Literature Review and Data Gap Analysis Spreadsheet Reference

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References - Scientfic Literature

Have study?
Reviewed?
Study #

Anderson, ME; Kirkland, KH; Guidotti, TL, Rose, C. (2006). A Case Study of Tire
1 y y n n Crumb Use on Playgrounds: Risk Analysis and Communication When Major x
Clinical Knowledge Gaps Exist. Environ Health Perspect. 114(1):1-3.

Anthony, D.H.J. and Latawiec, A. (1993). A Preliminary Chemical Examination of

n Hydrophobic Tire Leachate Components. National Water Research Institute,
2 y y y Burlington, Ontario, Canada, Report No. 93-78. Part III. Parts I and II not
reviewed: not relevant (see comments).

n Bass, JJ; Hintze, DW. (2013). Determination of Microbial Populations in a

3 y y n x
Synthetic Turf System. Skyline-The Big Sky Undergraduate Journal. 1(1):1.

Beausoleil, M; Price, K; Muller, C. (2009). Chemicals in Outdoor Artificial Turf: A

n Health Risk for Users? Public Health Branch, Montreal
4 y y n Health and Social Services Agency. http://www.ncceh.ca/sites/
default/files/Outdoor_Artificial_Turf.pdf.
 Birkholz, DA: Belton, KL, Guidotti, TL. (2003). Toxicological Evaluation of Hazard
5 y y n n Assessment of Tire Crumb for Use on Public Playgrounds. J Air Waste Manag. x
53:903-07.

Bocca, B; Forte, G; Petrucci, F; Costantini, S; Izzo, P. (2009). Metals Contained

6 y y y y and Leached from Rubber Granulates Used in Synthetic Turf Areas. Science of x
the Total Environment. 407(7):2183-90.

California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. (2007). Evaluation

n of Health Effects of Recycled Waste Tires in Playground and Track Products.
7 y y y Prepared for the California Integrated Waste Management Board.
http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/publications/Detail.aspx?PublicationID=1206.

California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. (2010). Safety

Study of Artificial Turf Containing Crumb Rubber Infill Made from Recycled Tires:
n Measurements of Chemicals and Particulates in the Air, Bacteria in the Turf, and
8 y y y Skin Abrasions Caused by Contact with the Surface. Prepared for the California
Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery.
http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/publications/Documents/Tires/2010009.pdf.

Cardno Chem Risk. (2013). Review of the Human Health & Ecological Safety of
Exposure to Recycled Tire Rubber found at Playgrounds and Synthetic Turf
9 y y n n Fields. Prepared for: Rubber Manufacturers Association, Washington, DC.
http://www.rma.org/download/scrap-tires/Environmental
%20Issues/literature_review_0813.pdf.

Castellano, P; Proietto, AR; Gordiani, A; Ferrante, R; Tranfo, G; Paci, E;

n Pigini, D. (2008). Assessment of Exposure to Chemical Agents in Infill Material for x
10 y y y Artificial Turf Soccer Pitches: Development and Implementation of a Survey
Protocol. Prev Today. 4(3):25–42.
 n Chang, F; Lin, T; Huang, C; Chao, H; Chang, T; Lu, C. (1999). Emission
11 y y y x
Characteristics of VOCs from Athletic Tracks. J Haz Materials A70: 1-20.

n Cheng, H; Hu, Y; Reinhard, M. (2014). Environmental and Health Impacts of

12 y y y x
Artificial Turf: A Review. Environ Sci Technol. 48(4):2114-29.

Chien, YC; Ton, S; Lee, MH; Chia, T; Shu, HY; Wu, YS. (2003) Assessment of
13 y y n n Occupational Health Hazards in Scrap-tire Shredding Facilities. Sci Total Environ. x
309: 35–46.

n Claudio, L. (2008). Synthetic Turf: Health Debate Takes Root. Environ Health
14 y y n x
Perspect. 116(3): A116–A122.

Connecticut Department of Public Health (CDPH). (2010). Human Health Risk

y Assessment of Artificial Turf Fields Based Upon Results from Five Fields in
15 y y y Connecticut.
http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/artificialturf/dph_artificial_turf_report.pdf.

Connecticut: University of Connecticut Health Center (UCHC). (2010) Artificial

16 y y y y Turf Field Investigation in Connecticut Final Report.
http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/artificialturf/uchc_artificial_turf_report.pdf.
 Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station (CAES). (2010) 2009 Study of Crumb
17 y y y y Rubber Derived from Recycled Tires, final report.
http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/artificialturf/caes_artificial_turf_report.pdf.

Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection (CDEP). (2010) Artificial

18 y y n y Turf Study: Leachate and Stormwater Characteristics.
http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/artificialturf/dep_artificial_turf_report.pdf.

Connecticut Academy of Science and Engineering (CASE). (2010). Peer Review

of an Evaluation of the Health and Environmental Impacts Associated with
19 y y n y Synthetic Turf Playing Fields.
http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/artificialturf/case_artificial_turf_review_repo
rt.pdf.

Consumer Product Safetyt Commission (CPSC). 2008. CPSC Staff Analysis and
20 y y y n Assessment of Synthetic Turf Grass Blades. Available at:
http://www.cpsc.gov/PageFiles/104716/turfassessment.pdf.

Crampton, M; Ryan, A; Eckert, C; Baker, KH; Herson, DS. (2014). Effects of

n Leachate from Crumb Rubber and Zinc in Green Roofs on the Survival, Growth,
21 y y n x
and Resistance Characteristics of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar
typhimurium. Appl Environ Micro. 80.9:2804-2810.

Denly, E; Rutkowski, K; Vetrano, KM. (2008). A Review of the Potential Health

and Safety Risks from Synthetic Turf Fields Containing Crumb Rubber Infill.
22 y y n y Prepared by TRC for the New York City Department of Mental Health and
Hygiene, New York, NY.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/eode/turf_report_05-08.pdf

Dye, C; Bjerke, A; Schmidbauer, N; Mano, S. (2006). Measurement of Air

Pollution in Indoor Artificial Turf Halls. Norwegian Pollution Control
23 y y y n Authority/Norwegian Institute for Air Research, State Programme for Pollution
Monitoring. http://www.isss-
sportsurfacescience.org/downloads/documents/SI1HPZNZPS_NILUEngelsk.pdf.
 Environment & Human Health Inc. (EHHI). (2007). Artificial Turf – Exposures to
24 y y n y Ground-Up Rubber Tires – Athletic Fields – Playgrounds – Gardening Mulch.
http://www.ehhi.org/reports/turf/turf_report07.pdf.

Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP). (1999). Study of the

n suitability of ground rubber tire as a parking lot surface.
25 y y n http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick_topics/publications/shw/tires/FCCJstud
y.pdf.

Ginsberg, G; Toal, B; Simcox, N; Bracker, A; Golembiewski, B; Kurland, T;

y Hedman, C. (2011a). Human Health Risk Assessment of Synthetic Turf Fields
26 y y n x
Based Upon Investigation of Five Fields in Connecticut. J Toxicol Environ Health.
A74(17):1150-74.

Ginsberg, G; Toal, B; Kurland, T. (2011b). Benzothiazole Toxicity Assessment in

Support of Synthetic Turf Field Human Health Risk Assessment. Journal of
27 y y n y Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A: Current Issues. 74:17, 1175-1183, x
DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.586943;
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2011.586943.

Gomes, J; Mota, H; Bordado, J; Cadete, M; Sarmento, G; Ribeiro, A; Baiao, M;

n Fernandes, J; Pampulin, V; Custodio, M; Veloso, I. (2010). Toxicological
28 y y y x
Assessment of Coated Versus Uncoated Rubber Granulates Obtained from Used
Tires for Use in Sports Facilities. J Air Waste Manag Assoc. 60(6):741-6.

Gomes, JF; Mota, HI; Bordado, JC; Baião, M; Sarmento, GM; Fernandes, J;
y Pampulim, VM; Custódio, ML; Veloso, I. (2011). Design of a New Test Chamber
29 y y n x
for Evaluation of the Toxicity of Rubber Infill. Toxicol Mech Methods. 21(8):622-
7.
 Gualteri, M; Andrioletti, M; Mantecca, P; Vismara, C; Camatini, M. (2005).
30 y y n n Impact of Tire Debris on in vitro and in vivo Systems. Particle and Fibre x
Toxicology. doi:10.1186/1743-8977-2-1.

He, G; Zhao, B; Denison, MS. (2011). Identification of Benzothiazole Derivatives

31 y y n n and Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons as Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Agonists x
Present in Tire Extracts. Env Tox Chem. 30(8):1915-1925.

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Highsmith, R; Thomas, KW; Williams,

RW.) (2009). A scoping-level field monitoring study of synthetic turf fields and
n playgrounds. Washington, DC: Office of Research and Development, National
32 y y y Exposure Research Laboratory; Report No. EPA/600/R-09/135
http://cfpub.epa.gov/si/si_public_record_report.cfm?
dirEntryId=215113&simpleSearch=1&searchAll=EPA%2F600%2FR-09%2F135)

n Hofstra, U. (2007a). Environmental and Health Risks of Rubber Infill: Rubber

33 y y n crumb from car tyres as infill on artificial turf. INTRON A833860/R20060318.

Incorvia Mattina, MJ; Isleyen, M; Berger, W; Ozdemir, S. (2007). Examination of

Crumb Rubber Produced from Recycled Tires. Department of Analytical
34 y y y y Chemistry. The Connecticut Agricultural Research Station, New Haven, CT.
http://www.ct.gov/caes/lib/caes/documents/publications/fact_sheets/examina
tionofcrumbrubberac005.pdf.
 Johns, DM. (2008). Initial Evaluation of Potential Human Health Risks Associated
35 y y n y with Playing on Synthetic Turf Fields on Bainbridge Island. Seattle, WA:
Windward Environmental LLC.

Kanematsu, M; Hayashi, A; Denison, MS; Young, TM. (2009). Characterization

36 y y y n and Potential Environmental Risks of Leachate from Shredded Rubber Mulches. x
Chemosphere 76:952–958.

Keller, M. (2013). The Fate of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in a

37 y y n n Synthetic Field Turf System. The University of Toledo Digital Repository: theses
and dissertations.

n KemI (Swedish Chemicals Inspectorate). (2006). Synthetic Turf from a Chemical

38 y y n Perspective--a status report. Swedish Chemicals Inspecorate Order.No. 510 834.

Kim, S; Yan, JY; Kim, HH; Yeo, IY; Shin, DC; Lim, YW. (2012a). Health Risk
39 y y n n Assessment of Lead Ingestion Exposure by Particle Sizes in Crumb Rubber on x
Artificial Turf Considering Bioavailability. Environ Health Toxicol. 27:e2012005.

Krüger, O; Kalbe, U; Richter, E; Egeler, P; Rombke, J; Berger, W. (2013). New

40 y y n y Approach to the Ecotoxicological Risk Assessment of Artificial Outdoor Sporting x
Grounds. Environmental Pollution. 175:69-74.

Krüger, O; Kalbe, U; Berger, W; Nordhauβ, K; Christoph, G; Walzel, HP. (2012).

41 y y n y Comparison of Batch and Column Tests for the Elution of Artificial Turf System x
Components. Environ Sci Technol. 46(24):13085-92.
 LeDoux, T. (2007). Preliminary Assessment of the Toxicity from Exposure to
Crumb Rubber: Its Use in Playgrounds and Artificial Turf Playing Fields. Division
42 y y n n of Science, Research and Technology. New Jersey Department of Environmental
Protection. http://www.state.nj.us/dep/dsr/research/whitepaper%20-
%20rubber.pdf.

Li, X; Berger, W; Musante, C; Incorvia Mattina, MJ. (2010). Characterization of

43 y y n n Substances Released from Crumb Rubber Material Used on Artificial Turf Fields. x
Chemosphere. 80(3):279-85.

44 y y n n Lioy, P; Weisel, C. (2008). Artificial Turf: Safe or Out on Ball Fields Around the x
World; Editorial. J of Expos Anal Environ Epidem. 18:533-534.

Lioy, P; Weisel, C. (2011). Crumb Infill and Turf Characterization for Trace
45 y y y n Elements and Organic Materials. Report prepared for NJDEP, Bureau of
Recycling and Planning.

Llompart, M; Sanchez-Pardo, L; Lamas, J; Garcia-Jares, C; Roca, E. (2013).

46 y y y n Hazardous Organic Chemicals in Rubber Recycled Tire Playgrounds and Pavers. x
Chemosphere. 90(2):423-31.

Marsili, L; Coppola, D; Bianchi, N; Maltese, S; Bianchi, M; Fossi, MC. (2014).

n Release of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heavy Metals from Rubber
47 y y y x
Crumb in Synthetic Turf Fields: Preliminary Hazard Assessment for Athletes.
Journal of Environmental and Analytical Toxicology. 5:(2).

McNitt, AS; Petrunak, D; Serensits, T. (2006). A Survey of Microbial Populations

n in Infilled Synthetic Turf Fields. Penn State University, College of Agricultural
48 y y n Sciences, Department of Plant Science.
http://plantscience.psu.edu/research/centers/ssrc/research/microbial.
 Menichini, E; Abate, V; Attias, L; DeLuca, S; DiDomenico, A; Fochi, I; Forte, G;
Iacovella, N; Iamiceli, AL, Izzo, P; Merli, F; Bocca, B. (2011). Artificial-turf Playing
49 y y y y Fields: Contents of Metals, PAHs, PCBs, PCDDs and PCDFs, Inhalation Exposure x
to PAHs and Related Preliminary Risk Assessment. Sci Total Environ.
409(23):4950-7.

Miller S, John CM, LiPuma J, Parke JL. (2002). Culture-based and non-growth-
50 y n n n dependent detection of the Burkholderia cepacia complex in soil environments.
Applied and environmental microbiology 68.8:3750-3758. Not relevant.

Milone and MacBroom, Inc. Evaluation of the Environmental Effects of Synthetic

51 y y y n Turf Athletic. (2008).
http://www.actglobalsports.com/media/Milone_MacBroom.pdf.

Moretto, R. (2007). Environmental and Health Evaluation of the Use of

Elastomer Granulates (Virgin and From Used Tyres) as Filling in Third-generation
n Artificial Turf, France, ALIAPUR in partnership with Fieldturf Tarkett and the
52 y y n ADEME (Environmental French Agency).
http://www.aliapur.fr/media/files/RetD_new/Synthetic_turf_-
_Environmental_Study_Report.pdf.

Nilsson, NH; Feilberg, A; Pommer, K. (2005). Emission and evaluation of health

effects of PAHs and aromatic amines from tyres. Danish Ministry of the
53 y n n n Environment Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer
Products, No. 54 2005 This study does not meet our search criteria (focuses on
problematc substances in whole tres).
 Nilsson, NH; Malmgren-Hansen, B; Thomsen, US. (2008). Mapping Emissions
and Environmental and Health Assessment of Chemical Substances in Artificial
54 y y y y Turf. Danish Ministry of the Environment, Environmental Protection Agency.
http://www2.mst.dk/udgiv/publications/2008/978-87-7052-866-5/pdf/978-87-
7052-867-2.pdf.

Norwegian Institute of Public Health and the Radium Hospital. (2006). Artificial
55 y y y n Turf Pitches: An Assessment of the Health Risks for Football Players. Norwegian
Institute of Public Health and the Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

New York Department of Environmental Conservation (NYDEC). (2008). A Study

n to Assess Potential Environmental Impacts from the Use of Crumb Rubber as
56 y y n Infill Material in Synthetic Turf Fields.
http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/materials_minerals_pdf/tirestudy.pdf.

New York Department of Environmental Conservation (NYDEC). (2009). An

n Assessment of Chemical Leaching, Releases to Air and Temperature at Crumb-
57 y y y rubber Infilled Synthetic Turf Fields.
http://www.dec.ny.gov/docs/materials_minerals_pdf/crumbrubfr.pdf.
 New York City Department of Parks and Recreation: Synthetic Turf Lead Results
n (online). Available at
58 y y n http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_things_to_do/facilities/synthetic_turf_test_re
sults.html.

New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygiene (DOHMH). 2008. A
Review of the Potential Health and Safety Risks From Synthetic Turf Fields
59 Y Containing Crumb Rubber Infill. Prepared by TRC for DOHMH. May. Same as
Denley et al 2008. See Study 22.

Pavilonis, BT; Weisel, CP; Buckley, B; Lioy, PJ. (2014). Bioaccessibility and Risk of
60 y y y n Exposure to Metals and SVOCs in Artificial Turf Field Fill Materials and Fibers. x
Risk Analysis, 34: 44–55

Plesser, T; Lund, O. (2004). Potential Health and Environmental Effects Linked to

61 y y y y Artificial Turf Systems; Final Report. Norwegian Building Research Institute,
Trondheim, Norway, Project #O-10820.

y Rhodes, EP; Ren, Z; Mays, DC. (2012). Zinc Leaching From Tire Crumb Rubber.
62 y y n x
Environ Sci Technol. 46(23):12856-63.
 Ruffino, B; Fiore, S; Zanetti, MC. (2013). Environmental Sanitary Risk Analysis
63 y y y n Procedure Applied to Artificial Turf Sports Fields. Environ Sci Pollut Res. x
20:4980–4992. DOI 10.1007/s11356-012-1390-2

Savary, B; Vincent, R. (2011). Used Tire Recycling to Produce Granulates:

64 y y n n Evaluation of Occupational Exposure to Chemical Agents. Ann Occup Hygen. x
55(8):931-936.

Schilirò, T; Traversi, D; Degan, R; Pignata, C; Alessandria, L; Scozia, D; Bono R;

65 y y y n Gilli, G. (2013). Artificial Turf Football Fields: Environmental and Mutagenicity x
Assessment. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. 64(1):1-11.

n Selbes, M; Yilmaz, O;, Khan, AA; Karanfil, T. (2015). Leaching of DOC, DN and
66 y y y x
Inorganic Constituents from Scrap Tires. Chemosphere. 139:617-23.

Serentis,T J; McNitt, AS; Petrunak, DM. (2011) Human Health Issues on

67 y y n n Synthetic Turf in the USA. Proceedings of the Institute of Mechanical Engineers, x
Part P, Journal of Sports Engineering and Technology. 225(3): 139-146.

