RE = MB + ETA + PAL

METABOLISMO BASAL (TMB – TMR):

 Basal metabolism. This comprises a series of functions that are essential for life, such as cell function and
replacement; the synthesis, secretion and metabolism of enzymes and hormones to transport proteins and other
substances and molecules; the maintenance of body temperature; uninterrupted work of cardiac and respiratory
muscles; and brain function. The amount of energy used for basal metabolism in a period of time is called the
basal metabolic rate (BMR=TMB), and is measured under standard conditions that include being awake in the supine
position after ten to 12 hours of fasting and eight hours of physical rest, and being in a state of mental relaxation in an
ambient environmental temperature that does not elicit heat-generating or heat-dissipating processes. Depending on
age and lifestyle, BMR represents 45 to 70 percent of daily total energy expenditure, and it is determined mainly
by the individual’s age, gender, body size and body composition.
 EFECTO TERMICO DEL ALIMENTO (ETA):

 Metabolic response to food. Eating requires energy for the ingestion and
digestion of food, and for the absorption, transport, interconversion,
oxidation and deposition of nutrients. These metabolic processes
increase heat production and oxygen consumption, and are known by
terms such as dietary-induced thermogenesis, specific dynamic action of
food and thermic effect of feeding. The metabolic response to food
increases total energy expenditure by about 10 percent of the BMR
over a 24-hour period in individuals eating a mixed diet
 Termorregulación:

TERMOGENESIS
ADAPTATIVA
 ACTIVIDAD FISICA:
 Physical activity. This is the most variable and, after BMR, the second largest component of daily energy
expenditure. Humans perform obligatory and discretionary physical activities. Obligatory activities can
seldom be avoided within a given setting, and they are imposed on the individual by economic, cultural
or societal demands. The term “obligatory” is more comprehensive than the term “occupational” that was
used in the 1985 report (WHO, 1985)because, in addition to occupational work, obligatory activities
include daily activities such as going to school, tending to the home and family and other demands made
on children and adults by their economic, social and cultural environment.
 Discretionary activities, although not socially or economically essential, are important for health, well-
being and a good quality of life in general. They include the regular practice of physical activity for fitness
and health; the performance of optional household tasks that may contribute to family comfort and well-
being; and the engagement in individually and socially desirable activities for personal enjoyment, social
interaction and community development
 Resting Energy
 Caloric intake equations are based on determining a person’s
resting energy expenditure. This is the energy necessary to
sustain life and to keep the heart, lungs, brain, liver and
kidneys functioning properly.
 According to the book Nutrition Therapy and
Pathophysiology, the average North American’s resting
energy expenditure accounts for about 60 to 75 percent of
total daily energy expenditure. The remaining energy
expenditure is through physical activity, about 25 percent,
and through the metabolic process of digesting food, about
10 percent.
 CRECIMIENTO:
 Growth. The energy cost of growth has two components: 1) the energy needed to synthesize growing
tissues; and 2) the energy deposited in those tissues. The energy cost of growth is about 35 percent of
total energy requirement during the first three months of age, falls rapidly to about 5 percent at 12
months and about 3 percent in the second year, remains at 1 to 2 percent until mid-adolescence, and is
negligible in the late teens.
GESTACION:
 Pregnancy. During pregnancy, extra energy is needed for the growth of the foetus, placenta and various
maternal tissues, such as in the uterus, breasts and fat stores, as well as for changes in maternal
metabolism and the increase in maternal effort at rest and during physical activity.
LACTACION:
 Lactation. The energy cost of lactation has two components: 1) the energy content of the milk secreted;
and 2) the energy required to produce that milk. Well-nourished lactating women can derive part of this
additional requirement from body fat stores accumulated during pregnancy.
 Formula (N. U. - CEPAL, 2004) , para edad de 18 a 30 años :

(15.4(p) – 27(t) + 717) ó 15.057(kg) + 692.2 …….Hombres

Formula ( O.M.S. - 1985) para el cálculo de la Tasa

Metabólica en Reposo (TMR) en Kcal/día :

15.3 (P) + 679 …. Hombres (18 – 29 años)

14.7 (P) + 496 …. Mujeres (18 – 29 años)

Fórmula de Harris-Benedict para calcular la TMR :

Hombres (GEB) : TMR = 66 + [13,7 x P (kg)] + [5 x T (cm) – [6,8 x edad (años)]

Mujeres (GEB) : TMR = 655 + [9,6 x P (kg)] + [1,8 x T(cm)] – [4,7 x edad (años)]
RCT = GEB (Sexo) + ADE (10% GEB) + Actividad + Deporte
P = Peso vivo del estudiante en kg. T = Talla del estudiante en cm.
 According to Nutrition Therapy and Pathophysiology, the Mifflin-St.
Jeor equation was developed in 1990 and has been validated by
more than 10 studies. The Mifflin-St. Jeor equation is gaining
popularity among the nutrition professionals for accurately
estimating caloric needs. The equation is as follows:
 for females = 10 x (Weight in kg) + 6.25 x (Height in cm) - 5 x age - 161;
 for males= 10 x (Weight in kg) + 6.25 x (Height in cm) - 5 x age + 5.
 These equations are also multiplied by the same physical activity
factors to estimate daily caloric needs
 According to the American Dietetic Association, the Mifflin-St. Jeor
equation has been found to be the most reliable in predicting actual
resting energy expenditure within 10 percent. The equation is
recommended by nutrition professionals. For further understanding
daily caloric intake needs, a Registered Dietitian should be
consulted. Ya considera el 10% por efecto termico del alimento
 ENSAYO A:
 Determine la cantidad de alimento que se
debe ofrecer a un perro por día (seleccione
un perro y una marca comercial) use los
factores 3.5, 3.5 y 8.5 para calcular la EM y la
ecuación del RER y RED para calcular
requerimiento energético del canino elegido.
 ENSAYO B:
 Calcule su requerimiento energético y
cantidades de GRASA, CARBOHIDRATOS Y
PROTEINAS a consumir por día.
ESTIMACION DE LOS REQUERIMIENTOS ENERGETICOS Y NUTRICIONALES PARA
ESTUDIANTES

