Krystal Jane B. Salinas BSN 1B.

February 06,2019

MC 3

* ROUND WORM (ASCARIASIS)

Clinical Manifestation:

Abdominal symptoms include the following: Abdominal tenderness, which may be diffuse (in obstructive
infections), epigastric (pancreatitis), or localized to the right lower (appendicitis) or right upper quadrant
(hepatobiliary infections) ... Obstructive symptoms (nausea/vomiting/constipation/distention

Diagnosis:

See your GP if you notice a roundworm in your faeces or you have unexplained asthma-like symptoms
shortly after visiting a tropical or sub-tropical country.

A roundworm infection can be diagnosed by examining a small sample of faeces under a microscope.
Infection is confirmed by the presence of eggs or a worm in the sample.

Roundworm is a relatively rare condition in the UK, so a stool sample will only be routinely taken if:

¤ you experience non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms, such as vomiting or diarrhoea, and you've
been abroad within the last two years to a region where roundworm is widespread, such as Africa or
Asia

¤ you pass a worm in your faeces; the worms have a distinct appearance, which standard laboratories
can recognise

¤ worms are detected during diagnostic tests

Treatment:

Roundworm infections can usually be successfully treated with medication.

The three main medicines that are used to treat an infection are:

*mebendazole

*piperazine

*albendazole
*WHIPWORM

Clinical Manifestation:

A whipworm infection, also known as trichuriasis, is an infection of the large intestine caused by a
parasite called Trichuris trichiura. This parasite is commonly known as a “whipworm” because it
resembles a whip. A whipworm infection can develop after ingesting water or dirt contaminated with
feces containing whipworm parasites. Anyone who has come into contact with contaminated feces can
also contract a whipworm infection. The infection most often occurs in children. It is also more common
in people who live in regions with hot, humid climates and in areas with poor hygiene and sanitation.

Sign And Symptoms:

A whipworm infection can cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from mild to severe. They may include
the following:

¤ bloody diarrhea

¤ painful or frequent defecation

¤ abdominal pain

¤ nausea

¤ vomiting

¤ headaches

¤ sudden and unexpected weight loss

fecal incontinence, or the inability to control defecation

Diagnosis:

To diagnose a whipworm infection, your doctor will order a stool test. You will be required to give a
sample of your feces to a lab for testing. The stool test can determine whether there are whipworms or
whipworm eggs in your intestines and feces.

This type of test shouldn’t cause any discomfort or pain. Your doctor will give you a sterile container and
a kit containing plastic wrap and special bathroom tissue. Place the plastic wrap loosely over the toilet
bowl and make sure it’s held in place by the toilet seat. After you have a bowel movement, use the
special tissue to put the stool into the container. For infants, the diaper can be lined with the plastic wrap
to collect the sample. Make sure to wash your hands thoroughly after the test.The sample will be sent to
a lab, where it will be analyzed under a microscope for the presence of whipworms and their eggs.
Treatment:

The most common and effective treatment for a whipworm infection is an antiparasitic medication, such
as albendazole and mebendazole. This type of medication gets rid of any whipworms and whipworm
eggs in the body. The medication usually needs to be taken for one to three days. Side effects are
minimal.

Once your symptoms subside, your doctor may want to perform another stool test to make sure the
infection is gone.

* HOOKWORM

Clinical Manifestation:

Hookworm is an intestinal parasite of humans. The larvae and adult worms live in the small intestine can
cause intestinal disease. The two main species of hookworm infecting humans are Ancylostoma
duodenale and Necator americanus

Sign And Symptoms:

Itching and a localized rash are often the first signs of infection. These symptoms occur when the larvae
penetrate the skin. A person with a light infection may have no symptoms. A person with a heavy
infection may experience abdominal pain, diarrhea, loss of appetite, weight loss, fatigue and anemia.
The physical and cognitive growth of children can be affected.

Diagnosis:

Health care providers can diagnose hookworm by taking a stool sample and using a microscope to look
for the presence of hookworm eggs.

Treatment:

Hookworm infections are generally treated for 1-3 days with medication prescribed by your health care
provider. The drugs are effective and appear to have few side effects. Iron supplements may be
prescribed if you have anemia.
* PINWORM

Clinical Manifestation:

Pinworm infection is the most common type of intestinal worm infection in the United States and one of
the most common worldwide. Pinworms are thin and white, measuring about 1/4 to 1/2 inch (about 6 to
13 millimeters) in length.

While the infected person sleeps, female pinworms lay thousands of eggs in the folds of skin surrounding
the anus. Most people infected with pinworms have no symptoms, but some people experience anal
itching and restless sleep.