Shalat, SL. (2011). An Evaluation of Potential Exposures to Lead and Other

n Metals as the Result of Aerosolized Particulate Matter from Artificial Turf Playing
68 y y n Fields. Submitted to the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection.
http://www.nj.gov/dep/dsr/publications/artificial-turf-report.pdf.
 Sheehan, PJ; Warmerdam, JM; Ogle, S; Humphrey, D; Patenaude, S. (2006).
Evaluating the Risk to Aquatic Ecosystems Posed by Leachate from Tire Shred Fill
69 y y n n in Roads Using Toxicity Tests, Toxicity Identification Evaluations, and x
Groundwater Modeling. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 25(2): 400-
411.

Simcox, NJ; Bracker, A; Ginsberg, G; Toal, B; Golembiewski, B; Kurland, T;

70 y y n y Hedman, C. (2011). Synthetic Turf Field Investigation in Connecticut. J Toxicol x
Environ Health A. 74(17):1133-49.

Sullivan, JP. (2006). An Assessment of Environmental Toxicity and Potential

71 y y y n Contamination from Artificial Turf using Shredded or Crumb Rubber. Ardea
Consulting: Woodland, CA. p. 1-43.

Torsten Kallqvist. (2005). Environmental Risk Assessment of Artificial Turf

y Systems. Report 5111-2005. Norwegian Institute for Water Research. Oslo.
72 y y y http://www.isss.de/conferences/Dresden%202006/Technical/NIVA
%20Engelsk.pdf.

Van Rooij, JGM; Jongeneelen, FJ. (2010). Hydroxypyrene in Urine of Football

73 y y n n Players After Playing on Artificial Sports Fields with Tire Crumb Infill. Int Arch x
Occup Environ Health. 83(1):105-10.
 Van Ulirsch, G; Gleason, K; Gerstenberger, S; Moffett, DB; Pulliam, G; Ahmed, T;
74 y y n n Fagliano, J. (2010). Evaluating and Regulating Lead in Synthetic Turf. x
Environmental Health Perspectives. 118(10):1345-9.

Verschoor, AJ. (2007). Leaching of Zinc from Rubber Infill in Artificial Turf
75 y y n y (football pitches). RIVM Report 601774011 Bilthoven.
http://www.parks.sfgov.org/wcm_recpark/SPTF/Verschoor.pdf.

Vetrano, KM; Ritter, G. (2009). Air Quality Survey of Synthetic Turf Fields
y Containing Crumb Rubber Infill. Prepared by TRC for the New York City
76 y y y Department of Mental Health and Hygiene, New York, NY.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/downloads/pdf/eode/turf_aqs_report0409.pdf

Virginia Department of Health (VDH). (2015). Memo to Gloria Addo-Ayensu,

77 y y n y Fairfax County Health Dept., from Dwight Flammia, Virginia Department of
Health. September 28, 2015.
 n Zelibor, J L. (1991). The RMA TCLP Assessment Project: Leachate from Tire
78 y y y Samples. Scrap Tire Management Council. 1991.

Zhang, J; Han, IK; Zhang, L; Crain, W. (2008). Hazardous Chemicals in Synthetic

79 y y y n Turf Materials and Their Bioaccessibility in Digestive Fluids. J Expo Sci Environ x
Epidemiol. 18(6):600-7.

Edeskar, T. (2004) Technical and environmental properties of tyre shreds

80 y n n n focusing on ground engineering applications. Lulea University of Technology
Technical Report. Not reviewed - not applicable.

Hametner, C. (Certified Court Expert) (2007). Expert Witness: Evaluation of

n health risks caused by skin contact with rubber granulates used in synthetic turf
81 y n n pitches. CEN/TC 217/WG 10 - N024. Not reviewed; not a scientfic study;
expert opinion only.

Celeiro, M. et al. (2014). Investigation of PAH and Other Hazardous Contaminant

n Occurrence in Recycled Tyre Rubber Surfaces: Case Study: Restaurant
82 y y y x
Playground in an Indoor Shopping Centre. International Journal of
Environmental Analytical Chemistry. 94(12): 1264-1271.

Aoki, T. (2011). Current State and Perspective for Artificial Turf as Sport
Environment: Focusing on Third-generation Artificial Turf as Football Playing
83 y n n n Surface. Nature and its Environments 2-14. Review of many of the papers that
are already reviewed here. Also includes informaton from Aoki 2008; see
reference 91.
 Dorsey, M J; Anderaon, A; Ardo, O; Chou, M; Farrow, E; Glassman, EL; Manley, M;
Meisner, H; Meyers, C; Morley, N; Rominger, K; Sena, M; Stiefbold, M; Stites, B;
84 y y n n Tash, M; Weber, E; Counts, P. (2015). Mutagenic Potential of Artificial Athletic x
Field Crumb Rubber at Increased Temperatures. The Ohio Journal of Science.
115(2).

Drakos, M. C., et al. (2013). Synthetic playing surfaces and athlete health.
85 y n n n Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 21(5): 293-302. –
Not suitable; it addresses injuries to athletes.

86 y y n n Groenevelt, P. H. and P. E. Grunthal (1998). Utilisation of Crumb Rubber as a Soil x

Amendment for Sports Turf. Soil and Tillage Research. 47(1–2): 169-172.

Johns, DM; Goodlin, T. (2008). Evaluation of Potential Environmental Risks

Associated with Installing Synthetic Turf Fields on Bainbridge Island. Seattle,
87 y y n y Washington: Windward Environmental LLC.

Kim, HH; Lim, YW; Kim, SD; Yeo, IY; Shin, DC; Jang, JY. (2012b). Health Risk
n Assessment for Artificial Turf Playgrounds in School Athletic Facilities: Multi-
88 y y y x
route Exposure Estimation for Use Patterns. Asian Journal of Atmospheric
Environment 6(3): 206-221.

Mota, H; Gomes, J; Sarmento, G. (2009). Coated rubber granulates obtained

89 y y y n from used tyres for use in sport facilities: A toxicological assessment. Ciência & x
Tecnologia dos Materiais. 21(3-4): 26-30.
 Simon, R. (2010). Review of the Impacts of Crumb Rubber in Artificial Turf
y Applications. University of California, Berkeley, Laboratory for Manufacturing
90 y y n and Sustainability, prepared for The Corporation for Manufacturing Excellence
(Manex).

Aoki, T. (2008) Leaching of Heavy Metals from Infills on Artificial Turf by using
91 y y n n Acid Solutions. Football Science. 5:51-53. x

French National Institute for Industrial Environment and Risks (2007).

Environmental and Health Evaluation of the use of Elastomer Granulates (Virgin
92 y and From Used Tyres) as Filling in Third-Generation Artificial Turf. Same as
Moretto et al 2007. See Study 52.

Tilford, RW. (2015) ACT Global Crumb Rubber Safety Study.

93 y n n n http://recycledrubbercouncil.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Act-Global-
Crumb-Rubber-Safety-Study.pdf Summary only; no informaton on the types
and source of materials studied.

n ChemRisk, Inc. (2008). State of Knowledge Report for Tire Materials and Tire
94 y y y Wear Particles.

Toronto Public Health (2015). Health impact assessment of the use of artificial
turf in Toronto. April 2015. City of Toronto. https://www1.toronto.ca/City%20Of
95 y y n y %20Toronto/Toronto%20Public%20Health/Healthy%20Public%20Policy/Built
%20Environment/Files/pdf/H/HIA_on_Artificial_Turf_Summary_Report_Final_2
015-04-01.pdf
 n van Bruggen, M. (2007). Nitrosamines Released from Rubber Crumb. RIVM
96 y y y report 609300002/2007.

Hofstra, U. (2007b). Follow-up Study of the Environmental Aspects of Rubber

n Infill: a Lab Study (performing weathering tests) and a Field Study Rubber Crumb
97 y y n from Car Tyres as Infill on Artificial Turf. Report prepared for the Tyre and
Environment Association and Tyre and Wheel Trade Association.

TOTAL NUMBER OF STUDIES IDENTIFIED, BY CATEGORY 43

NOTES:
Reference Type refers to the nature of the document reviewed. It is assumed that most, if not all, journal articles from the scie
prepared by government, contractor, university, industry or other entities. The peer review status of these document is genera
summaries, website text, and memos. The peer review status of these documents is also not known.

Study Topic refers to the focus of the document. In some cases, a document may include information on one topic (e.g., a liter
topic. For example, a document may include both a review of the existing scientific literature, but also include the results of no
chemicals from tire crumbs, or site monitoring to assess human health risk from exposure to tire crumbs).
Geographic Locaton is included in this spreadsheet to capture information on the state or country where the study was condu

Study/Sample Locaton is different from geographic location. It refers to the type(s) of site(s) where samples were collected o
may have been conducted entirely in the laboratory using manufactured tire crumbs. Alternatively, tire crumbs samples may h
have been collected from both synthetic turf and natural fields or background locations, or from playgrounds or other location

Sample Type refers to the nature of the sample(s) collected. For example, samples of bulk crumb rubber or artificial grass blad
air samples may have been collected by stationary area samplers or by personal breathing zone samplers. Other examples inc
or urine samples from biomonitoring studies.

Conditons Studied refers to analyses that may have been done to identify differences in constituent concentrations or exposu
meteorological conditions or geography. This study element also refers to analyses that evaluate or differences between indoo
background conditions, differences based on active or inactive play, or other activity related conditions.

Populatons Studied are those populations that were considered in an exposure or human health assessment (e.g., children/te

Consttuents Evaluated captures the general category of contaminants that were addressed in the study (e.g., VOCs, SVOCs, in
category because they are frequently included in the studies. Likewise, lead and benzothiozole are included because they are
information on the Specific Consttuents Studied. A separate Consttuents Tab provides additional information on the constitu

Consttuents of Highest Concern lists, where relevant, any constituents identified as concerns for human or ecological recepto
N: Number of Observatons/Samples provides information on the size of the sample population. For example, it may provide
samples collected per field. Alternately, it may include the number of people monitored.

Human Exposure Route identifies whether ingestion, inhalation, or dermal exposures were evaluated in a human exposure/ris
The Exposure Factors columns provide specific information on the exposure factors used in a human exposure/risk assessmen
Risk Assessment identifies the type of endpoints evaluated (e.g., cancer, non-cancer), and the type of assessment conducted (
Toxicity or Regulatory Data Used to Assess Risk provides information on the source of the data used to assess risk (e.g., EPA IR
Risk Characterizaton and Risk of Highest Concern provides information on the results of the risk assessment, if applicable.
Brief Descripton/Results provides a brief narrative of the results of the study. In general, the text in this column represents qu
analysis of the study results. The Additonal Informaton or Comments column provides further explanation, if necessary. For
direct quotes from the document reviewed.
Related References identifies other studies in this spreadsheet that are related to the one reviewed.
Reviewer identifies the person that reviewed the study; LH = Larissa Hassinger, JM = Jackie Moya; LJP = Linda Phillips.
QA/QC identifies the person conducting QA/QC, per the QAPP for this literature review.
References that are stricken out are those that were obtained, but not reviewed in this spreadsheet because they were not s
x
x
Report
Report of Peer Review
Abstract
Summary Only
Reference Type

Website
Memo

x
x
Literature Review

x
x
Data Gaps
Site Characterizaton
Producton Process
Consttuent Charac.

x
Leaching
Stormwater runoff
Site Monitoring

Head Space/de-gassing-Bulk
(lab)

Off-gassing/volatlizing (field)

x
Human Exposure

x
x
Human Risk
Study Topic(s)

x
Microbial
Epidemiologic
Biomonitoring
Bioavailability
Modeling
 x x

x x

x x x x

x x x x x

x x x

x x x
 x x x

x x x

x x x x

x x

x x x x x

x x x x
x x x

x x x

x x x x

x x

x x x x x x x

x x x x
x x x x x x x x

x x x

x x

x
 x x

x x x

x x x x x x x

x x x
x x x x

x x

x x x x

x
 x x

x x

x x

x x x x x x x

x x x x

x x x
 x x x x

x x x x

x x x x x x
x x x x x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x x x x x x x
 x x

x x x

x x x x x

x x x
 x x x

x x x x

x x x
 x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x

x
x
x
Fate and transport
 x

x x x x

x x x x

x x
x x

x x
 x

x x x x

x x x x

x x
x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x x
 samples
heated to
x 70o C in x
sealed
container

x x x

40 1 1 1 1 1 24 11 4 6 16 36 7 12 13 12 27 32 7 0 3 5 5

urnal articles from the scientific literature have been peer reviewed. Reports represent documents
these document is generally not known. Other reference types include abstracts, manuscripts,

n on one topic (e.g., a literature review). In other cases a document may address more than one
o include the results of novel research aimed at addressing specific questions (e.g., leaching of
mbs).
here the study was conducted.

samples were collected or analyzed. For example, a study to identify the constituents in tire crumbs
tire crumbs samples may have been collected from an indoor or outdoor field. Samples may also
grounds or other locations where tire crumbs may be used.

bber or artificial grass blades/fibers may have been collected for the purpose of leaching studies, or
plers. Other examples include wipe samples from fields or tire crumbs for assessing dermal exposure,

concentrations or exposures based on age or weathering of the artificial turf, or the effects of
differences between indoor and outdoor environments, synthetic and natural turf, site and
ns.

essment (e.g., children/teens, adults, workers, athletes).

udy (e.g., VOCs, SVOCs, inorganics, microbes, particulate matter). PAHS are also included as a broad
ncluded because they are frequenly included in the studies. A separate column is included to capture
nformation on the constituents studies (e.g., concentration data).

man or ecological receptors.

r example, it may provide information on the number of fields sampled, and/or the number of

d in a human exposure/risk assessment. Some studies evaluated more than one route of exposure.
exposure/risk assessment.
f assessment conducted (e.g., screening, quantitative or qualitative).
to assess risk (e.g., EPA IRIS values, ATSDR MRLs, etc.)
essment, if applicable.
this column represents quotes taken directly from the study text, and represents the authors
lanation, if necessary. For most studies, the information provided in this column also represents

= Linda Phillips.

t because they were not suitable for this effort.

 Toxicity Assessment
Eco Exposure/Risk

x
Risk Communicaton

Other

State or Country

Utah
Canada

Quebec
Locaton

Colorado
Geographic

Laboratory
Indoor Field

x
Outdoor Field
Natural Grass Field

x
Synthetc Grass Field
x

Playground
Background
Study/Sample Locaton(s)

Other

x
Bulk Crumb Rubber
Bulk Grass Blades or Fibers
Alternatve Infill Type
x

Leachate
Urine
Sample Type
x x x x x x

Italy x x x x

Running Track
Tire Rubber
gastric
x x digestion California x x x
simulation

California's
skin abrasions Central x x x
and infections Valley

x x
study protocol
assessment of

Italy x x x
 x
use of dynamic flux
chamber to collect air

x
samples from fields at

during
exposure
breathing of child

assessment
production;
mutagenicity
Taiwan
Taiwan

Connecticut
Connecticut

x
x

x
x

x
x
x

x
x

x
x
x

x
x
manufacturing 1 synthetic rubber field
facility and 2 polyurethane fields

x
x
 x x x

x x Connecticut x x

x x x

green roofs

NYC

Norway x x
 x
x

x
x

design crumb coatings

Florida

Connecticut

x
x

x
x
x
x
x

Parking lot mulch

x
x
x

x
x
x
 in vitro & in vivo
x x Italy x x

AhR-based bioassays

x x

EPA Regions x x x x x x
3, 4, 5

The
x x x x x
Netherlands

x x
 Washington x

x x

x x x

Swedish
x Sweden
regulations

x x x x x x

x x x x x x
x

Connecticut x x x

New York x commercial x x x

extraction

products
solvent

Spain x x x
solvent extraction

Italy x x x x

Pennsylvania x x x x x
 x
x

x
Surface & Infill
Temperature;
Aquatic Toxicity
evaluation
Italy

Connecticut

x
x

x
x
x

x
x
x
x

Experimental plots (indoors) using

lysimeter to collect leachate; emission
chamber used to collect VOCs

x
x
x

x
x
x
x x Denmark x x x x x

Norway x x

upwind locations

groundwater
x x sampling; heat New York x x x x x x
illness
 analytical
results of lead
in crumb New York x x
rubber from
athletic fields

new products
New Jersey x x x

x Norway x x x
meta-analysis

x x x
 Italy x x x

manufacturing
exposure

facility
during France
production

mutagenicity
x Italy x x x x
analysis

x x
temperature
Surface

Pennsylvania x x x x x x

New Jersey x x
 roadbed fill
x Maine x

Connecticut x x x x x x x x

Ecotoxicity;
regulations for
x disposal of
scrap tires

x Norway x x

The x x x x
Netherlands
 Data from
New Jersey,
Commentary
New York,
Nevada, x
South Korea,
and New
Products
and soil based on literature
distribution of Zn in water

on leaching

The
x x
Netherlands

New York x x x x
City

Review of
methodologies
for assessing Virginia
chemicals in
crumb rubber
 x x x

New York
City & x x x x
Rochester,
NY

Indoor playground

x x x
x mutagenicity Ohio x x x

test plots; soil enhanced

with crumb rubber
soil surface
hardness and Canada x
strength; water
content

x Washington

x x Korea x x x

x x Portugal x x
 benefits of
x artificial turf

Acid Rain Japan x x

Tire Wear particles, Regulatory
Processes

x Temperature Canada
 extraction with
dichlorometha The
ne; migration Netherlands x x x
using artificial
saliva

Netherlands
Sittard,
x x x x

19 26 2 31 58 42 8 20 8 35 9 8 13 44 13 4 22 3
 Personal Exposure (air)

Sample Type
Statonary Air Samples
Wipe Samples

Other

x
x
Age or Weathering
Meteorolgoical
Geographical
Indoor vs Outdoor
Synthetc vs Natural
Site vs Background
Actve vs Inactve play
Conditons Studied