EJERCICIO:
1. Registre sus propias actividades a lo largo de 3 días en un diario de actividades. Incluir 1 día durante
el fin de semana, y sacar el promedio de esos tres días (solo trabaje con el promedio)
2. Calcule el número total de minutos empleados en cada tipo de actividad y utilice la tabla del costo
energético por actividad y luego transferirlo al formulario de registro de actividades.
(Baje el libro: ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/007/y5686e/y5686e00.pdf)
En el anexo de este libro encontrará las actividades y su costo energético
3. Calcule su gasto energético promedio obtenido en 1 mediante el método factorial
5. Calcule la cantidad de grasa, proteínas y carbohidratos que debe consumir por día en base a sus
requerimientos de energía estimada en 3.
6. Calcule su IMC
7. Calcule su ratio: C/C
8. Seguir las siguientes recomendaciones del siguiente ejemplo:
 ACTIVIDAD COSTO ENERGETICO TIEMPO
TMR (minutos)

Dormir 1.0 450

Asear y vestir 2.9 15
Desayunar 2.1 30
Caminar a la UNA 3.5 20
Sentarse en clase 1.4 180
Caminar de y hacia clase 3.5 40
Almorzar 2.1 30
Estudiar en Biblioteca 1.2 180
Deambulacion 3.5 30
Partido de tenis 6.2 40
Caminar a casa 3.5 20
Cenar 2.1 40
Planchar camisa 3.5 15
Manejar y regresar de cita 2.5 20
Bailar activamente 8.5 40
Comer bocaditos 2.1 20
Sentarse y charlar con pareja 1.2 120
Estudiar en Biblioteca 1.2 120
Desvestir y bañar 2.9 30
 SUMATORIA

NIVEL DE COSTO MIN HORAS NIVEL x HORAS

ENERGETICO

1.0 450 7.50 7.50

1.2 420 7.00 8.40
1.4 180 3.00 4.20
NIVEL DE 2.1 120 2.00 4.20
ACTIVIDAD
2.3 20 0.33 0.76
FISICA (PAL):
44.4 / 24 = 1.85 2.9 45 0.75 2.18
3.5 125 2.08 7.28
6.2 40 0.67 4.15
8.5 40 0.67 5.70

24.00 44.40
 DATOS DEL ESTUDIANTE: NIVEL DE
Peso del estudiante = 78 kg ACTIVIDAD
Edad = 22 años FISICA (PAL):
Talla = 1.7 m 44.4 / 24 = 1.85

Reemplazando los datos en la formula de la O.M.S. (1985) para varones, se tiene:

TMR = 15.4 (78) – 27 (1.7) + 717

TMR = 1,872.3 Kcal/día
(Recuerde que esta fórmula (TMR) ya considera el gasto del efecto térmico del
alimento de los alimentos = 10 % ).
Luego considerando el Nivel de Actividad Física (PAL) , el requerimiento de
energía por día (RED) es:
RED = TMR x PAL
RED = 1872.3 x 1.85
RED = 3463.75 Kcal/día
 -Grasa total 15 – 30 % (% del total de energía)
 Ácidos grasos saturados < 10 %
 Ácidos grasos insaturados (PUFAS) 6 – 10 %
 PUFAS W-6 5–8%
 PUFAS W-3 1- 2 %
 Ácidos grasos trans < 1 %
 Ácidos grasos mono insaturados (MUFAS) por diferencia
 -Carbohidratos totales 55 – 75 % (% del total de energía)
 Azucares libres < 10 %
 -Proteína total 10 – 15 % (% del total de energía)
 Colesterol < 300 mg/día
 Cloruro de sodio 5 g /día (< 2 g/día)
 Frutas y vegetales > 400 g / día
 Fibra dietaría total? ………………………..
 TOMANDO COMO BASE: RE = 3,463.75 Kcal/día
1) Grasa total 15 – 30 % (% del total de energía)
3,463.75 x 0.15 = 519.56 kcal/ 9 kcal g-1 = 57.73 g de grasa/día
2) Carbohidratos totales 55 – 75 % (% del total de energía)
3,463.75 x 0.75 = 2,597.81/4 kcal g-1 = 649.45 g de carbohidratos/día
3) Proteína total 10 – 15 % (% del total de energía)
3,463.75 x 0.10 = 346.375/4 kcal g -1 = 86.59 g de proteínas/día
Fórmula para el calculo del
Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) :
IMC = Peso (Kg)/Talla2 (metros)
Fórmula para el cálculo de la
relación C/C :
C/C = cintura (cm)/cadera (cm)