Sign and Symptoms:

Symptoms of pinworm infection may include:

¤ Itching of the anal or vaginal area

¤ Insomnia, irritability and restlessness

¤ Intermittent abdominal pain and nausea

¤ pain, rash, or other skin irritation around the anus

¤ the presence of pinworms in the area of your child’s anus

¤ the presence of pinworms in stools

Diagnosis:

A tape test is the most reliable method for diagnosing a pinworm infection. This test consists of taking a
piece of cellophane tape and pressing the sticky, adhesive side against the skin around the
anus.Pinworms often exit the anus while a person sleeps. Because of this, people who suspect they’ve
been infected should conduct a tape test upon waking in the morning. If eggs are present, they’ll stick to
the tape.

Take the tape to your doctor, who can place it on a slide and examine it under a microscope to see if it
contains pinworm eggs.Routine morning activities, such as bathing or using the toilet, can remove eggs
from your skin. Therefore, the results of a tape test are most accurate if you perform the test when you
first wake up.The CDC recommends that you conduct a tape test at least three times, on three
consecutive mornings, to increase your likelihood of finding pinworm eggs.
Treatment:

You can get rid of pinworms with the help of medications and household cleaning strategies.

Medication

Your doctor can usually treat a pinworm infection effectively with oral medication.Since pinworms pass
so easily from one person to another, everyone living in the household of an infected person usually
needs treatment at the same time to prevent reinfection.Caregivers and others who have close, personal
contact with the individual should also receive treatment.The most common and effective medications
to treat pinworm infection are:

¤ mebendazole (Vermox)

¤ albendazole (Albenza)

¤ pyrantel pamoate (Reese’s Pinworm Medicine)

One course of medication usually involves an initial dose, followed by a second dose two to three weeks
later. More than one course may be necessary to fully eliminate the pinworm eggs. Creams or ointments
can soothe itching skin in the area around the anus.

*FILARIASIS

Clinical Manifestation:

The development of lymphatic filariasis in humans remains an enigma: while the infection is generally
acquired early in childhood, the disease may take years to manifest itself. Indeed, many people never
have outward clinical manifestations of their infection. Studies have shown that such seemingly healthy
patients may have hidden lymphatic pathology. Asymptomatic infection is frequently characterized by
the presence of thousands or millions of larval parasites (microfilariae) in the blood and of adult worms
in the lymphatic system.

Sign and Symptoms:

Some people with filariasis have no symptoms. Other affected individuals may have episodes of acute
inflammation of lymphatic vessels (lymphangitis) along with high temperatures, shaking chills, body
aches, and swollen lymph nodes. Excessive amounts of fluid may accumulate (edema) in the affected
areas (i.e., arms and/or legs), but the accumulation typically resolves after the other symptoms are gone.
Attacks may also be accompanied by acute inflammation of the genitalia leading, in males, to
inflammation, pain and swelling of the testes (orchitis), sperm track (funiculitis), and/or sperm ducts
(epididymitis). The scrotum may become abnormally swollen and painful.
Bancroftian filariasis affects both the legs and the genitals. The Malayan variety affects the legs below
the knees.Some people with filariasis have abnormally high levels of certain white blood cells
(eosinophilia) during acute episodes of symptoms. When the inflammation resolves, these levels return
to normal.

Filariasis may cause chronic lymph node swelling (lymphadenopathy) even in the absence of other
symptoms. Longstanding obstruction of the lymphatic vessels may lead to several other conditions.
These include accumulation of fluid in the scrotum (hydrocele), the presence of lymphatic fluid in the
urine (chyluria), and/or abnormally enlarged lymphatic vessels (varices). Other symptoms may include
progressive edema (elephantiasis) of the female external genitalia (vulva), breasts, and/or arms and legs.
Chronic edema may result in skin that is abnormally thick and has a “warty” appearance.

Diagnosis:

Many lymphatic filariasis patients are amicrofilaraemic, and because no serologic test other than that
detecting CFA is specific, in the absence of antigen testing the diagnoses of these infections must be
made 'clinically' (i.e., on circumstantial evidence) with support from antibody or other laboratory assays

Tropical eosinophilia: Eosinophilia is a frequent concomitant of all filarial syndromes, but only when the
levels are extremely high (as in tropical eosinophilia or the expatriate syndrome) are they diagnostically
helpful.

Treatment:

The most significant advance in efforts to alleviate the suffering caused by elephantiasis has been the
recognition that much of the progression in pathology is a result of bacterial and fungal “superinfection”
of tissues, linked to compromised lymphatic function caused by earlier filarial infection. Rigorous hygiene
of affected limbs combined with adjunctive measures to minimize infection and promote lymph flow
dramatically reduce the frequency of acute episodes of inflammation (“filarial fevers”) and markedly
improve the elephantiasis itself.

Scabies

Oral ivermectin at a dose of 300 µg/kg single dose repeated after 7 days proved effective for the
treatment and prophylaxis of scabies in an infected institutional environment.