Actvity-related
Other Sources

Other

Children/Teens
Adults

x
Athletes
Workers

Other
Populaton(s) Studied

x
VOCs
Consttu
 x

x x x
temperature

x x x x x x

x x x x

x x x x coaches x
 temperature
x x x x

x x x

x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x
 x x

microbial

x x x

x x x x
 x
x
groundwater/ru
noff/soil

x
x
x

x
x

coated vs. uncoated

x
x

x
x

gardener

x
x
x
x
 human lung cells;
X. laevis
extract of
truck tire
treads
obtained
from
roadways

x x x x x

x x x x x

x
 Sand infill

rubber
mulches

temperature, pH

Pseudokirchneriell x
a subcapitata and
Daphnia magna
x
 Segmented turf;
Digestive fluid,
natural soil rubber pavers lung, and sweat
extractions

x
x

x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
 x

x
emission chamber used to collect VOCs Temperature x

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x

x spectators x
x
 x
x
microvacuum

x
x
downwind vs upwind

temperature; acid rain simulation;

worst case conditions
x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x
x
 bio-fluid extracts: sweat, digestive,
lung, nitric acid

crumb size;
leaching time
x
x
x
 x
x

x
x
x
x

x
respirable aerosol collected Scrap tire chips dust
by robotic sampler

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
Surface pH, chip size
temperature

x
x
x

x
x
x
 x
x
surface water runoff

x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x
 dust

x x x x
Compacted upper and lower
layers
method
used TCLP

x
x
 temperature
x

natural
grass
blades x
from test
plots
Back coating; Elastic
compound
pavement

x x x x

coated
vs non-
coated
crumb
rubber
x

benefits vs risks
 x

9 20 5 20 20 10 1 5 6 9 4 5 3 12 14 13 10 4 6 38
 Specific Consttuents
Consttuents Evaluated Studied
Benzothiazole

Consttuent Name(s)
Lead

Partculate Matter

Other
SVOCs

Inorganics

Microbes
PAHs Consttuents of Highest
Concern

diphenylamine, 2-
morpholino-benzothiazole,
hydroxy-alkene, aromatic
organics

amine, aromatic amino

alcohol/phenol, aromatic
phenolic compound,
aromatic heterocycle; see
constituents tab

S. aureus, coliforms, total

x microbial load

x x x x
 Al, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr,
Cu,
Hg, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni,
x x Zn
Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Tl, V,
W and Zn; see constituents
tab

20 VOCs, 14 SVOCs, 15
x x x x x metals (see constituents
tab)

94 VOCs (see constituents

x x x tab)

x x x x x various chemicals, PAHs

BTX, PAHs, Lead,

x x x Chromium, Cadmium, Tin,
Zinc (see constituents tab)
 hexanal and 2-Methyl
furan most abundant
See constituents list compounds detected
from rubber fields

review provides long list of

potential constituents that
x x x can be leached; see
constituents tab

60 VOCs, 120 SVOCs

including 22 PAHs, and
x x x x x benzene, benzothiazole
nitrosamines; see
constituents tab

turf-related: 4 VOCs
(acetone, ethyl benzene,
MIBK, toluene); 6 PAHs
2x> background
60 VOCs, 120 SVOCs (acenaphthalene, 1-
including 22 PAHs, and
x x x x x methylnaphthalene, 2-
nitrosamines; see methylnaphthalene,
constituents tab fluoranthene,
phenanthrene, and
pyrene; misc SVOCs incl.
BHT and benzothiozole
 11 volatilizing
compounds and 7 in
headspace (see
constituents tab); major
x x x x See constituents tab organic in leachate was
benzothiazole and
highest inorganic in
leachate was zinc (see
constituents tab)

x x x

Maximum wipe sample

result=98.7 ug;
x Lead; see constituents tab estimated ingestion =
9.9 ug/d

x x Leachate and zinc

Zn, Cr, Fe Mn,PAHs,

VOCs, SVOCs, metals,
x x x x benzothiazole,
benzothyazole, phthalates alkylphenols, MIBK

x x x x See constituents tab

 benzothiazole; butylated
hydroxyanisole; n-
x x x x x hexadecane; and 4-(t-octyl)
phenol, Zn, Se, Pb, Cd

Na, Cr, Fe, Cu, total xylenes,

x x Sb, Ba, Zn, Pb, Ni, Se, TRPH,
Ar

x x x x see CDPH 2010

x benzothiozole

PM2.5, PM10, Cd, Cr, Hg,

x x x Pb, Sn, Zn, PAHs, see Sn
constituents tab

Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb, Sn, Zn,

x x x PM10, PM2.5
 x Zn Zn

benzothiazoles

PM10, Pb, Cr, Zn, Ca, Cl, Cu,

Fe, K, Al, As, Ba, Cd, Ni ,
x x x Mn, S, Si, Ti, VOCs, see
constiuents tab

x x x

Zinc, Selenium, Lead,

Cadmium, Benzothiozole,
x x BHT, hexadecane, 4-(tert-
Octyl)-phenol (see
constituents tab)
 Acetaldehyde, Arsenic,
Benzene, Benzo(a) pyrene,
Bis(2-
x x ethylhexyl)phthalate,PAHs,
total PCBs,Methyl isobutyl
ketone, toluene, xylene,
zinc

metals, organics (see

x x x x Zn
constituents tab)

x MRSA

x Lead

x x x Zn, PAH

x x Zn, PAH
 MeNA, BT, BHT, BHA and 4-
x x x x x t-OP, Zn, Pb, Ni, Mn, Cr, Cu,
As, Cd, Ba

Be, Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Cu, As, Se,

x x x x Ag, Cd, Hg, Pb, PAHs, see
constituents tab

x x x See constituents tab.

x x x See constituents tab. PAHs

x S. aureus
 23 metals, 9 PAHs, PCBs,
x x x PCDD/Fs, PAHs (see BaP
constituents tab)

benzothiazole and 4-(tert-

octyl) phenol, volatile
x x Nitrosamines, Zn, Pb, Se,
Cd, Hg, Cr, As, Ba, Ag, Cu, Ni
(See constituents tab)

PAHs, Inorganics, VOCs,

fluorides, nitrates,
x x x ammonium, chlorides,
sulphates
 Benzothiazole,
Dicyclohexylamine,
Cyclohexanamine,
Dibutyl phthalate, Zn,
x x x x See constituents tab 6PPD,
Dicyclohexylamine,
Diisobutyl phthalate,
Nonylphenol, 2,4-Di-
tert-butylphenol

VOCs, PCBs, Benzene, PAHs,

x x x Phthalates, Alkyl phenols,
see constituents tab

aniline, phenol, zinc

found in leachate from
x x x x x see constituents tab crumb rubber above
groundwater standards
 x Lead Lead

Risk assessment addressed

x x x x metals only (see Lead
constituents tab)

arsenic, cadmium, copper,

chromium, mercury, nickel,
x x x zinc, PCBs, PAHs, Zn, PAHs
phthalates, phenols (see
constituents tab)

x Zn
 BTX, PAHs,
Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Cd,
x x x Cu, Ni, Zn, Pb, Ti, Ba, Al, Co,
Cr, Sn, As (see constituents
tab)

BTX, PAHs, PM (see

x x constituents tab)
DOC and dissolved N

DOC, DN, S, Zn, Cd, Cr, Fe,

Ca,
x Mg, Al, Na, P, K, B, As, Cu, Iron and Zinc
Hg, Pb, Se, Mo, and Ni (see
constituents tab)

x S. aureau

lead, chromium, arsenic

x x Lead
and cadmium
x x iron and manganese

x x x x x see CDPH 2010

multiple contaminants
mentioned in this literature
x x x x x review; see constituents
tab

Zn, PAHs, phthalates, Zinc, alkylphenols,

x x x phenols (see constituents octylphenol
tab)

Total PAHs in crumb Total PAHs in crumb

x rubber; 1-Hydroxypyrene in rubber=24 mg/kg
urine
 Max lead conc. in grass
x x Lead fiber 8800 mg/kg from
Nevada study

x Zn Zn

69 VOCs, 18 SVOCs, 17 VOCs and metals

PAHs, benzothiazole, 10
x x x x x x detected in air; see
metals, PM; see constituents tab
constituents tab
x x see constituents tab

PAHs, Zn, Cr,

x x x x As, Cd, Pb (see constituent
tab)

16 PAHs: NAP, ACY, ACE,

FLU, PHN, ANC, FLA, PYR,
B(a)A, CHY, B(b)F, B(k)F,
B(a)P, IND, D(ah)A, B(ghi)P; benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P),
x x other: BTZ, TBP, BHA, BHT, DEHP
DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, BBP,
DEHA, DEHP, DOP, DINP,
DIDP
 extractable substances (BNA)extractable substances
base/neutral/acid

(BNA)
x

Pb, Cd, Hg, Cr and Zn,

benzene, toluene,
ethylbenzene and xylene,
benzo(a)anthracene,
chrysene,
benzo(b)fluoranthene,
x x x benzo(j)fluoranthene,
benzo(k)fluoranthene,
benzo(e)pyrene,
benzo(a)pyrene,
dibenzo(a,h)anthracene,
DEHP, DEP, DnBP, BBzP,
HCHO

x x x x see constituents tab

x Zn, Fe, Ba, Mn

x x See constituents tab

 Nitrosamines

x Zn Zn

31 20 49 29 6 41 18 6 68 27
 Number of Observatons or N
Samples

for 14 wks
tire and new tire

2 fields; 3 samples/
2 concentrates: scrap

field; sampled once/wk

Ingeston

x
Inhalaton
Route
Human
Exposure

Dermal

Body Weight, kg

Inhalaton Rate, m3/hr

Inhalaton rate, m3/d

Ingeston Rate, g/d

Skin Surface Area, cm2

Exp
 4

32

wipe samples from 3

rubber playground
surfaces and a track x x 15 10 20
surface; bulk samples
from 3 recyclers

air sampling at 4
artificial turf fields; PM
measurements at 3
fields during active x
play; 5 artificial turf
fields sampled for
microbial analysis
0.1 & 0.05

x x x

1 field, 6 coaches, 3
days of monitoring
 3 fields: 1 sythetic
rubber, and 2
polyurethane; 5
samples from ubber
field, 14 samples from
the 2 polurethane
fields

2 production facilities x

4 outdoor fields, 1
indoor field, 1 natural
background; 2 x 21.4 (ad)
personal samples/field,
1-2 stationary
ampless/field

4 outdoor fields, 1
indoor field, 1 natural
background; 5 bulk
samples/field; 10
personal samples; 12-
35 area samples,
depending on analyte
8 samples from 3 fields

x x x

3 indoor turf fields x x

 x x x

1 parking lot; 4 events:

groundwater (4),
runoff (3), rain water
(1), and soil sampling

see CDPH 2010 x

 Sample types: TD
eluates, TD organic
extracts, TD treatment
on in vitro systems, TD
treatment on in vivo
systems

17 research reports
and 13 supplemntary
sources; experimental x x x
research on new, 1-
year old, and 3-year
old samples
 x
x
x
x

28-56 30-50

1.9-3.2

0.1-0.2 0.2-0.1

3000-5100
15 commercial Crumb
rubber material (CRM)
samples

x x x

21 tire mulch samples

from 9 playgrounds; 7
commercial rubber
pavers

9 samples from various

fields varying from
brand new to 8 years x x 70 3.6
old and virgin rubber
not from recycle tires

11 fields
 13 fields analysed for
metals and PAHs; 1 x
field analysed for PCBs,
PCDD/Fs, and PAHs

20 air samples

x
 >20 yrs:
>20 yrs: 70; 16- >20 yrs: 6; 16- 7100; 16-19
19 yrs: 65; 12- 19 yrs: 4.8; 12- yrs: 6600;
x x x 1
15 yrs: 50; 7-12 15 yrs: 3.6; 7- 12-15 yrs:
yrs: 30 12 yrs: 1.8 5100; 7-12
yrs: 3000

>20 yrs:
>20 yrs: 70; 16- >20 yrs: 6; 16- 7100; 16-19
x x x 19 yrs: 65; 12- 19 yrs: 4.8; 12- 1 yrs: 6600;
15 yrs: 50; 7-12 15 yrs: 3.6; 7- 12-15 yrs:
yrs: 30 12 yrs: 1.8 5100; 7-12
yrs: 3000

31 crumb rubber
samples from 4 scrap
processing facilities; 2
field locations
 samples taken from
113 athletic fields and
playgrounds;
composite samples
from 5 areas of most
sites

ch=0.05; ad=0.02
11<16 yrs=19.3;
16<19 yrs=20.8;
6<11yrs=17.0;

>19 yrs=22.4
std, by age
7 communities with x x x
crumb rubber fields

4 types of rubber
granuales and 2 types
of fibers

Based on data from

review of 14 studies;
and new leaching
experiments
 a=8600; ch=4000
a=3.2; ch=1.9
a=70; ch=25
4 fields with shredded
tire infill; 1 adult and 1 x x
child receptor for
exposure estim.

4 production facilities x

6 football fields (5
artificial); 2
background locations

20 fields; 2 samples of
crumb rubber from
high and 2 samples
from low use areas per
field

5 fields; personal
sampling on 1 field x
only
 2 sites: 1 with tire
shreds below water
table; the other with
tire shreds below
water table

see CDPH 2010; CT

UCHC 2010

I bulk tire crumb

sample, urine from 7
football players
 2 outdoor fields

Review of 11 reports
7 products from tire
manufacturers

7 rubber granual
samples; 1 artificial x
turf grass fiber
samples collected from
4 artificial turf fields

40 test plots: 4 each of

5 different
concentrations of
rubber crumb ranging
from 0 to 40%,
amended with either 0
or 0.75% coconut fiber.

50- 10057-
50 subject schools X X X 28-60 1.8-6 12-14 1000 17084

raw granuales and 2

types of coated
granuales
Air sampling at 4 fields
at 30 and 100 cm
above field; bulk
samples collected from
6 fields

Drainage water pulled

from 5 artificial turf
fields

46 16 22 12 9 6 3 8 6
 SA/BW, cm2/kg

Adherence, mg/cm2

Bioavailability fracton

Absorpton fracton
Exposure Factors

Hand-to-mouth, contacts/hr

Hand-to-surface, contacts/hr

Exposure Duraton, y

Exposure Frequency, d/y

Exposure Frequency, d/wk

Exposure Time, hr/d

7 23

129
child=12; adults=30

VOCs=69; others=138

3
child=12; adults=30

VOCs=69; others=138
3
 1

0.04-0.58

3
3-7

134-178
261
3
20 208 2
30 250 5

workers: 71
d/yr; prof workers: and
athletes: 365 prof athletes:
d/yr; amateur 8; amateur
athletes: 44 athletes: 10
weeks/year
 >20 yrs: 5; 16- >20 yrs: 4; 16-
19 yrs: 7; 12- 19 yrs: 2; 12-
0.5 15 yrs: 4; 7-12 15 yrs: 2.5; 7-
yrs: 4 12 yrs: 2.5

>20 yrs: 5; 16- >20 yrs: 4; 16-

1 0.5 19 yrs: 7; 12- 19 yrs: 2; 12-
15 yrs: 4; 7-12 15 yrs: 2.5; 7-
yrs: 4 12 yrs: 2.5
 6<11yrs=352;
11<16 yrs=288;
16<19 yrs=257;
>19 yrs=246

ch=0.04; ad=0.012

130
3
 0.1-0.01

a=30; ch=6

direct dermal and outdoor

inhal=100; rainwater=24;
indoor inhal=350

rainwater=0.1; outdoor
inhal=2; indoor inhal=6
0.02 3-50 134-178 0.54-0.92
1 2 2 2 1 1 10 11 2 11
 Risk Assess.

Quanttatve
Qualitatve
Other

Cancer
Non-Cancer
Screening

Other
Toxicity or Regulatory Risk of Highest
Data Used to Assess Risk Charac. Concern
Risk

microbial

x
 x

Italian regulatory values

established by the
x x Legislative
Decree 152/2006; and
DIN 18035-7:2002-06

x x x x OEHHA, EPA IRIS, ATSDR

EPA IRIS, Regional

x x x x x values used in studies
reviewed

x
 Ames Test; ACGIH TLV
for PM
ventil adj: child=3.96;
adult=2.64

EPA IRIS/HEAST, ATSDR

x x x x MRLs, Cal OEHHA, NYS,
European ADIs
 max estimated
Codified Guidance ingestion=9.9
x Policy for Lead in ug/d which is
Consumer Products <15 ug/d level
of concern

x x x

Norms, limits, and

National Targets:
Norway
 various - literature
x x x review

State guidance
x x concentrations
ventil adj: child=3.96; adult=2.64

Sources: EPA IRIS,

California’s Office of
x x x Environmental Health
Hazard Assessment
(OEHHA), and ATSDR
 cell toxicity
AhR-based bioassays;
CALUX

limit values in the

Dutch Building,
Materials Decree,
Decee on Soil Quality;
x ecotoxiciological limit
values; European toy
directive; limit value for
marginal risk of 1 ng/kg
bw for BaP
 Cancer risk 10-11to
x x x "EPA guidance"
10-6; HQ <1

EPA IRIS RfD

growth inhibition

x
 x

RfDs and CSFs from

x x ISS/ISPESL 2009 HQ<1 PAHs
database
 Italian limits for “green
area” soils; compared
to BaP concentration of
0.012 ng/m3 estimated BaP max conc.
by WHO (2000) as
x x x = cancer risk of
associated 1x10-6
to an excess lifetime
cancer risk of 1 in a
million of exposed
persons

Toxicity monitoring
used Method EPA-821-
R-02-012

ICPE11 discharge
standards, acceptability
criteria for Discharges
of Inert Waste12,
x x standards concerning
the quality of water
destined for human
consumption; NF IS0
 x x EN ISO

worst case; margin

of safety

lowest NOAELs
aquatic tox

Standard GW and SW
Guidance values; IRIS,
x x x NYS Brownfield Cleanup
Program
 EPA lead level for soil elevated lead at
(400 ppm) 1 of 113 fields

EPA IRIS/HEAST RfDs,

x x x ASTDR MRLs

Concentrations
Norwegian Pollution compared to
x Control Authority’s limit limits for soil and
for zinc in water water
 "Pertinent RfD and CSF
values are listed in the
ISSISPESL (Istituto
Superiore di Sanità– Cancer risk <1x10-
x x x 6; HI<1
Istituto Superiore per
la Prevenzione e la
Sicurezza del Lavoro)"

8-h occupational
exposure limit
x x value for the inhalable
fraction of airborne
particles

EPA NAAQS
 review of various
x studies
eco-risk

"Predicted No Effect
x Concentration"
 Consumer Product
Safety Improvement
Act of 2008 statutory
lead limit of 300 mg/kg
for consumer products
intended for use by Comparison to
children, and the U.S. regulatory limits
Environmental
Protection Agency’s
lead-dust hazard
standard of 40 μg/ft2
for floors

WHO drinking water std

for Zn; Dutch Building "realistic worst
x Materials Decree; case scenario"
maximum permissible
concentration for Zn

NYS DECs DAR-1

x annual guideline levels
 TCLP Regulatory Limits;
x x EPA Drinking Water
Standards
 Ames assay
Ratio of hour per:
standing, sitting,
lying, crawl,

wallow

X X USEPA

regul limits: German

standard DIN 18035-7
3 14 13 9 15 14 8 36 6 4
 Brief Descripton/Results

This paper describes EPA Region 8's response to questions from parents about risks of exposure to
tire crumbs in playgrounds. It described parents observations and EPA's effort to obtain
information from the literature to formulate a response. The conclusion was that while there was
no evidence of risk based on the existing literature, data gaps exist.

