Calculus - Period 1 Improper Integrals:

Z ∞
1
dx (9)
1 xp
Differentiation and Integration
This function is convergent for p > 1 and divergent
Chain Rule: for p ≤ 1.

(f (g(x)))0 = f 0 (g(x))g 0 (x) (1) Comparison Theorem:

If f (x) ≥ g(x) ≥ 0 for x ≥ a then:
R∞ R∞
Implicit Differentiation: • If a f (x)dx is convergent, then a g(x)dx
When applying implicit differentiation for a func- is convergent.
tion y of x, every term with a y should, after R∞ R∞
• If a g(x)dx is divergent, then a f (x)dx is
normal differentiation (often involving the product divergent.
rule), be multiplied by y 0 because of the chain rule.
After that, the equation should be solved for y 0 .

Lineair Approximations: Complex Numbers

f (x) − f (a) ≈ f 0 (a)(x − a) (2) Complex Number Notations:

i2 = −1 (10)
Mean Value Theorem:
If f is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on z = a + bi = r(cos θ + i sin θ) = reiθ (11)
(a, b), then there is a c in (a, b) such that: a = r cos θ and b = r sin θ (12)
√
f (b) − f (a) = f 0 (c)(b − a) (3) |z| = r = a2 + b2
(13)
θ = arctan ab or θ = arctan ab + π

Integration: eiθ = cos θ + i sin θ (14)

Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) − F (a) (4) Complex Number Calculation:
a

Where F is any antiderivative/primitive function (a + bi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + d)i

(15)
of f , that is, F 0 = f . (a + bi)(c + di) = (ac − bd) + (ad + bc)i

Substitution Rule: z1 z2 = r1 r2 (cos(θ1 + θ2 ) + i sin(θ1 + θ2 ))

(16)
If u = g(x) then: r1 eiθ1 · r2 eiθ2 = r1 r2 ei(θ1 +θ2 )
Z Z
f (g(x))g 0 (x)dx = f (u)du (5) Complex Conjugates:

Z b Z g(b) z = a + bi ⇒ z = a − bi (17)
f (g(x))g 0 (x)dx = f (u)du (6) z+w =z+w
a g(a)
zw = z w
(18)
zn = zn
Integration By Parts: zz = |z|2
Z Z
f (x)g 0 (x)dx = f (x)g(x) − f 0 (x)g(x)dx (7)

Z b Z b
Differential Equations
0 b 0
f (x)g (x)dx = [f (x)g(x)]a − f (x)g(x)dx
a a Separable Differential Equations:
(8)
dy
Form : = y 0 = P (x)Q(y)
dx

1
 Z Z
1
Solution : dy = P (x)dx (19)
Q(y)

First-Order Differential Equations

Form : y 0 + P (x)y = Q(x)

Let Υ(x) be any integral of P (x). Solution is:

Z 
−Υ(x) Υ(x)
y=e e Q(x)dx + C (20)

Homogeneous second-order linear differen-

tial equations:

Form : ay 00 + by 0 + cy = 0

• b2 − 4ac > 0:
Define r such that ar2 + br + c = 0.

Solution : y = c1 er1 x + c2 er2 x (21)

• b2 − 4ac = 0:
Define r such that ar2 + br + c = 0.

Solution : y = c1 erx + c2 xerx (22)

• b2 − 4ac < 0:
√
b 4ac−b2
Define α = − 2a and β = 2a . Solution:

y = eαx (c1 cos βx + c2 sin βx) (23)

Nonhomogeneous second-order linear differ-

ential equations:

Form : ay 00 + by 0 + cy = P (x)

First solve ayc00 + byc0 + cyc = 0. Then use an auxil-

iary equation to find one solution yp for the given
differential equation. The solution is:

y = yc + y p (24)