The protons, which have positive
electric charge, and the electrons, which have negative electric charge, remain in the
core and force the reactions which fuel the Sun. The charge neutral material of
protons and electrons that makes up the core is called plasma. The high temperature
provides the protons and electrons with a great amount of thermal energy and
therefore they moved pretty quickly and they combine with the high density of the
plasma, causes the particles to continuously slam into one another creating nuclear
reactions. It is the fusion, or slamming together, of particular combinations of
particles that provides the energy source of the Sun.

The core is the innermost layer of the sun and it is a source for all the Sun's energy.
Thermonuclear reactions takes place inside the core ,thus hydrogen atoms are
comnbined with each other to make helium atoms and produces energy which keeps
the Sun in a state of equilibrium.Thus this thermonuclear reaction is called nuclear
fusion.

 Radiation Zone

Once the energy is produced in the core of the sun, it has to travel from the solar
center to the outer regions. Hence the radiation zone provides an efficient means of
transferring energy near the core. The temperature in the radiation zone of the sun is
cooler than the core. The material 0.2 to about 0.7 solar radii is hot and dense enough
that thermal radiation is sufficient to transfer the intense heat of the core outward.
Heat is transferred by ions of hydrogen and helium emitting photons, which travel a
brief distance before being re-absorbed by other ions.

 Convection Zone
Ranging from 0.7 solar radii to 1.0 solar radii, the
material in the Sun is not that much dense or hot to
transfer the heat energy from interior to outward.
Hence, thermal convection occurs as thermal columns
carry hot material to the surface (photosphere) of the
Sun. As soon as the material cools off at the surface, it
plunges backside downward to the base of the
convection zone, to obtain more heat from the top of
the radiative zone. Convective exceed is thought to
occur at the base of the convection zone, moving
turbulent down flows into the outer layers of the
radiative zone.

The thermal columns in the convection zone shape mark on the surface of the Sun, in
the form of the solar granulation and supergranulation. The turbulent convection of
this outer part of the solar interior gives rise to a 'small-scale' dynamo that produces
magnetic north and south poles all over the surface of the Sun.

 Photosphere

Photosphere is the visible surface of the Sun. Above the photosphere, sunlight is free
to disseminate into space and its energy escapes the Sun completely. Sunlight has
approximately a black-body spectrum that indicates its temperature is about 6,000 K,
interspersed with atomic absorption lines from the tenuous layers above the
photosphere. The photosphere has a element density of about 1023/m3 (this is about
1% of the particle density of Earth's atmosphere at sea level). The parts of the Sun
above the photosphere are referred to collectively as the solar atmosphere. They can
be seen with telescopes across the electromagnetic spectrum, from the visible light to
gamma rays.

 Chromosphere

This a thin layer present above the visible surface, which is about 2,000 km thick,
specifically dominated by a spectrum of emission and absorption lines. It is called the
chromosphere from the Greek root chromos, meaning color, for the reason that the
chromosphere is visible as a colored flash at the beginning and end of total eclipses of
the Sun.

 Corona

The corona is the outer atmosphere of the Sun, which is much larger in volume than
the Sun itself. The corona merges slickly with the solar wind so as to fill the solar
system and heliosphere. The low corona, which is very close to the surface of the Sun,
has a particle density of 1011/m3 (Earth's atmosphere near sea level has a particle
density of about 2x1025/m3). The temperature of the corona is several million
degrees K.