"This report describes preliminary results of the application of molecular spectrometric techniques
and separational methods to an examination of major organic components in large sample
preconcentrates of tire leachate in order to identify or chemically characterize those demonstrating
toxicity in biological tests."

"This study compares the occurrence of microbial populations on two infilled synthetic turf fields
(year old turf vs. 6 year old turf) in three locations...Much higher microbial populations were found
on the older turf field with as much as a 10 4 increase over similar locations on the newer turf... the
sideline had the highest counts with an average of 1.12x10 8 CFUs (colony forming units) per gram
of rubber infill on the older field...[and] 2.5x10 5 CFUs per gram of infill" on the new sythetic field.
"Counts from the MSA plates revealed a relatively high number of mannitol-fermenting salt-
tolerant bacteria, a possible indication of staphylococci."

…”it appears that the health risks for players who use artificial turf are not significant and that it is
completely safe to engage in sports activities on this type of outdoor field.”
Birkholz et al. (2003) “designed a comprehensive hazard assessment to evaluate and address
potential human health and environmental concerns associated with the use of tire crumb in
playgrounds. Human health concerns were addressed using conventional hazard analyses,
mutagenicity assays, and aquatic toxicity tests of extracted tire crumb. Hazard to children appears
to be minimal. Toxicity to all aquatic organisms (bacteria, invertebrates, fish, and green algae) was
observed; however, this activity disappeared with aging of the tire crumb for three months in place
in the playground. We conclude that the use of tire crumb in playgrounds results in minimal hazard
to children and the receiving environment.”

"The total amount and the amount leached during the acidic test varied from metal to metal and
from granulate to granulate. The highest median values were found for Zn (10,229 mg/kg), Al (755
mg/kg), Mg (456 mg/kg), Fe (305 mg/kg), followed by Pb, Ba, Co, Cu and Sr... The highest leaching
was observed for Zn (2300 μg/l) and Mg (2500 μg/l), followed by Fe, Sr, Al, Mn and Ba. Little As, Cd,
Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb and V leached, and Be, Hg, Se, Sn, Tl and W were below
quantification limits. Data obtained were compared with the maximum tolerable amounts
reported for similar materials, and only the concentration of Zn (total and leached) exceeded the
expected values."

"Overall, we consider it unlikely that a onetime ingestion of tire shreds would produce adverse
health effects."" Only exposure to zinc exceeded its health-based screening value." "...ecological
effects from contaminated soil cannot be ruled out based on these
Preliminary Remediation Goals, although the selenium level in the soil was only
marginally higher than the PRG and the zinc levels were close to the normal background
levels."

"PM2.5 and associated elements (including lead and other heavy metals) were either below the
level of detection or at similar concentrations above artificial turf athletic fields and upwind of the
fields.""The large majority of air samples collected from above artificial turf had VOC
concentrations that were below the limit of detection. "Fewer bacteria were detected on artificial
turf compared to natural turf."

"A review of available studies concludes that adverse health effects are not likely for children or
athletes exposed to recycled tire materials found at playgrounds or athletic fields (Table 1).
Similarly, no adverse ecological or environmental outcomes from field leachate are likely."

"The results of the monitoring carried out during the research presented in this paper showed that
under the conditions considered - given the peculiar characteristics both of the infill used and of
the geographic location of the pitch - there was no occupational exposure nor any additional
exposure to the substances of interest other than an environmental exposure in urban areas. This
research represents the preliminary stage of a larger project to further investigate aspects of
exposure assessment of pollutants potentially emitted by the infill material used in artificial turf
soccer pitches."
"The type II polyurethane track had the highest decay rate, while the synthetic rubber
track had the lowest decay rate. Two years after the track installation, the VOC concentrations
measured at 1.5 m above the track, the breathing height of school children, were not significantly
higher than the background levels."

This literature review covers topics such as: disposal of scrap tires, composition and production of
tire rubber, ZnO and PAHs in tire rubber, and life cycle assessment studies. Review of studies
where the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) was used indicated constituent
concentrations well below MCLs or TCLP regulatory limits

"Levels of volatile organics were not significant, but a few mutagens/carcinogens, such as styrene,
benzothiazole, phthalate ester and naphthalene were identified. Total particulate levels ranged
from 0.43 to 6.54 mg/m3, while respirable particulates were in the range 0.23–1.25 mg/m 3. Ames
testing revealed indirect mutagenicity on strain TA98, indicating possible effects of frame-shift type
mutagens. Chemical analysis of airborne particulates confirmed the presence of amines, aniline,
quinoline, amides and benzothiazole, which are potentially convertible to frame-shift type
mutagenic nitrosoamines."

Review article; discusses risks vs benefits.

"In spite of the conservative nature of the assessment, cancer risks were only slightly above de
minimis levels for all scenarios evaluated including children playing at the indoor facility, the
scenario with the highest exposure. The calculated risks are well within typical risk levels in the
community from ambient pollution sources and are below target risks associated with many air
toxics regulatory programs. Further, the main risk driver, benzene, was only above background in
personal monitoring samples and so may be more related to the sampling equipment or host than
being field-related. Chronic non-cancer risks were not elevated above a Hazard Index of 1."
"Cancer risks are slightly above de minimis in all scenarios, being nearly two fold higher at the
indoor field compared to outdoors and being higher for children than adults."

"Of the 60 VOCs tested in air, 4 VOCs appear to be associated with turf. Of 22 PAHs, 6 were found
in the air on the turf at 2 fold greater concentrations than in background locations on at least two
fields. Of the five targeted SVOCs, benzothiazole and butylated hydroxytoluene were the only
chemicals detected in the personal and area air samples from outdoor turf fields ranging from <80-
1200 ng/m3 and <80-130 ng/m3, respectively. Nitrosamine air levels were below reporting levels.
PM10 air concentrations were greater in background locations than on the turf at all fields with the
exception of Field B. However, the PM10 air concentration on turf at Field B, 5.89 ug/m3, was
within the range of other PM10 background concentrations. All of the composite samples of turf
fibers and crumb rubber were below the level EPA considers as presenting a “soil-lead hazard” in
play areas (400ppm)."
"Zinc is the most prevalent contaminant in the leachate and stormwater studies." "The DEP
concludes that there is a potential risk to surface waters and aquatic organisms associated with
whole effluent and zinc toxicity of stormwater runoff from artificial turf fields...This study did not
identify any significant risks to groundwater protection criteria in the stormwater runoff from
artificial turf fields."

"The CASE Peer Review Committee concluded based on a review of the state’s reports that there is
a limited human health risk, and an environmental risk as shown by the high zinc levels detected.
Furthermore, it is believed that some of the results can be easily misinterpreted by the public."

"The results (Table 1) for this set of tested synthetic turf fields show no case in which the
estimated exposure for children playing on the field would exceed 15 ug lead/day."

"Extracts from crumb rubber were collected and Salmonella was exposed to this
material for either 24 or 48 h and subsequently enumerated. The 1-h extract was more inhibitory
to organisms than the synthetic rainwater (SRW) alone. Additionally, the 24-h and 48-h extracts
were more inhibitory than the 1-h extract when in contact with
Salmonella for 24 h."

"Based on the information reviewed none of the risk assessments showed concentrations of
contaminants that would be at a level of concern, even under conservative assumptions and thus it
does not appear that the ingestion of tire crumb would pose a significant health risk for children or
adults."

"...airborne dust concentrations that one would expect in an indoor environment for both PM10
and PM2.5 fractions." "In all three halls, the proportion of organic material is considerable. The
airborne dust contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), phthalates, semi-volatile organic
compounds, benzothiazoles and aromatic amines. It also contains organic and inorganic pollutants
which are not specified in this study. Possible problem areas linked to latex exposure via the skin
and air passages should be assessed by specialists."
"It is clear that the recycled rubber crumbs are not inert, nor is a high-temperature or severe
solvent extraction needed to release metals, volatile organic compounds, or semi-volatile organi
compounds. The release of airborne chemicals and dust is well established by the current
information...There are still data gaps that need to be filled in and additional studies are
warranted."

"Except for the iron concentrations detected in groundwater samples collected from MW-1, MW-3,
and MW-4, all remaining soil, groundwater, rain water, and surface water runoff concentrations
were below State guidance concentrations."

"Cancer and noncancer risk levels were at or below de minimis levels of concern. The
scenario with the highest exposure was children playing on the indoor field. The acute hazard
index (HI) for this scenario approached unity, suggesting a potential concern, although there was
great uncertainty with this estimate. The main contributor was benzothiazole, a rubber-related
semivolatile organic chemical (SVOC) that was 14-fold higher indoors than outdoors. Based upon
these findings, outdoor and indoor synthetic turf fields are not associated with elevated adverse
health risks."

Based on a review of the literature, "The following BZT toxicity values were derived: (1) acute air
target of 110 μg/m3 based upon a BZT RD50 study in mice relative to results for formaldehyde; (2)
a chronic noncancer target of 18 μg/m3 based upon the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL)
in a subchronic dietary study in rats, dose route extrapolation, and uncertainty factors that
combine to 1000; (3) a cancer unit risk of 1.8E-07/μg-m3 based upon a published oral slope factor
for 2-MBZT and dose-route extrapolation."

"The experimental study presented in this paper indicates that the R1 coating fulfils the
requirements of adherence and color stability requested for this particular application and is
effective in reducing environmental emissions from the rubber granulate materials; namely, in
terms of leaching of pollutants such as PAHs and heavy metals. The other coating tested, R2, also
shows good performance characteristics but has a leaching value for Sn exceeding the regulated
limit."

"The study presented in this article illustrates the use of the described test chamber as effective for
simulating atmospheric conditions experienced by rubber infill (when applied in synthetic turf
pitches) and measuring accurately the different leachates as well as emission parameters.
Therefore, this procedure is to be considered as a technical option to the lysimeter “global turf
system evaluation” when the rubber infill alone is to be evaluated."
"Previous work and these results confirm the significant role of zinc in leached TD and the
presence of additional organic toxicants. The studies performed have focused their attention on
the potential toxic risk to living aquatic organisms from whole rubber tires or scrap. In this study
TD has been investigated for its impact on human cell lines and on X. laevis embryos."

"The application of CALUX (Chemical-Activated LUciferase gene eXpression) cell bioassay-driven

toxicant identification evaluation not only revealed that tire extract contained a variety of known
AhR-active polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, but also identified 2- methylthiobenzothiazole and 2-
mercaptobenzothiazole as AhR agonists. Analysis of a structurally diverse series of benzothiazoles
identified many that could directly stimulate AhR DNA binding and transiently activate the AhR
signaling pathway and identified benzothiazoles as a new class of AhR agonists. In addition to these
compounds, the relatively high AhR agonist activity of a large number of fractions strongly suggests
that tire extract contains a large number of physiochemically diverse AhR agonists whose identities
and toxicological/biological significances are unknown."

"(5) On average, concentrations of components monitored in this study were below levels of
concern; however, given the very limited nature of this study (i.e., limited number of components
monitored, samples sites, and samples taken at each site) and the wide diversity of tire crumb
material, it is not possible to reach any more comprehensive conclusions without the consideration
of additional data"

"Based on the available literature on exposure to rubber crumb by swallowing, inhalation and skin
contact and our experimental investigations on skin contact we conclude, that there is not a
significant health risk due to the presence of rubber infill for football players an artificial turf pitch
with rubber infill from used car tyres."

"The laboratory data presented here support the conclusion that under relatively mild conditions
of temperature and leaching solvent, components of crumb rubber produced from tires (i)
volatilize into the vapor phase and (ii) are leached into water in contact with the crumbs."
This study evaluates health risks for children (8-10 yrs old) and teenagers (11-18 years old)
participating in team sports. It used the highest concentrations obtained from Norwegian Institute
of Public Health and Radium Hospital 2006, Plesser and Lund 2004, and OHHEA 2007.

"The results indicate that aqueous extracts of rubber mulches (RM) contain high concentrations of
zinc (Zn) compared with wood mulches (WM), and its concentration increased at lower pH and
higher temperature...Our results suggest that organic constituents in water extracts of RM which
have AhR activity may not be of significant concern while leaching of Zn from RM appears to be a
potentially larger water quality issue for RM."

"..largest proportion of available MRSA was 118% of the applied MRSA was available from polymer
coated sand, 113% from TPE, 110% from crumb rubber,108% from sand, 100% from organic, and
57% from EPDM rubber."

"Measurement of indoor air and exposure calculations have shown that there is probably a small
health risk associated with simply being on or playing on synthetic turf surfaces that use rubber
from recycled tyres. The exposure levels and any allergic reactions, however, have been poorly
studied. Exposure to these substances from other sources, such as car exhaust, must also be taken
into consideration to achieve a total assessment of health risks. Current knowledge allows the
conclusion to be drawn that synthetic turf that contains rubber from recycled tyres may give rise to
local environmental risks. Investigations have shown that zinc and phenols can leach from the
rubber granulate, and these substances can affect aquatic and sediment dwelling organisms, if they
reach neighbouring water courses."

"Results of this study confirm that the exposure of lead ingestion and risk level increases as the
particle size of crumb rubber. Average lead exposure ranged from 1.7 x 10-5 mg/kg-day to 4.1x 10-
4 mg/kg-day with the highest exposure value for children 7-9 yrs old with the acid extraction
method and the lowest exposure to chldren 13-18 yrs in both the acid and digestion extraction.
Mean hazard quotients were < 1.

"The results show that freshwater algal growth inhibition tests (Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata)
and the acute toxicity test (Daphnia magna) are applicable to determine the ecotoxicity potential
of artificial turf systems and their components."

"Considering the risk assessment of artificial turf systems, emphasis should be placed not only on
the plastic components but also on mineral aggregates used for basic layers, which might
contribute to the release of contaminants, especially of zinc. For a thorough and realistic risk
assessment, column tests of complete artificial turf systems, simulating the actual installation, may
be more realistic."
"Insufficient information was found to perform a complete formal exposure assessment/risk
characterization on crumb rubber for the stated outdoor use at this time due to existing
data gaps in the available information. After reviewing the information available, with the possible
exception of allergic reactions among individuals sensitized to latex, rubber and
related products, there was no obvious toxicological concern raised that crumb rubber in its
intended outdoor use on playgrounds and playing fields would cause adverse health
effects in the normal population."

"Ten volatile compounds were identified in the vapor phase over all commercial CRM samples and
two aged field CRM samples by SPME coupled with GC–MS. Six volatile compounds were
quantitated by direct vapor phase injection. In all 16 virgin commercial CRM samples, BT was the
most abundant volatile compound. Zinc was the highest of all extractable metals in the acidified
extraction fluid."

"At the present time, we believe that the million dollar expense to produce and install a synthetic
field by communities and athletic facilities demands a much more thorough understanding of the
environmental impacts, human exposure and health risk implications associated with all synthetic
turf products available on the market. This calls for a comprehensive evaluation of artificial turf by
exposure scientists, and others in environmental science and environmental health sciences. "

"Overall the metals, PAHs and semi-volatile compounds found all classes of materials to be at very
low concentrations. Thus, for the metals and compounds identified there would be de minimus
exposures and risk among anyone using fields with the exception of lead in a single new turf
material. It is therefore prudent to reemphasize the need to avoid lead-based pigments in these
materials as coloring agents. "

"The analysis confirmed the presence of a large number of hazardous substances including PAHs,
phthalates, antioxidants (e.g. BHT, phenols), benzothiazole and derivatives, among other
chemicals. The study evidences the high content of toxic chemicals in these recycled materials. The
concentration of PAHs in the commercial pavers was extremely high, reaching values up to 1%."

"The results of the present study demonstrate that PAHs are continuously released from rubber
crumb through evaporation. Athletes frequenting grounds with synthetic turf are therefore
exposed to chronic toxicity from PAHs. The main conclusion we can draw from this preliminary
study, which will be validated by further field and laboratory research, is that although synthetic
turf offers various advantages over natural grass, the quantity of toxic substances it releases when
heated does not make it safe for public health."

"While microbes exist in the infill media the number was low compared to natural turfgrass field
soils." The range of CFU was 0-80,000 in the infill material compared to 259,500 found in natural
soil.
"Compared with the Italian limits for “green area” soils, high contents of Zn and PAHs were found
in the granulates present in playing fields, whatever the origin of the rubber. Zn and BaP
concentrations largely exceeded such limits by up to two orders of magnitude...PCBs and
PCDDs+PCDFs were found in a recycled tyre granulate, at levels in the order of magnitude of the
mentioned limits...Based on the 0.4 ng/m3 concentration and using a conservative approach, we
calculated an excess lifetime cancer risk of 1×10−6 for an athlete with an intense 30-year activity. '

This paper does not specify that the 'turf' fields that were sampled were artifical turf fields with
tire crumbs. Thus, this paper is not relevant. It is included on this list because it was listed on a
previous literature review of microbial work done on tire crumb rubber artificial fields.

"The rise in temperature of the synthetic fibers was significantly greater than the rise in
temperature noted for the crumb rubber" "An analysis of the concentration of metals in the actual
drainage water indicates that metals do not leach in amounts that would be considered a risk to
aquatic life as compared to existing water quality standards."

"From an ecotoxological point of view, the nature of the percolates having passed through a
3rdgeneration artificial pitch are proven to be without impact on the environment, irrespective of
the type of filling granulates." "...for the 9 VOC and aldehydes concerned and on the basis of the
results acquired during the characterisation of the emissions, the maximum concentrations in the
gymnasium, modelled at D28, are of pproximately the same magnitude as the ubiquitous
concentrations in the ambient air (exterior and interior), or even inferior in certain cases."
"Overall, it can be concluded that more or less all foreign studies conclude that
there are no health problems for users of artificial turf pitches, neither indoors
or outdoors." Health Assessments: “Four representative substances were selected for the health
assessment: benzothiazole, dicyclohexylamine, cyclohexanamine and dibutyl phthalate. These
substances are present in high concentrations in contact water from the leaching tests and are
representative of the harmful substances emitted from the products.” "The overall assessment is
that there are no health effects associated with exposure to the four substances tested, with the
exception of a potential risk for developing allergy in particularly sensitive individuals
(benzothiazole and the two amines). " Environmental Assessments: "a number of environmentally
harmful substances were found in the contact water from leaching tests on infills and artificial turf
mats."

