Human Anatomy & Physiology

Humans = Animals Multicellular Motile

Cell Walls
Humans = Animals, Vertebrates

2 Major Functions:

Support

Protection
Humans = Animals, Vertebrates, Mammals

Hair Nursing

Malleus Incus

3 ear bones

Stapes
Humans = Animals, Vertebrates, Mammals, Primates

Forward Opposable thumbs

facing eyes

Paired
clavicles
Humans = Animals, Vertebrates, Mammals, Primates, Hominids

Big ratio of brain

size to body size

Bipedalism

Foramen magnum at
the base of the skull
 Anatomy

“Ana”

“Temnein”
Physiology “Physio”
“Logos”
Complementarity of A&P

Examples?
Types of Anatomical Study

Gross Anatomy

Grossus = Large/Great (Latin)

Types of Anatomical Study
Histology
Tissue = group of cells
similar structure/function
Types of Anatomical Study
Cytology

Pathology
 Levels of Structure
Atoms Molecule Organelle
Smooth muscle cell

Cellular level
Chemical level

Smooth muscle tissue

Cardiovascular
system
Tissue level
.
Heart
Blood
vessels Blood vessel (organ)
Smooth muscle tissue
Connective tissue

Epithelial
tissue
Organ level

Organismal level Organ system level

 Skeletal
Integumentary Protection, Support, Mineral storage,
Protection, Regulates body temperature Movement
Skin Bones
 Nervous
Muscular
Control, Regulation, Consciousness
Movement, Manipulation, Thermogenesis
Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Muscles
Endocrine
Control via hormones Cardiovascular
Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, Transport
testes/ovaries, etc. Heart, blood vessels, blood
Lymphatic/Immune Respiratory
Protection from pathogens, return of tissue fluid Gas exchange
to bloodstream Lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx,
Lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen nasal cavity
Urinary
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes. Regulates
BP, blood volume, blood pH, blood
electrolytes.
Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra.
Digestive
Transport, breakdown, and absorption of food.
Elimination of wastes.
Oral cavity, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus,
stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, and
gallbladder.
Male reproductive Female reproductive
Sperm and testosterone production. Oocyte, estrogen, and progesterone
Testes, epididymides, vas deferenses, production.
prostate gland, seminal vesicles, urethra, Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and
penis. vagina.
 Organs

Multiple Tissues
Defined functions
Tissues
Groups of similar
cells with a
common function

4 basic types
1. Epithelial
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous
Epithelial Tissue
Connective Tissue
Nervous Tissue
Muscle Tissue
 Cells
40,000,000,000,000 total
1. Basic structural/functional unit
2. All organisms
3. Individual + collective activity

200 different types

 Cellular Organelles
Nucleus → Cellular control center. Contains
DNA (blueprints for protein production).

Mitochondria → Cellular power plant. Site of

conversion of the energy w/i nutrients to the energy
currency of the cell – adenosine triphosphate.

Endoplasmic Reticulum → Site

of protein/lipid production
 Chemical Molecules

Carbohydrates
Chemical Molecules
Proteins
 Chemical Molecules
Lipids
 Chemical Molecules
DNA
Nucleic acids

RNA

Adenosine triphosphate
Homeostasis

Variables

Dynamic
How do we maintain homeostasis?
 Negative Feedback Mechanisms

The response DECREASES the

magnitude of the initial stimulus.

Frequency?
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
The response INCREASES the
magnitude of the initial stimulus.

Frequency?
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
1Break or tear
occurs in blood
vessel wall.

Positive feedback
cycle is initiated.

3 Released
chemicals 2Platelets
attract more Positive adhere to site
platelets. feedback and release
loop chemicals.

Feedback cycle ends

when plug is formed.

4 Platelet plug
forms.
Positive Feedback Mechanisms