"On the basis of estimated exposure values and the doses/concentrations which can cause harmful
effects in humans or in animal experiments, it is concluded that the use of artificial turf halls does
not cause any elevated health risk. This applies to children, older children, juniors and adults. The
estimated Margins of Safety (MOS) also give no cause for concern."

"Many governmental bodies including Norway, Sweden and California have recently
reviewed the health issues associated with the use of crumb rubber as infill at
playgrounds and synthetic turf fields. Their assessments did not find a public health
threat. However, several recent preliminary studies... indicated the presence of organic
compounds, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and heavy metals, such as zinc, and
raised concerns that these substances could have potential adverse impacts on the environment
and public health, especially for children playing on these synthetic turf fields for extended time
periods....to address these concerns, the DEC has initiated a study to assess the potential
environmental impacts from the use of crumb rubber as an infill material in synthetic turf
fields and to collect data that would be relevant for a public health and environmental
assessment."

"...crumb rubber may be used as an infill without significant impact on groundwater

quality...Analysis of crumb rubber samples digested in acid revealed that the lead
concentration in the crumb rubber samples were well below the federal hazard standard for lead in
soil...A risk assessment for aquatic life protection...found that crumb rubber derived entirely from
truck tires may have an impact on aquatic life due to the release of zinc. For the three other types
of crumb rubber, aquatic toxicity was found to be unlikely...A public health evaluation was
conducted on the results from the ambient air sampling and concluded that the measured levels of
chemicals in air at the Thomas Jefferson and John Mullaly Fields do not raise a concern for non-
cancer or cancer health effects for people who use or visit the fields...the findings do not indicate
that these fields are a significant source of exposure to respirable particulate matter"
"Aside from Thomas Jefferson Park, the test results for the remaining 112 fields and play areas
were below the acceptable EPA lead level for soil (400 parts per million), the best standard
available, and no potential lead hazards were found. Lead levels for the 112 fields ranged from ‘not
detected’ to 240 ppm and 96% of the results were less than 100 ppm. Thomas Jefferson Park was
the only field with an elevated lead level above the EPA standard. "

"Artificial biofluids were hypothesized to yield a more representative estimation of dose than the
levels obtained from total extraction methods. PAHs were routinely below the limit of detection
across all three biofluids precluding completion of a meaningful risk assessment. No SVOCs were
identified at quantifiable levels in any extracts based on a match of their mass spectrum to
compounds that are regulated in soil. The
metals were measurable but at concentrations for which human health risk was estimated to be
low. The study demonstrated that for the products and fields we tested, exposure to infill and
artificial turf was generally considered de minimus, with the possible exception of lead for some
fields and materials."

"The leachate from the fibres contained zinc. The concentration is higher than the Norwegian
Pollution Control Authority’s limit for zinc in water with Environmental Quality Class V (very
strongly polluted water), but lower than the permitted zinc concentration in Canadian drinking
water...The total concentrations of zinc and PAH in the recycled rubber granulates exceed the
Norwegian Pollution Control Authority’s normative values for most sensitive land use. The
concentrations of dibutylphthalate (DBP) and diisononylphthalate (DINP) exceed the PNEC values
for terrestrial life taken from the EU’s programme for risk assessment. The concentration of
isononylphenol is above the limits specified for cultivated land in the Canadian Environmental
Quality Guidelines...The concentration of zinc indicates that the leachate water is placed in the
Norwegian Pollution Control Authority’s Environmental Quality Class V (very strongly polluted
water), but is lower than the permissible zinc concentration in Canadian drinking water. The
concentration of anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and nonylphenols exceed the limits for
freshwater specified in the Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines.

"Results indicate that zinc leaching from tire crumb rubber increases with smaller crumb rubber
and longer exposure time."
"For all the fields and for all the routes, the cumulative carcinogenic risk proved to be lower than
10−6 and the cumulative noncarcinogenic risk lower than 1. The outdoor inhalation of
dusts and gases was the main route of exposure for both carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic
substances....the inhalation of atmospheric dusts and gases from vehicular traffic gave risk values
of one order of magnitude higher than those due to playing soccer on an artificial field."

"
Exposure was assessed in four facilities where used tires are turned into rubber granulates...The
results of this study indicate significant exposure to complex mixtures of rubber dust." "exposure
levels measured in these four facilities were between 0.31 and 41.00 mg/m 3; the ambient
concentrations were between 0.17 and 6.23 mg/m 3." "VOC levels >1 ppm. were not detected."

"On the basis of environmental monitoring, artificial turf football fields present no more exposure
risks than the rest of the city."

"...a constant rate of leaching was observed for iron and manganese, which are attributed to the
metal wires present inside the tires. Although the total amounts that leached varied, the observed
leaching rates were similar for all tire chip sizes and leaching solutions."

"S. aureus colonies were not found to be present on any field; however,
S. aureus colonies were found on other tested surfaces, including blocking pads, used
towels, and weight equipment."

"The highest observed air level was observed on the PIPER [robotic] sample collected on Field 1 -
71.9 ng/m3 on a field with PIPER wipes of 10.33 μg/ft2. This air level approaches approximately
half of the U.S.E.P.A., NAAQS of 150 ng/m3." "...the results suggest that there is a potential for
inhalable lead to be present on turf fields that have significant amounts of lead present as
detectable by surface wipes. It also would appear likely from this sample that if the lead is present
to any appreciable extent in the wipes it will likely be present in the breathing zone of players who
are active on these fields, and that furthermore, these levels potentially exceed ambient EPA
standards. Given that these are only occasional exposures this tends to reduce the risk of adverse
health effects."
"Elevated levels of iron, manganese, and several other chemicals were found in tire shred
leachates. However, chronic toxicity tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and fathead minnows
(Pimephales promelas) showed no adverse effects caused by leachates collected from tire shreds
installed above the water table. Exposure to leachates collected from tire shreds installed below
the water table resulted in significant reductions to both survival and reproduction in C. dubia. The
TIE results indicated that exposure to soluble metals (likely ferrous iron primarily) and the
formation of iron hydroxide precipitates on this invertebrate species likely were the causes of the
observed effects."

"Results showed that personal concentrations were higher than stationary concentrations and
were higher on turf than in background samples for certain VOC. In some cases, personal VOC
concentrations from natural grass fields were as high as those on turf. Naphthalene, BZT, and
butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) were detected in greater concentration at the indoor field
compared to the outdoor fields. Nitrosamine air levels were below reporting levels. PM10 air
concentrations were not different between on-field and upwind locations. All bulk lead (Pb)
samples were below the public health target of 400 ppm."

"The impacts on human health of crumb rubber used in artificial turf are not known at this time.
However, there is some evidence that tire rubber can be harmful either from direct contact or from
associated dust. The most common detrimental health effect resulting from direct exposure to tire
rubber is allergic or toxic dermatitis. Inhalation of components of tire rubber or dust particles from
tire rubber can be irritating to the respiratory system and can exacerbate asthma. It is not clear
whether dermal or inhalation exposure to tire rubber can lead to sufficient absorption of chemicals
to cause mutagenic or carcinogenic effects. The degree of direct contact between the rubber used
in artificial turf is not well enough known at this time to determine whether the level of the
potential for harm to humans playing on artificial turf containing crumb rubber. The impacts on
the environment of using crumb rubber in artificial turf also are not known at the present
time...Zinc is the predominant toxicant to plants...The aquatic toxicity issue is not very clear cut."

"The risk assessment shows that the concentration of zinc poses a significant local risk of
environmental effects in surface water which receives run-off from artificial turf pitches. In
addition, it is predicted that concentrations of alkylphenols and octylphenol in particular exceed
the limits for environmental effects in the scenario which was used (dilution of run-off by a factor
of ten in a recipient). The leaching of chemicals from the materials in the artificial turf system is
expected to decrease only slowly, so that environmental effects could occur over many years. The
total quantities of pollution components which are leached out into water from a normal artificial
turf pitch are however relatively small, so that only local effects can be anticipated."

Only 1 of the 7 participants showed an increase in post-exposure urine concentration over pre-
exposure concentrations. "This study provides evidence that uptake of PAH by football players
active on artificial grounds with rubber crumb infill is minimal. If there is any exposure, than the
uptake is very limited and within the range of uptake of PAH from environmental sources and/or
diet."
"Data collected from recreational fields and child care centers indicate lead in synthetic turf fibers
and dust at concentrations exceeding the Consumer Product Safety Improvement Act of 2008
statutory lead limit of 300 mg/kg for consumer products intended for use by children, and the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency’s lead-dust hazard standard of 40 μg/ft2 for floors.....Synthetic
turf can deteriorate to form dust containing lead at levels that may pose a risk to children."

"...zinc leaches to the soil, groundwater and surface water...Environmental quality standards for
zinc in surface water and groundwater are exceeded...The study showed that the predicted
concentrations of zinc in soil, under typical Dutch drainage conditions, also exceeds environmental
quality standards.The risks of zinc to public health are of no concern: the human toxicity of zinc is
low and WHO drinking water criteria are not exceeded...Laboratory experiments and
measurements of field samples of the rubber infill show that the emission of zinc increases over
time, due to chemical and physical changes of the rubber particle."

"Of the 18 SVOCs (17 PAHs and benzothiazole), 69 VOCs and 10 metals tested, a total of eight VOCs
and two metals were detected in the air..." "Ranges of PM2.5 air concentrations from both turf
fields were within background levels. Results from one of the bulk crumb rubber
samples...identified an elevated lead level in the synthetic turf field at Thomas Jefferson Park."
"Although VOCs were detected in the air, there was little evidence of harmful levels at the two
sampled synthetic turf fields. Also, there was no consistent pattern to indicate that detected VOCs
were associated with the synthetic turf. Similar concentrations were found in the background
samples from the comparison grass field and upwind locations"

"Thank you for contacting the Virginia Department of Health (VDH) Division of Environmental
Epidemiology with your request to review the appropriateness and rigor of methodologies used in
artificial turf field related research reports your office submitted May 8, 2015. VDH has finished
reviewing these documents and concludes that the methodologies were appropriate for assessing
chemicals in crumb rubber and in the environment where crumb rubber is used."
"The results of the study indicated that none of the tire and other rubber products tested, cured
and uncured, exceeded proposed TCLP Regulatory Levels or US EPA Drinking Water Standards.
Most compounds detected were found at trace levels (near method detection limits) from ten to
one hundred times less than proposed TCLP regulatory limits."

The conclusions were: "(1) Rubber granules often, especially when the synthetic turf fields were
newer, contained PAHs at levels above health-based soil standards. PAH levels generally appear to
decline as the field ages...(2) PAHs contained in rubber granules had low bioaccessibility (i.e.,
hardly dissolved) in synthetic digestive fluids including salvia, gastric fluid, and intestinal fluid. (3)
The zinc contents were found to far exceed the soil limit. (4) Lead contents were low...in all the
samples in reference to soil standards. However, the lead in the rubber granules was highly
bioaccessible in the synthetic gastric fluid. The analysis of one artificial grass fiber sample showed a
slightly worrisome chromium content...and high bioaccessible fractions of lead in both the
synthetic gastric and intestinal fluids."

"In this case-study, fourteen out of the sixteen EPA priority PAHs were identified and quantified in
the investigated recycled tyre rubber playground surfaces. The analytical measurements also
confirmed the presence of other harmful compounds including phthalates, adipates, antioxidants
and benzothiazole among others, in some cases at high concentration levels (DEHP> 3000 μg g−1)."
"These results suggest that at the higher temperatures such as those on artificial athletic field
surfaces, the crumb rubber infill on these artificial athletic fields can become the source of a water
soluble agent with mutagenic potential in bacteria."

"No elevated levels of VOC's or BNA's were detected in the leachate collected. Slightly elevated
levels of boron, sodium and zinc, leached from acidic sandy loam soil amended with 30% rubber
crumb. Concentrations of these elements from soil mixed with rubber crumb and lime, however,
did not differ from those observed for control plots...Rubber also significantly increased the
concentration of zinc in turfgrass clippings. However, elevated concentrations were not suffcient to
produce zinc toxicity in turfgrass."

"The available literature demonstrates that some chemicals can leach from tire crumb when it is
exposed to water. While some studies report the presence of organic chemicals in leachate, the
chemicals were detected at such low concentrations that authors considered them to be of little
environmental relevance. The most consistent chemical to be detected in leachate tests is the
metal zinc." "Toxicity tests on storm water collected from installed fields, or in laboratory tests
using simulated precipitation events, indicate that water the percolates through turf fields with tire
crumb is not toxic in tests that cover a wide range of aquatic plants and animals, including
algae, bacteria, crustaceans, and fish."

"On the basis of the knowledge that is currently available

concerning health effects and exposure linked to
the use of artificial turf playgrounds, we did not find
a direct health risk for users, except for children with
pica."

"PAH leaching is negligenciable...heavy metals content in the acidic water leachates considerably
lower than the limit values imposed by DIN 18035-7 for all metals at 48 h leaching. For R2 coated
rubber granulate the only exception is for tin, where the obtained value of 0,31 mg/L at 48 h
leaching surpasses the limit value of 0.05 mg/L...both coatings, R1 and R2, show a lower toxicity
when compared with the non-coated rubber granulates."
"A review of existing literature points to the relative safety of crumb rubber fill playground and
athletic field surfaces. Generally, these surfaces, though containing numerous elements
potentially toxic to humans, do not provide the opportunity in ordinary circumstances for
exposure at levels that are actually dangerous. Numerous studies have been carried out on this
material and have addressed numerous different aspects of the issue. For the most part, the
studies have vindicated defenders of crumb rubber, identifying it as a safe, cost-effective, and
responsible use for tire rubber."

"The concentrations of leaching heavy metals increased with an increase in the acidity of the acid
solutions." "The concentrations of Zn decreased with the aging of the SBR infills, and in the case of
aging time greater than 1.25 years, the concentrations of Zn were less than the effluent standard in
Japan..."

"The current state of knowledge indicates that there are data gaps which significantly limit a
scientifically robust analysis of the potential environmental health risks associated with the
selected tire materials and TWP. Thus additional data collection has been recommended."

"Available evidence indicates that under ordinary circumstances, adverse health effects among
adults and children are unlikely to occur as a result of exposure to artificial turf infilled with crumb
rubber in both outdoor and indoor settings." “Based upon a review of the available evidence, third
generation artificial turf is not expected to result in exposure to toxic substances at levels that pose
a significant risk to human health provided it is properly installed and maintained and users follow
good hygienic practices (for example washing hands, avoiding eating on artificial turf and
supervision of young children to ensure they do not eat the infill material)”
"RIVM undertook a number of measurements above several pitches, at two different levels above
the surface. None of these measurements showed the presence of nitrosamines in the
atmosphere above the pitch. Supplementary laboratory tests on the materials showed that
nitrosamines can only be released from rubber crumb to a very limited extent. Further to these
findings, RIVM concluded that nitrosamines do not pose a health hazard to the users of these
artificial pitches."

"The impact of weathering of the rubber crumb for the technical lifetime of an artificial turf field
(approx. 10 to 15 years) does not cause the leaching of zinc from the rubber crumb made
from recycled car tyres to exceed the threshold values for dissolved zinc in surface water or the
derived threshold value from the Decree on Soil Quality for the emission of zinc into the soil."

88
 Additonal Informaton or Comments

This is part III of the study. Part I discusses the comprehenzive approach to
ID/characterization of unknown contaminants and Part II discusses preconcentration
technique used to isolate hydrophobic tire leachate components.

This study was a literature review and conclusions are based on qualitative analysis of the
data.
Children 3 years old evaluated; study also evaluated potential injuries from falls.

Air measurements were taken in 4 artificial fields and 4 natural fields. The study also
included a survey of soccer coaches to gather information about hours in games and
practices. Ths report also included a literature review.

The study presented cancer calculations for arsenic and non-cancer calculations for
antimony. Population evaluated were 3 to 70 yrs old.

This literature includes information from several of the studies listed in this spreadsheet.
No original experiments were conducted.
This study noted that all of the synthetic fields were all installed with adhesive and
backings which might also contribute to VOC offgassing.

“There remains a significant knowledge gap that must be urgently addressed with the fast
expansion of the artificial turf market. Given the wide range of designs, ages, and
conditions of artificial turf fields, it is likely that the contaminant release and the
environmental impacts are variable from site to site. It is also important to assess more
systematically the risk posed by the tire rubber crumb on the environment and human
health”.

"Total and respirable particulate levels were mostly under half the current TLVs of 10 and 3
mg/m3, respectively, for ACGIH ‘non-classified nuisance particulate’. Nevertheless, the
results from the Salmonella/Ames test indicate that the airborne particulates of the
working environment included mutagenic and thus potentially carcinogenic ingredients.
Consequently , particulate generated from scrap-tire shredding may pose a health threat
to workers, and should not be regulated as
‘nuisance’."

Samples collected via personal monitoring and area sampling (6 inches and 3 feet above
the field), and off-field upwind and in the community.

"The airborne concentrations of VOCs, targeted SVOCs (e.g. benzothiazole) and

miscellaneous SVOCs were highest at the indoor field.These data were collected from only
one indoor facility. Higher concentrations of these chemicals at the indoor field likely
reflects the lack of air movement relative to outdoor fields...potential point sources were
identified in the facility, (electric carts, portable chargers, and maintenance supplies) and
the indoor facility did not have its exhaust system operating on the day samples were
collected. More research is needed to better understand chemical exposures in indoor
facilities."
"...although there is a decrease in the amounts of all six compounds which outgas over the
ten weeks of this experiment, the decrease is the least for 4-t-octylphenol. Second, at
approximately 20 days of weathering under the conditions in this experiment, the five
compounds appear to reach a consistent level of outgassing."

"The median concentration of zinc in the crumb rubber-amended roof was 0.2 mg/liter ...,
while the median concentration of zinc in the commercial medium was 0.15
mg/liter."

This study is a literature review of several studies on tire crumbs. They mainly focused on
the results from the CalEPA 2007 study.

The study was conducted to obtain measurements of air quality for three indoor artificial
turf pitches. The measurements were taken in a hall with recently laid rubber granulate
(SBR rubber or Styrene Butadiene Rubber) and a hall with rubber granulate (SBR rubber)
which had been in use for one year and a hall which used granulate made from
thermoplastic elastomer.
For each study, several concentrations (Fe, Na, Cr, etc.) were above laboratory detection
limits, but below State target levels.

See data in constituents tab for CDPH 2010

Two coatings examined: (1) Based on emulsified PVC (DC-0814/R1) (2) Based on a cross-
linked alquidic polymer (DC-0814/R2. Both coatings included color addivites and a flame-
retarding agent.

This study examined the effectiveness of using a simulation chamber, but still examined
tire crumb samples. Sample types were cryogenic and semi-cryogenic.
"Overall, the balance of the studies reviewed indicate that human health risks from playing
on synthetic turf fields is minimal, even though low concentrations of some chemicals
have been demonstrated to leach from the tire crumb, or volatilize as vapor. A
conservative sport play scenario developed to better describe turf filed use on Bainbridge
Island is consistent with the findings reported in the other published studies."

The study tested the MRSA availability on infill and turf fiber materials with
aninoculation/recovery experiments.

"Certain investigations and assessments have been carried out in order to illuminate the
risks of using synthetic turf, but there remain major gaps in our knowledge. This is
particularly true with respect to the extent to which the hazardous substances are
released from the rubber, and the subsequent exposure to these substances of people and
the environment."

This study calculated the risk of ingestion exposure of lead by particle sizes of crumb
rubber in artificial turf filling material with consideration of bioavailability. The range of
bioavailability depended on the particle size and the type of extraction used. The < 250
um and acid extraction had the highest bioavailability.
"There could be preferential usage of BHT, BHA and 4-t-OP as antioxidants in rubber
manufacture for tire rubber and other rubber products. To the best of our knowledge this
is the first report of detection these three antioxidants in the vapor phase released from
any tire rubber materials."

" As indicated our EOHSI study provides two new key sets of measurements, the
bioavailability of metals and organics in crumb rubber, for which there are very limited
data previously reported and the screening of the crumb rubber for metals and organics
which has only previously been done extensively in Europe and should also be done on
material produced in the US." ; This article also provides a summary of studies including
analyte types (see Table 1)

The study tested 9 different synthetic turfs from football fields. They calculated HQ. For
cancer they calculated exposure making assumptions and the TEQ method for PAHs and
compared exposures to those exposures from foods and found they were 1000 higher
than exposures from food.

The study collected crumb rubber samples from both "high use" areas and "low used"
areas. The fields were used by elementary to professional athletes.
"Further work is needed to assess the actual scenarios of exposure to PAHs by inhalation
and the corresponding risks, and to reach more comprehensive conclusions."

"The field where benzothiazole was detected had recently been groomed, thereby
bringing significant quantities of crumb rubber nearer to the surface of the field resulting
in greater exposure to both the sunlight and air."
"It was decided to use worst case scenarios, which means that the maximum exposure
levels for rubber particles were used for the calculation of substance exposure." Inhalation
of gases not investigated due to other studies providing info that it does not pose a health
problem.
"As the measured concentration of environmental toxins (with the exception of copper) in
the artificial turf fibres is lower than in the rubber granulates, and the artificial turf fibres
in any case constitute a much smaller proportion of the artificial turf system in terms of
mass, it is suggested that further investigations concentrate on the rubber granulates...An
expanded risk assessment with an analysis of possible spreading paths and changes in
leaching properties over time is necessary to determine the degree to which the
concentrations of zinc, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, phthalates and nonylphenols in
the leachate are actually harmful to people and the environment...The recycled rubber
granulates give off a significant number of alkylated benzenes in gaseous form.
Trichloromethane (sample 1) and cis-1,2-dichlorethene (sample 5) were also found. It is
recommended that measurements be taken of air quality above pitches to determine
whether the air quality is satisfactory."
Exposure pathways considered: "direct dermal contact (DDC)), dermal contact with the
rainwater soaking the infill (rain water contact (RWC)) and inhalation of dusts and gases
from the fields (dust and gas inhalation (DGI)."

"Indoor fields tended to have lower overall microbial populations (0–7267CFU/g of infill)
than outdoor fields (0–80 000CFU/g) (Table 2). While it is clear that microbes exist on
synthetic turf surfaces, the number was low compared with those on natural turf grass."
"More research is needed to better understand air quality at indoor facilities."

Good background information on uses of scrap tires and regulations governing their
disposal.

"The actual amount of contamination leaching from artificial turf used on playgrounds or
athletic fields needs further research to determine the potential harm to human health or
the environment."
The authors make the following recommendations:
"Mechanisms of behaviour and ageing of (different types of) rubber should be investigated
to obtain a better understanding of the risks of zinc and other components leaching from
rubber…It is recommended that measurements are first taken in drainage water from
existing artificial turf with rubber infill of differing age and quality. Sampling at several time
intervals in different seasons is preferred...Bioassay is recommended to assess the toxicity
of the drainage water...A mini artificial turf field (1x1x1 m) can be built and exposed to
outdoor weather conditions in a lysimeter...more advanced models can be used for a
refined risk assessment."

"An analysis of the air in the breathing zones of children above synthetic turf fields did not
show appreciable levels from COPCs contained in the crumb rubber. Therefore, a risk
assessment related to actual exposure to children was not warranted from the inhalation
route of exposure."

The focus of this study was air sampling, but they also did constituent characterization of
bulk samples (not included in constituents tab); lead and zinc were above soil cleanup
objectives for restricted residential land use.

"Reports that provide sampling methodology done exclusively in a controlled laboratory

setting may not necessarily represent a “real world exposure” to chemicals in crumb
rubber. However, laboratory analysis provides an alternative to identifying chemicals (by
employing strong extraction techniques and concentrating chemicals to detectable
concentration before analysis) in crumb rubber that might be present in low
concentrations in the environment."
"…it is recommended that a field study be prepared in conjunction with key states (Ohio,
Illinois, Pennsylvania, California, Texas, New York, New Jersey, North and South Carolina,
Florida, Georgia, among others) and coordinated by the Scrap Tire Management Council."
Its purpose would be to address questions “concerning the effect of leachate from scrap
tire products in the environment...[specifically], 1) Which regulatory standards are
appropriate to evaluate potential adverse effects on human health and environment from
compounds leached from scrap tire or rubber products?; 2) Are there any realistic
environmental conditions/applications where scrap tires leach compounds that exceed
regulatory standards? 3) Are compounds leached from scrap tire products in the
environment under specific applications? If so, what is the fate of those compounds in the
environment?; [and] 4) Is there an adverse effect on groundwater, surface water or
wetlands from the storage or application of scrap tires?”
"Risk assessment studies are needed to consider the health impact of repeated exposure
to crumb rubber at the conditions relevant to artificial athletic fields."

This paper reviews many of the papers listed in this spreadsheet, focusing on leaching of
chemicals in stormwater or rainwater and its potential environmental effects. It does not
report on any additional original research. See related references.
This paper was a review of various other papers included in this spreadsheet. See Related
References. It did not provide any information on original experiments.

“It was concluded that the most significant data gaps are: 1) lack of understanding of the
chemical composition of TWP, 2) lack of understanding of the levels of TWP in the
environment (air, soil, and sediments) and their potential associated health risks; and 3)
lack of understanding of the potential for TWP to leach chemicals into the environment.”
“As such is it recommended that the following research be conducted to allow for
environmental health risk assessment of TWP: chemical composition analysis of TWP
generated under representative driving conditions; acute aquatic toxicity studies of TWP;
characterization of TWP leachate under simulated environmental/biological conditions;
development of chemical marker for TWP in environmental media; and, measurement of
TWP in air, soil, water and sediment to determine representative exposure
concentrations.”

There are "still some information gaps: the allergenic potential of latex in crumb rubber
has not been thoroughly investigated; exposure to lead, other metals, carbon nanotubes,
as well as other contaminants have not been fully evaluated in all types of turf systems"
Study conducted by Hofstra for the Tyre and Environment Association and Tyre and Wheel
Trade Association

44
Related References
 See study 49

The author reviewed studies

conducted in NYC, NJ, CA, CT, MA,
WA
See also studies 16-19, 26, 27, 34,
70

See also studies 15, 17-19, 26, 27,

34, 70
See also studies 15, 16, 18, 19, 26,
27, 34, 70

See also studies 15-17, 19, 26, 27,

34, 70

See also studies 15-18, 26, 27, 34,

70

See Study 72
See also study 5, 7, 20, 34, 40, 56,
79

See also study 15

See also studies 15-19, 26, 34, 70

See also study 28

See also studies 15-19, 26, 27, 70
See also studies 7, 55, and 61

See article 41

See article 40
See study 6
See studies 33, 55.
 See Study 72

See studies 6, 7, 30, 36, 57

See also studies 15-19, 26, 27

See study 61
 See study 33

See study 59

Seestudies 8, 16, 18, 19, 24, 32, 57,

58
See studies 5, 7, 52, 61, 69, 72.
 The following references were
included in this literature review: 5,
7, 14, 20, 22, 33, 34, 38, 42, 48, 52,
61, 73

The following references were

included in the lit. review: 4, 8, 12,
20, 22, 32, 33, 38, 48, 49, 52, 55,
57, 67, 73,74
28
 Analyte a

Aluminum
Antimony
Arsenic
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Calcium
Chloride

Chromium
Cobalt
Copper
Iron

Lead

Lithium
Magnesium
Manganese
Mercury
Molybdenum
Nickel
Phosphorous
Potassium
Rubidium
Selenium
Silver
Sodium
Strontium
Sulfur
Thallium
Tin
Titanium
Tungsten
Vanadium
Zinc
Cadmium and Zinc Soaps
Acenaphthene
Acenaphthylene
Acetaldehyde
Acetamide, N-cyclohexyl-
Acetone

Acetone-diphenylamine condensation product (ADPA)

Acetonitrile
Acetophenone
6-Acetoxy-2,2-dimethyl-m-dioxane
Acrolein
Alcohols
Aldehydes
Alkyl benzenes
Alkyl dithiols
Alkyl naphthalenes
Alkyl phenols
Alpha pinene
Amine (N-dialkyl analine derivative)
Amines
Anathrene c
Aniline
Anthanthrene
Anthracene
Aromatic oil
9,10-Anthracenedione, 2-ethyl
Azobenzene
Benz(e)acenaphthylene
Benzaldehyde, 3-hydroxyl-4-methoxy
Benz(a)anthracene
Benzene

Benzene, 1,3-bis(1-methylethenyl)-

Benzene, 1,4-bis(1-methylethenyl)-
1,4-Benzenediamine, N,N'-diphenyl-

1,4-Benzendiamin, N-(1-methylethyl)-N’-phenyl-, (IPPD)

Benzene, isocyanato-
Benzenemethanol
Benzo(def)dibenzothiophene
Benzo(g)dibenzothiophene
Benzo(b)fluoranthene
Benzo(bjk)fluoranthene
Benzo(ghi)fluoranthene
Benzo(i)fluoranthene
Benzo(k)fluoranthene
Benzo(mno)fluoranthene
Benzo(a)fluorene
Benzo(b)fluorene
Benzo(def)naphthobenzothiophene
6H-Benzo[cd]pyren-6-one
Benzo(a)pyrene
Benzo(e)pyrene
Benzo(ghi)perylene
Benzoic acid
Benzothiazole
Benzothiazole, 2-(methylthio)
Benzothiazole, 2-phenyl

Benzothiazolone

Benzoyl and other peroxides

Benzylbutyl phthalate
Biphenyl
1,1'-Biphenyl, 4, 4', 5', 6'-tetramethoxy-

(N,N`-Bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)pphenylendiamine) (7PPD)
Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate
Bis-(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidinyl)sebacate
Bisthiol acids
Black rubber
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
Butadiene oligomers

Butoxyethoxyethanol
Butylated hydroxyanisole
Butylated hydroxytoluene
Butylbenzene
Caprolactam disulfide (CLD)
Carbazole
Carbon Black
Carbon Disulfide
Carbon Tetrachloride
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
Chloromethane
Chrysene
Coronene
o-Cyanobenzoic acid
Cyclohexanamine
Cyclohexanamine, N-cyclohexyl-
Cyclohexanamine, N-cyclohexyl-N-methyl-
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexane, isocyanato
Cyclohexane, isothiocyanato-
Cyclohexanone
N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (CBS)

n-Cyclohexyl-formamide
Cycloninasiloxane, octadecamethyl-
Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene
4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthren-4-one
4H-cyclopenta[def]-phenanthrene
Cyclopentane, methyl-
Decane
Diazoaminobenzenes
Dibenzo(a,h) anthracene
Dibenzofurane
Dibenzo(ae)pyrene
Dibenzo(ai)pyrene
Dibenzo(ah)pyrene
Dibenzothiophene
Dibutyl phthalate
1,4-Dichlorobenzene
Dichlorodifluoromethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
cis-1,2-Dichloroethene
1,2-Dichloropropane
N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (DCBS)
Dicyclohexylphthalate (DCHP)
1,3-Dicyclohexylurea
Diethenylbenzene
Di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate

Diethyl phthalate
Diethylthiourea (DETU)
Dihydrocyclopentapyrene
Diisobutyl phthalate
Diisodecylphthalate
Diisononyl phthalate
9,l0-Dimethyl-1,2-Benzanthracene
(N-1,3-dimethyl-butyl)-N'- phenyl-p-phenylenediamine
(6PPD)
Dimethyldiphenylthiuram disulfide (MPTD)
2,6-Dimethylnaphthalene
2,4-Dimethylphenol
Dimethyl phthalate
Dinitroarenes
Di-n-octyl phthalate
Di-ortho-tolylguanidine
Dipentamethylenethiuramtetrasulfide (DPTT)
Diphenylamine
N,N'-Diphenylguanidine (DPG)
Disulfides
Di-(2-ethyl)hexylphosphorylpolysulfide) (SDT)
3,5-Di-tert-Butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde
2,2’-Dithiobis(benzothiazole)
Dithiocarbamates
Dithiomorpholine (DTDM)
Dithiophosphates
N,N`-Ditolyl-p-phenylenediamine (DTPD)
Docosanoic acid
Dodecanoic acid
Dotriacontane
Drometrizol
Eicosane
Erucylamide
Esters
Ethanol, 2-butoxy-
Ethanol, 1-(2-butoxyethoxy)
Ethanone, 1,1'-(1,3-phenylene)bis-
Ethanone, 1,1'-(1,4-phenylene)bis-
Ethanone, 1-[4-(1-methylethenyl)phenyl]-
Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl benzene
Ethyl benzene aldehyde
Ethylene thiourea (Ethylene thiourea)
2-Ethyl-1-hexanol
1-Ethyl-4-Methyl Benzene
Fluoranthene
Fluorene
Formaldehyde
Furan, 2-methyl

2(3H)-Furanone,dihydro-4-hydroxy-

Guanidines

Halocarbon 11

Hemeicosane c
Heptadecane
Heptane
Heptanonitrile
Hexacosane
Hexadecane

Hexa(methoxymethyl)melamine

Hexamethylenetetramine
Hexane
Hexanedioic acid, methyl ester
Hexanoic acid, 2-ethyl-
Hydrocarbon (olefin/aromatic)

7-Hydroxybenzo[f]flavone
1-Hydroxypyrene
Indeno[l,2,3-cd]pyrene
1H-isoindole-1,3 (2H)-dione
iso-nonylphenol
Isophorone
Isopropyl Alcohol
Isopropylbenzene
Isopropyltoluene
Ketones
Latex protein
Limonene
MEK
2-Mercaptobenzothiazole

Methane, diethoxy-cyclohexane

Methyl Alcohol
2-Methylanthracene
2-Methyl-Butane
2,2-Methylene-bis-(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol) (BPH)
Methylene Chloride
5-Methyl-2-hexanone
1-Methylnaphthalene
2-Methylnaphthalene
3-Methyl-Pentane
4-Methyl-2-pentanone
1-Methylphenanthrene
2-Methylphenanthrene
3-Methylphenanthrene
9-Methylphenanthrene
2-Methylphenol
4-Methylphenol
MES (special purified aromatic oil)

2-(4-morpholino)benzothiazole

2-Morpholinodithiobenzothiazole (MBSS)
Naphthalene
Naphthalene, 2-(bromomethyl)-
Naphthalic Anhydride
Napthenic oil
Nitro compound (isomer of major peak)
Nitro compound (nitro-ether derivative)
Nitrogen containing substances
Nitrosodibutylamine (n-)
Nitrosodiethylamine (n-)
Nitrosodimethylamine (n-)
n-Nitrosodiphenylamine
Nitrosodipropylamine (n-)
Nitrosomorpholine (n-)
Nitrosopiperidine (n-)
Nitrosopyrrolidine (n-)
Nonadecane
Nonanale
Nonane
4-n-nonylphenol
Octadecanoic acid, methyl ester
Octane

4-t-octylphenol

Optadecane
Organic thiola and sulfides
Orthocarbonate - Carboxy compound)
N-Oxydiethylenedithiocarbamyl-N`-
oxydiethylenesulfenamide (OTOS)
PAHs
Parrafinic oils
PCB sum
PCDD/F sum
Pentacosane
Pentane
Perylene
Petroleum Naphtha
Phenalone
Phenanthrene

1-Phenanthrenecarboxylic acid, 1,2,3,4,4

Phenol
Phenolics
Phenol, 2,4-bis(1,1-dimethylethyl)-
Phenol, 2,4-bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)-
Phenol, m-tert-butyl-
Phenylbenzimidazole
p-Phenylenediamines
Phenylenediamines
2-(1-phenylethyl)-phenol
3-Phenyl-2-propenal
Phthalates
PM 2.5
PM10
Poly- and di-nitrobenzenes
Poly-p-dinitrosobenzene
Propene
Propylbenzene
Pyrazole
Pyrene
Pyrimidine, 2-(4-pentylphenyl)-5-propyl-
2-Pyrrolidinone. 1-methyl-
Quinones
Resorcinol
Rethene c
Siloxanes
Styrene
Styrene oligomers
Substituted p-Phenylenediamines
Sulfur containing organics
Sulfur Donors
Sulphenamides
TDAE (special purified aromatic oil)
Tertbutylacetophenone
N-tert-Butyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (TBBS)
4-tert butylphenol
Tetraalkylthiuram disulfides
Tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide (TBZTD)
Tetrabutylthiuram disulfide (TBTD)
Tetrachloroethene
Tetracosane
Tetraethylthiuram disulfide
Tetrahydrofuran
Tetramethylthiuram disulfide
Tetramethylthiuram monosulfide
Thiazoles
Thioureas
Thiurams
Thiuram sulfides
Toluene
Total petroleum hydrocarbons
Trans trans-muconic acid
Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMDQ)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
1,1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2-trifluoroethane
Trichloro-trifluoroethane
Tricosane
1,2,3-Trimethyl benzene
1,2,4-Trimethyl benzene
1,3,5-Trimethyl benzene
2,2,4-Trimethyl-1,2-dihydroquinoline (TMQ)
Vinyl Acetate
White gasoline
o-Xylene
Xylenes
Zn-Dibenzyldithiocarbamate (ZBEC)
Zn-Diethyldithiocarbamate (ZDEC)
Zn-Dimethyldithiocarbamate (ZDMC)
Zn-dibutyldithiocarbamate (ZDBC)
ZnO

Notes:
a
Spelling of analyte names is consistent with the authors' spelling in the original literature.
b
Synonym names and CAS numbers for chemicals for which the authors provided no CAS number were added based on curati
c
Chemical name possibly misspelled, but author's spelling was retained. Rethene may be a misspelling of Retene, and Hemeic
 2. Anthony et al 1993

UV/VIS Peaks GC/FTIR

Synonym(s) b CAS#

Estmate of %
contributon to
Peak Presence total
components
(New Tire)

7429-90-5
7440-36-0
7440-38-2
7440-39-3
7440-41-7
7440-43-9
7440-70-2
16887-00-6

7440-47-3;
16065-83-1 (CrIII);
18540-29-9 (CrVI)

7440-48-4
7440-50-8
7439-89-6

7439-92-1

7439-93-2
7439-95-4
7439-96-5
7439-97-6
7439-98-7
7440-02-0
7723-14-0
7440-09-7
7440-17-7
7782-49-2
7440-22-4
 7440-23-5
7440-24-6
7704-34-9
7440-28-0
7440-31-5
7440-32-6
7440-33-7
7440-62-2
7440-66-6

83-32-9
208-96-8
Ethanone 75-07-0
1124-53-4
67-64-1

75-05-8 x
98-86-2
Dimethoxane 828-00-2
107-02-8
Ethanol 64-17-5

alpha-Pinene 80-56-8
20.6

Benzeneamine; aminobenzene 62-53-3

191-26-4
120-12-7

2-Ethylanthracene-9,10-dione 84-51-5
103-33-3
Acephenanthrylene 201-06-9
3-Hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzaldehyde 621-59-0
56-55-3
71-43-2 x
1,3-bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene; 1,3- 3748-13-8
Diisopropenylbenzene
1,4-Bis(1-methylethenyl)benzene 1605-18-1
N,N'-Diphenyl-p-phenylenediamine; N,N'-Diphenyl-p- 74-31-7
phenylenediamine (DPPD)
N-Isopropyl-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine,
Isopropylaminodephenylamine (IPPD) 101-72-4

Phenyl isocyanate 103-71-9

Benzyl alcohol 100-51-6
Phenanthro[4,5-bcd]thiophene 30796-92-0

205-99-2
2,11-(Metheno)benzo[a]fluorene
Benzo[ghi]fluoranthene, 203-12-3
Benzo(j)fluoranthene 205-82-3
207-08-9

11H-Benzo[a]fluorene 238-84-6
2,3-Benzofluorene 243-17-4

6H-Benzo(cd)pyren-6-one 3074-00-8
50-32-8
192-97-2
Benzo(g,h,i)perylene 191-24-2
65-85-0
95-16-9
2-(Methylthio)benzothiazole 615-22-5
2-Phenylbenzothiazole 883-93-2
2-Hydroxybenzothiazole, 2(3H)-Benzothiazolone, 2(3H)
benzothiazolone 934-34-9

Butyl benzyl phthalate 85-68-7

1,1'-Biphenyl 92-52-4

N,N'-Bis(1,4-dimethylpentyl)-4-phenylenediamine
3081-14-9
Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate 117-81-7
Bis(2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-piperidyl) sebacate 52829-07-9

75-27-4
75-25-2

2-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol, diethylene glycol 112-34-5

monobutyl ether
25013-16-5
2,6-Di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) 128-37-0
104-51-8
1,1'-Disulfanediyldiazepan-2-one 23847-08-7
86-74-8
Furnace Black 1333-86-4
75-15-0
56-23-5
108-90-7
Trichloromethane 67-66-3
Methyl chloride 74-87-3
218-01-9
191-07-1
2-Cyanobenzoic acid 3839-22-3
Cyclohexylamine 108-91-8
Dicyclohexylamine 101-83-7
N-Cyclohexyl-N-methylcyclohexanamine 7560-83-0
110-82-7
Isocyanatocyclohexane 3173-53-3
1122-82-3
108-94-1
N-Cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide 95-33-0

N-Cyclohexylformamide; Formamide, N-cyclohexyl 766-93-8

Octadecamethylcyclononasiloxane 556-71-8
27208-37-3
4H-Cyclopenta(def)phenanthren-4-one 5737-13-3
4-H-Cyclopenta(d,e,f)phenanthrene 203-64-5
Methylcyclopentane 96-37-7
124-18-5

Dibenz(a,h)anthracene 53-70-3
Dibenzofuran 132-64-9
Naphtho(1,2,3,4-def)chrysene 192-65-4
Dibenzo[a,i]pyrene 189-55-9
Dibenzo[a,h]pyrene 189-64-0
132-65-0
84-74-2
p-dichlorobenzene 106-46-7
Freon 12 75-71-8
Ethylene dichloride 107-06-2
(Z)-1,2-Dichloroethylene 156-59-2
78-87-5
N,N-Dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide 4979-32-2
Dicyclohexyl phthalate 84-61-7
N,N'-Dicyclohexylurea 2387-23-7
Divinylbenzene 1321-74-0
Hexanedioic acid, bis(2-ehtylhexyl); Bis(2- 103-23-1
ethylhexyl)hexanedioic acid
84-66-2
N,N'-Diethylthiourea 105-55-5
2,3-Acepyrene 25732-74-5
84-69-5
bis(8-Methylnonyl) phthalate 89-16-7
DINP 28553-12-0
7,12-Dimethylbenz(a)anthracene 57-97-6

N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine 793-24-8

Dimethyldiphenylthiuram disulfide 53880-86-7

581-42-0
105-67-9
131-11-3

Dioctyl phthalate 117-84-0

97-39-2
Bis(pentamethylenethiuram)tetrasulfide 120-54-7
122-39-4 13.2
1,3-Diphenylguanidine 102-06-7

Bis-(ethylhexylthiophosphoryl) polysulfide
1620-98-0
2,2'-Dithiobisbenzothiazole 120-78-5

4,4'-Dithiodimorpholine 103-34-4

N,N'-Ditolyl-p-phenylenediamine 27417-40-9
112-85-6
143-07-7
544-85-4
2-(2H-Benzotriazol-2-yl)-4-methylphenol 2440-22-4
112-95-8
Erucamide 112-84-5

2-Butoxyethanol 111-76-2
1-(2-Butoxyethoxy)ethanol 54446-78-5
Benzene-1,3-bis(acetyl) 6781-42-6
1,1-(1,4-Phenylene)bis-ethanone 1009-61-6
1-[4-(1-Methylethenyl)phenyl]ethanone 5359-04-6
141-78-6 x
Ethylbenzene 100-41-4
Benzaldehyde, 2-ethyl- 22927-13-5
96-45-7
 104-76-7
4-Ethyltoluene 622-96-8
206-44-0
86-73-7
50-00-0
2-Methylfuran 534-22-5
Dihydro-4-hydroxy-2(3H)-furanone; beta- 5469-16-9
Hydroxybutyrolactone

Trichlorofluoromethane, Trichloro-fluoromethane,
Freon 11 75-69-4

629-78-7
142-82-5
Heptanenitrile 629-08-3
630-01-3
544-76-3
N,N,N',N',N'',N''-Hexakis(methoxymethyl)-1,3,5-
triazine-2,4,6-triamine 3089-11-0

Methenamine 100-97-0
n-Hexane 110-54-3 x
Methyl hexanedioate 627-91-8
2-Ethylhexanoic acid 149-57-5
3.2

7-Hydroxy-3-phenyl-1H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyran-1-one 86247-95-2

5315-79-7
o-Phenylenepyrene 193-39-5
Phthalimide 85-41-6
3-Nonylphenol 11066-49-2
78-59-1
2-Propanol, Isopropanol 67-63-0 x
Cumene 98-82-8
1-Methyl-2-(propan-2-yl)benzene 527-84-4

138-86-3
Methyl ethyl ketone 78-93-3
149-30-4
Diethoxycyclohexanemethane; 1453-21-0
Bis(cyclohexyloxy)methane
Methanol 67-56-1
613-12-7
2-Methylbutane 78-78-4
 119-47-1

Dichloromethane 75-09-2 x
Methyl isoamyl ketone 110-12-3
90-12-0
91-57-6
3-Methylpentane 96-14-0
MIBK 108-10-1
1-Methyl phenanthrene 832-69-9
2531-84-2
832-71-3
883-20-5
o-Cresol 95-48-7
p-Cresol 106-44-5

2-morpholinothio benzothiazole (MBS);

Morpholinothio-benzothiazole; N- 102-77-2
Oxydiethylenebenzothiazole-2-sulfenamide 63
2-(Morpholin-4-yldithio)-1,3-benzothiazole 95-32-9
91-20-3
2-Bromomethylnaphthalene 939-26-4
1H,3H-Naphtho(1,8-cd)pyran-1,3-dione 81-84-5

N-Nitrosodibutylamine 924-16-3
N-Nitrosodiethylamine 55-18-5
N-Nitrosodimethylamine 62-75-9
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine 86-30-6
N-Nitrosodipropylamine 621-64-7
N-Nitrosomorpholine 59-89-2
N-Nitrosopiperidine 100-75-4
N-Nitrosopyrrolidine 930-55-2
629-92-5
Nonanal 124-19-6
111-84-2
4-Nonylphenol 104-40-5
Methyl stearate 112-61-8
111-65-9
4-(1,1,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl)phenol, 4-tert-(octyl)-
phenol 140-66-9
 13752-51-7

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Mineral oil 8012-95-1

629-99-2
109-66-0
198-55-0
Naphtha 8030-30-6
Phenalen-1-one 548-39-0
85-01-8
1,2,3,4,4-1-Phenanthrene carboxylic acid; 1740-19-8
Dehydroabietic acid
2,4-Di-tert-butylphenol 108-95-2

96-76-4
2,4-Bis(1-methyl-1-phenylethyl)phenol 2772-45-4
3-tert-Butylphenol 585-34-2
2-Phenylbenzimidazole 716-79-0

2-(1-Phenylethyl)phenol 26857-99-8
3-Phenylprop-2-enal 104-55-2

1-Propene; propylene 115-07-1

103-65-1
288-13-1
129-00-0
94320-32-8
N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone 872-50-4

108-46-3

100-42-5
 3,3-dimethyl-1-phenylbutan-1-one 31366-07-1
95-31-8
4-tert-Butylphenol 98-54-4

10591-85-2
1634-02-2
Tetrachloroethylene; perchloroethylene 127-18-4
646-31-1
Disulfiram 97-77-8
109-99-9
Thiram 137-26-8
97-74-5

108-88-3

(E,E)-Muconic acid 3588-17-8

1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline, polymer 26780-96-1
71-55-6
79-01-6
76-13-1
1,1,1-Trichloro-2,2,2-trifluoroethane 354-58-5
638-67-5
1,2,3-Trimethylbenzene 526-73-8
1,2,4-Trimethylbenzene 95-63-6
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene 108-67-8
1,2-Dihydro-2,2,4-trimethylquinoline, polymer 26780-96-1
108-05-4
Natural gasoline 8006-61-9
95-47-6
1330-20-7
136-23-2
Zinc diethyldithiocarbamate 14324-55-1
Ziram 137-30-4

1314-13-2

authors' spelling in the original literature.

s for which the authors provided no CAS number were added based on curation conducted by EPA's National Center for Computation Toxic
s spelling was retained. Rethene may be a misspelling of Retene, and Hemeicosane may be a misspelling of Heneicosane; Anathrene may
ony et al 1993
6. Bocca et al., 2009; 7. California OEHHA 2007 8. California OEHHA 2010
Content in Tires

Track
Surface surfaces
Gastric wipes (3
GC/FTIR Median Minimum Maximum playground fromtres
recycle 4 fields
digeston
surfaces) Max Conc.

Estmate of %
contributon to highest air
range
total mg/kg ug/wipe ug/wipe
ug/L ug/m3
components
(Scrap Tire)

755 1.2 6680 91-370

1.1 0.3 7.7 1.7-110 2.8-170
0.24 0.1 1.21 4.7-6.1
22 2.4 4778 110-870 ND-6.5
0.04 0.001 0.37
0.37 0.11 1.89 1.1-2.8
ND-425

6.2 0.4 56 35-57

15 3.5 234 33-50
12 0.8 60 960-1600 ND
305 15 4318 ND-685

22 12 46 48-140

1.5 0.6 11
456 123 966 78-210
5.2 3 30
0.07 0.03 0.16 ND
0.2 0.04 6.6 8.5-18
2 0.6 5.8 22-27

ND-145
1.7 0.7 26
0.3 0.3 0.3 7.1-18
 12 3.2 90

0.06 0.01 0.21

1.2 0.1 3

0.13 0.02 2
2.2 0.4 22 5.8-9.5
10229 118 19375 13000-26000 ND-105

0.9

2800-6700

ND
 ND-0.13

320-450

450-640
 ND-0.25 0.27

ND-990

ND-410

1.2

ND-48

ND-110
ND
 6.3
0.1-0.25 0.43
ND

ND-490

1.9
11.6
6.7

0.1-0.12 0.12

18
66

8.5
 ND-0.25 1.7

ND-190

0.28-0.39 4.5
 6.4

10.7

44.3

er for Computation Toxicology. Additional synonyms were added based on chemical names provided in the toxicity resources used.
cosane; Anathrene may also be a misspelling, but the correct chemical name is not known (cannot be a misspelling of anthracene because
8. California OEHHA 2010 10. Castellano et al 2008 11. Chang et al 1999

12. Cheng and

Range of Range of Range of Reinhard 2014;
1 field Detected Conc. Detected Conc. Detected Conc. Potental
detected (area samples) (pers. samples) (urine samples)
Contaminants
VOCs emitted from that can Leach
Synthetc Rubber from Tires
fields

PM2.5
ug/m3 ug/m3 ug/g creatnine
(range) ug/m3
 x

x
x
x
x
x

x
x

x
<0.2-2.01 x x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x

x
 x

x
x

x
x
x

x
x

x
 x

<0.2-1.0 x
<0.1-11.57 1.04-2.91 x

x x

x x

0.18-0.42
x

x
<0.1-69.17 <0.1-121.85 x

x
 x
x
x
<0.1-16.44 <0.1-14.28 x

12-18

<0.1-16.80 1.78-4.41 x

x
x x
x
x
x
 x

x
1.63-5.42 x x

11.71-30.72

<0.2-6.6 x x

city resources used.

ling of anthracene because the author also provides data for anthracene).
 15. CDPH 2010; 16. CT (UCHC) 2010
Maximum Detected

Crumb
Rubber Fiber Max
4 Outdoor Fields 1 Indoor Field Conc.
Max Conc.
ID'd in Bulk
Head Space
Analysis

ug/m3 Monitor type ug/m3 Monitor type ug/g ug/g

270 <76.5
 1.74E-02 Stationary
6.60E-03 Stationary 6.80E-03 Stationary

52.2 Personal 92.5 Personal x

1.10E-04 Stationary
1.56 Personal 1.18 Personal x
2.10E-04 Stationary

8.00E-05 Stationary

1.90E-04 Stationary
2.60E-04 Stationary
1.40E-04 Stationary

1.2 Stationary; 6" 14 Stationary; 6" x

3.9 Stationary; 3' x

 0.47 Personal 0.9 Stationary; 6", 3'
x

1.7 Personal 1.57 Personal

3.40E-04 Stationary

17.5 Personal 10.3 Personal

x
 2.90E-02 Stationary

4.29 Personal 4.77 Personal x

6.80E-03 Stationary 5.60E-03 Stationary
5.40E-02 Stationary

5.72 Personal 10.22 Personal

31.3 Personal 11.25 Personal x

2.94 Personal 44.2 Personal

x
 14.1 Personal 10.3 Personal x

9.30E-03 Stationary 1.14E-01 Stationary

6.30E-02 Stationary
x
3.39 Personal 36 Stationary; 6", 3' x

1.13E-01 Stationary

x
 x

3.20E-02 Stationary

6.90E-03 Stationary 1.18E-02 Stationary

1.96 Personal 3.53 Personal x

52.7 Personal 135 Personal x

14.7 Personal 15.7 Personal

6. CT (UCHC) 2010 17. CAES 2010 20. CPSC 2008

Personal 3' Above 6" Above

Max Headspace Leachate Max Conc. Max Wipe Max Ing
Detected Turf; Max Turf; Max Max Conc. Result Exp
Detected Detected
Conc.
Volatlizing
from Crumb
Rubber

ug/m3 ug/m3 ug/m3 ng/mL ug/mL ng/g ug ug/d

27.94
502.91

17.01

31.47

143.32

69.9 98.7 9.9

1443.19

57.15
 71535.52

92.48 12.33 23.71

3.89

1.56 0.54 0.54

 x 8.67 0.27

0.62
34.75 1.02 1.02

x 0.75
x 0.67
0.87 0.9 0.9
0.68 0.93 0.87
0.78

1.7 1.45 1.23

17.51 0.82 1.51

3.02 2.87 2.77

1.04

1.14
11.87
4.77 1.04 1
1.86
x

2.07 2.02 1.9

10.22 0.98 0.98

31.29 7.38 7.38

44.15 2.03 2.09

14.08 1.17 1.1

x 0.13
x 0.2

22.08 35.98 35.98

x 0.42

x 0.52
 x

0.89

3.53
3.29

3.53

135.4 2.82 2.78

23.39
0.76

2.16
2.11

1.23

4.03 0.91 0.87

12.13 2.17 2.17
 23. Dye et al 2006 28. G

PAH content in granulates PAH content in leachat

Manglerudh Valhall Ostfoldh (mg/kg) (mg/kg)

gas phase PM 10 gas phase PM 10 gas phase PM 10

Raw R1 R2 Raw
ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3
5.82 0.06 14.2 0.02 4.77 0.02 0.04 <0.08 <0.08 <0.003
32.4 0.19 78.1 0.04 6.24 0.07 0.27 0.27 0.38 <0.003

<.02 0.39 <.01 0.22 <.01 0.21

1.86 0.05 1.33 0.04 0.77 0.04 0.13 0.13 0.19 <0.003

0.15 0.58 0.07 0.36 0.05 0.14 1.31 0.92 0.82 <0.003
 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.003
0.04 2.24 0.01 1.23 0.04 0.72
0.17 0.29 0.11 0.23 0.08 0.28

<0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.003

0.05 0.06 0.12 0.02 0.05 0.05

0.11 0.1 0.03 0.08 0.07 0.06

0.02 1.15 <.01 0.56 0.01 0.38 1.19 <0.08 0.43 <0.003
0.03 0.78 <.01 0.48 0.02 0.39
<.02 1.11 <.01 0.84 <.01 0.69 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.003

16.6 0.08 32.7 0.05 13.4 0.03

0.19 0.76 0.11 0.53 0.1 0.38 2.83 2.12 2.7 <0.003
<.01 0.61 <.01 0.51 <.01 0.38

0.15 0.58 0.07 0.35 0.07 0.23

<0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.003

10.8 0.1 17 0.04 10.2 0.05
<.01 0.06 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01
<.01 0.04 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01
<.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01 <.01
1.76 0.03 2.74 0.01 0.88 0.03
2.81 0.67 2.2 0.48 1.66 0.62 4.5 3.74 5.98 <0.003
10.2 0.1 19.2 0.04 7.86 0.06 0.12 0.13 0.18 <0.003

<.02 1.11 <.01 0.73 <.01 0.42 <0.08 <0.08 <0.08 <0.003

0.39 0.02 0.22 0.02 0.12 0.01

16.6 0.16 42.5 0.07 16.5 0.1
22.3 0.13 57.7 0.13 24.7 0.06

1.52 0.09 2.11 0.08 1.08 0.09

2.12 0.12 3.03 0.12 1.78 0.12
2.02 0.09 2.82 0.08 1.54 0.09
1.89 0.1 2.75 0.09 1.37 0.12

20.9 0.13 56.4 0.17 11.1 0.04 0.16 0.13 0.35 <0.005
0.02 0.2 <.01 0.09 0.01 0.08

19.7 0.52 25 0.33 14 0.44 1.41 1.23 1.58 <0.003

3.54 0.81 3.09 0.64 1.8 1.17 14.42 13.95 21.1 <0.003

0.67 0.36 0.42 0.12 0.49 0.2

 28. Gomes et al 2010

PAH content in leachates Max Concentraton

Heavy metal content in acidic water leachates (mg/L)
(mg/kg) Air Samples

Air PM
Metals Air VOCs
R1 R2 Raw-24hr Raw-48hr R1-24hr R1-48hr R2-24hr R2-48hr (ppbV)
(ng/m3)

0.001 <0.001 0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001

0.003 0.002 <0.001 <0.001 0.002 <0.001 3.6

0.003 0.006 0.003 <0.003 0.019 0.006 7.7

<0.0008 <0.0008 <0.0008 <0.0008 <0.0008 <0.0008

 <0.005 <0.005 0.02 0.009 0.47 0.31

6.9 1.6 1.7 0.3 3 0.9 104

<0.001 <0.001
<0.001 <0.001

<0.001 <0.001

<0.001 <0.001
0.2
<0.001 <0.001

<0.001 <0.001

<0.001 <0.001

<0.001 <0.001
 0.1

0.48
<0.001 <0.001

<0.001 <0.001

0.56
<0.001 <0.001
<0.001 <0.001

0.3

0.3

<0.001 <0.001

0.47
 0.09

0.13

<0.001 <0.001
<0.001 <0.001

0.001 <0.001
0.42

0.15

0.17
 32. Highsmith et al 2009 34. Incorvia et al 2007

Off-gassing
Max Total Extractble Heavy metals (Range) Ranges for Lead Bioaccessibility Conc.

Wipe ng/mL
Samples Infill Blades Playground Percent normalized
(ug/g) (ug/g) Crumb (ug/g)
(ug/f2) per g of tre

0.1-0.5 0.3-1.0 3.7-177 1.6-3.0

Tire Crumb–Fields=1.6–10.1%
0.3-1.9 20.6-61.2 2.1-701 1.0-443 Tire Crumb–Playgrounds=0.3–10.7%
Synthetic Grass Blades=0.2–86.8%
26.4-40.65,050-19,200 316-730 12,100-18,000
866.7

53.32
6.04
21.63
34. Incorvia et al 2007 36. Kanematsu et al 2009 45. Lioy and Weisel 2011

Max Conc. In
Leachate Conc. Leaching Max Metal Concentratons
Tests
Identfied in
Extracts
Digestve
Sweat
ug/kg tre ug/kg tre Lung Extract Biofluid
mg/L Extract
(water) (acid) (ug/g) Extract
(ug/g) (ug/g)

328

3.39 1.7 <0.5 0.48

146
0.2 <0.5 <0.4
0.07 0.26 0.11 <0.2 11

3.21 2.7 0.43 0.74

4 2.2 2.01 32
827

1.85 3.26 23 11.8 0.61 258

1200 975 971 4630

71

6.23
246 260 <1.9 <2 1.5
<0.7 <0.5
 45.9

4 6.68 <10

20.6 2.95 0.12

20957 55010 27839

x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x
x

x
x

x
x

x
x

x
5. Lioy and Weisel 2011 46. Llompart et al 2013 47.alMarsili
2014
et
49. Menchini et a

Median
Max Conc. Max Conc. Range of Conc. In 13
Max PAH Levels Playground Paver Detected Rubber
samples samples Conc. Samples

Digestve
Sweat Lung Extract Biofluid
Extract ug/g ug/g mg/kg mg/kg dw
(mg/kg) Extract
(mg/kg) (mg/kg)

755
1.1
0.24
22
0.04
1.5-2.7 0.37

1.9-17.5 6.2
15
5.5-84.5 12
129.1-7256 305

11.2-39 22

1.5
456
5.2
0.07
0.18
3.9-26.1 2

1.7
<0.3
 12

0.06
1.2

0.13
2.2
3474-13202 10229

<0.11 <0.05 <0.56 12.8 135 0.352-10.149

<0.17 0.08 <0.89 13.4 167

<0.08 <0.04 <0.42 4.72 816 0.008-0.283

<0.49 <0.25 <2.5

<0.32 <0.16 <1.7 2.02 1311 0.005-1.613 0.18

<1.38 <0.61 <7.2 4.32 1182 1.150-15.715 0.3

<0.69 <7.2 1.69 872 0.068-3.616

<0.74 <7.6 4.66 1244 0.052-0.663 0.98

11.9 743 0.240-0.903 0.37

39.9 158

74.1

63.8 1205

23.9 39.1
<0.36 <0.18 <1.9

<1.07 <0.54 <5.6 9.16 1210 0.244-3.422 0.8

<1.97 <0.98 <10 0.073-0.573 <0.03

<0.74
0.97 238
1.97 151
 19.3
1.13 7.68

2.45 221
1284
20615

1.3
<0.12 <0.06 <0.62 8.24 2851 0.710-3.740
<0.07 <0.03 <0.35 47.7 900 0.427-11.025

2.77 958 0.08

398
<0.03 <0.02 <0.17 24.2 595 0.223-2.040
<0.1 <0.05 <0.52 25.5 3388 0.038-1.560

<0.10 <0.05 29.5 2088 1.644-10.281 1.86

0.78 21
 49. Menchini et al 2011 51. Milone and McBroom 2008

Synthetc
Mean Air Conc. Range Detected
Conc. In Metals in Leaching of
Air Conc. Air samples
granuales (on field; 3 drainage water Crumb Rubber
(personal (Max Conc.)
from 1 field sample days) (max detected) In-fill (max
samples) detected)

mg/kg dw ng/m3 ng/m3 ug/m3 mg/L mg/L

<0.004
<0.05

<0.001 <0.005

<0.05

<0.04

<0.001 0.006

<0.002

<0.05

<0.01 <0.01
<0.02
 0.031

0.51 0.04 0.05-0.2

2.3 0.1 0.6-1.2

1.81 0.05 0.3-0.5

6.93 0.3-0.9

0.39
5.01 0.2-0.5

0.36 0.01 0.1

0.18
<0.05
<0.06
1.02 0.05 0.5-0.6
<1.4
<1.4
<1.4

<1.4
<1.4
<1.4
<1.4

<0.21
 0.18
334x10-5

14.2
 54. Nilsson et al 2008

Head space
Present in leachate Zn in products Leaching Max
analysis

Max detected in Max detected in substances Elastc Infill

Infill Artficial turf Infill (mg/kg) turf (mg/kg) found (ug/g) (ug/l)
x 21,000 1,100

1.3
62

108

16

0.8
traces
 73

17
0.7

0.1 578
29

802

x x

14
x 2.7

0.5

1.4
x 1610
x 1167
138

46
17
219

561

x x 178

x
38
x x 146

x x 98

132

306

5794

334
23747
6965
13378
 3

4.7

1860

64
 6

12 (max)

0.3

x
 250
x
365

11

3.5 847
1.1
 55. Norwegian Insttute of Public 57. NYDEC 2009
Health and Radium Hospital 2006

Leaching
Total content in Results- Leaching in
Leaching Max Exposure Conc. recycled rubber detected conc. Synthetc Surface Runoff
Granulate In crumb rubber Rainwater
samples

Highest Average Detected Conc.

Artficial Turf Average
ug/m3 pg/ug from 2 Facilites
(ug/l) ug/L ug/L
ug/L

30.4

96.8

2.2

296.3 5.4
1705

12.8 1.7

20.7

8.8
 1947 292 59.5

4.3

15.3

2.3

55
10.5

103.4 37.5

2.4
 46
2.8

81 19.8
31.7 526 215.3

262

183
15.6

88 1.6
353000

82.5
 1.4

208

129.6

183 1.2

66.7
359 1.7

144

2.6

1771

19

34.7
6.5

108.6 107.5

3.6

2.6

52.4

330
 12.7 173.5

1.4
3.2

1.4

3.6

384
 76

0.202

12.8 1.4

10.2
118

40

6.1
85

13.1
25.5
YDEC 2009 60. Pavilonis

Air Conc. T Air Conc. J

Jefferson Field Mullaly Field Sweat bio-fluid extract Digestve bio-fluid extract
3 f above 3 f above Conc. Range Conc. Range
surface in sun surface in sun

Detected Conc. Detected Conc. new infill new fiber field sample new infill new fiber
ug/m3 ug/m3 mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg

<0.50 6.0–21 1.4-1.7 <0.10–0.48 <0.040

<0.20 <0.20 <0.20 <0.40 <0.40

<0.090–0.11 <0.030 <0.20 <4.0 <0.30

0.70–1.2 0.10–1.3 2.1-2.7 <7.0 <0.60–0.74

<0.080–0.54 0.030–1.6 1.8-2.2 <20–32 <1.0–1.6

0.090–1.6 0.030–12 <0.20-1.5 5.3-66 <0.30–4.7

<7.0–980 3.3-18 <10 <1000-4600 <90

<1.9 <0.60 <0.70 <0.90–1.5 <0.10

<0.10 <0.060 <0.70 <0.20–0.23 <0.20
 0.60–1.3 0.10-1.1 3.2-4.0 <10 <0.10

6.0–21 0.50-1.6 15-18 <1.0 <0.10–0.12

0.56

0.48
0.26

0.12 0.24
0.68 0.24
0.16 0.11
0.31 0.16

0.29
0.13
0.26 0.38

1.2 0.43

0.16 0.1

0.18 0.088
0.5 0.33
 60. Pavilonis et al 2014

e bio-fluid extract Lung bio-fluid extract Nitric acid extract

onc. Range Conc. Range Conc. Range

field sample new infill new fiber field sample new infill new fiber field sample
mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg

<3.0 <0.50 <0.20 <0.050 <0.70–0.80 <0.040–4.0 <0.70

<0.40 <0.50 <0.20 <0.030 <0.70 <0.040–0.51 <0.70

2.5-11 <0.20 <0.090 <0.090 <0.70–1.1 <0.50 <0.70

<6.0 <0.20–0.66 <0.090–0.12 <0.050 <0.70–16 0.34–820 <0.70–0.92

<20 <0.40–0.58 <0.2–2.0 <0.20 <0.70–36 0.69–110 8.8-59

2.5-260 <0.20–0.26 <0.02–0.61 <0.020–0.023 <0.010–17 0.53–4400 4.1-140

<900 650-970 77-300 <100 <7.0–7800 <30–12000 <70-160

<2.0 <2.0 <0.90 <0.10 <1.0 <0.10–2.9 <0.60–1.3

<0.40-0.90 <0.50 <0.20 <0.10 <10 <8.0 <10
<10 1.5-6.7 0.20–0.96 <0.40 <0.70–18 0.81–820 1.9-9.6

<1.0 0.65-3.0 0.39-1.5 <0.70 <0.10–2.1 <40 <0.80–0.74

61. Plesser and Lund 63. Ruffino et al 2013 65. Schiliro et
2004

Max Max Leachate Rubber Granual

Detected Detected Gas and Dust
(rainwater contact (direct dermal Range of Detected Conc.;
Leachate Degassing (inhalaton scenario)
scenario) scenario)
Conc. Conc.

Range of Conc. Range of Conc. Range of Conc. June

ug/L ug/kg ug/L mg/kg ug/m3 ug/m3

7.97-39.8

<5.3 <5.3
10.9-21.3 10.7-1775

<0.25 <0.25

<0.71 <0.71
9.03-12.5 97-125
6.62-22.1 29-60.5
18.3-53.9

<4.2 19.7-308

12.3-42.4 <0.14-5.5

<1.5 <1.5
 <9.6-47.7
0.848-2.88 36-48.5

2290 1143-2729

0.03
0.27

0.03

<0.001-0.01 9.55-15.3 <9e-5

<0.001 3.7e-4-6.4e-4 1.3-2.2 1.3-3.0
 <0.001-0.04 <0.01-8.81 <9e-5-1.7e-4

<0.001-0.02 <0.01-5.02

<0.001 <0.01-1.41 <9e-5

<0.001-0.04 1.70-4.16 <9e-5-9e-5

0.3

5.6

31
 8

<0.001-0.04 1.44-4.21 <9e-5-1e-4

<0.001 1.02-8.13 <9e-5

3.3

32
8.3

1
2.7

1.6

4.4

12
0.06
0.04

1.12

12
23
0.15

0.043

3.6
0.17

15

0.13 0.03-0.06 20.0-25.9 <9e-5

80 0.29-0.43 0.272-0.449 4.2-10.2 4.2-10.2

102
23

35
37 0.34-0.45 0.682-0.754 7.6-20.9 7.2-20.9
 66. Selbes et al
65. Schiliro et al 2013 71. Sullivan 2006 72. Torsten Kallqvist 2005
2015

Ash Contents Predicted Conc.

Range of Detected Conc.; Artficial Turf Fields Conc. Detected In Surface Water
Contaminants
mentoned in Lit Rev as
potental leachates or
toxicants
November June November Crumb Tire Chip
Rubber ug/L
ug/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 mg/g
mg/g

2.22 0.52 x

nd nd x
x

0.004 0.002 x
1.72 0.54
x

0.003 0.041 x

0.04 0.31 x
1.4 110 x

0.05 0.04 x

0.29 0.15
0.02 0.66 x
x
nd nd
0.01 0.05 x
0.16 0.17
0.42 0.59

nd nd x
 0.52 0.31

1.44 1.16 x

15.9 11.5 x 124

0.003
0.027

0.003

5.7-2.13
3.4-6.0 x
 x

0.1-0.17 1.61-4.0

0.7-1.64

0.09-0.1 0.67-1.22

0.03

0.151

x
 x
x

0.1-0.1 0.62-2.24

1.1-2.5

0.327

x
 0.83

0.004
0.01

0.16
x
0.026

x
0.31-0.94 0.006
0.004

0.5-1.03

0.11

x
x

0.015

0.36
 x

0.11-0.24 0.017

0.39-1.32 0.011

x
 x

x
x
x

13.6-31.2 x
x

20.3-33.7
 76. Vetrano 78. Zelibor 79. Zhang
. Torsten Kallqvist 2005 and Ritter 82. Celeiro et al 2014
1991 et al 2008
2009

Max. Leachate Max PAH

Predicted Conc. Range of Conc. From 7 Concentraton in
Max Conc. concentraton in
In Sediment Detected Conc. cured tre leachate
surface samples
samples

ug/kg ug/m3 mg/L mg/kg ug/g ng/mL

wet wt

3.55
0.59

0.41

0.87-1.4 0.048 3.93

0.016 53.5

0.0004
2969000 9988

0.4 0.16 2.5 15

1.52 1.6 26

9.3-51

6.2-22

0.38 0.17 11 211

1.26 30 681
 3.39 18

7.29 2.2

8.58 17

7.75

26 18

8.09 41

7098 4563 613

11
 0.057

ND-2.9
ND-1.1
7.55 62

3.52

45.2 1319 64
 140
3.97 0.65

3314 233

0.14

52
7.05 25.4 33 243
0.84 0.77 11 111

ND-2.1

0.4 5.8

13.04

ND-3 0.021
 ND-9

0.42 0.86 0.52 5.2

0.5

21.64
6.56 4.35 52 709

0.046

0.003-0.048

24.06 13.5 51 222

ND-2.7 0.19
 94. ChemRisk Inc. 96. Van Bruggen
89. Mota et al 2009 (2004) (2007)

Metals in Metals in Metals in

PAH PAH Results of
PAH Acidic Acidic Acidic
Content Content migraton tests
Content water water water
Coated Coated Leachate Leachate Leachate using artficial
Raw R1 R2 Primary Tire materials saliva
Raw R1 R2
of regulatory concerns
or data gaps (Table 4-3
& 1-1)
mg/L mg/L mg/L
mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg ug/kg
48 hours 48 hours 48 hours

0.001 0.001 <0.001

0.003 <0.001 0.002

0.003 0.003 0.019

<0.0008 <0.0008 <0.0008

 <0.005 0.02 0.47

6.9 1.7 3

0.04 <0.08 <0.08

0.27 0.27 0.38

0.13 0.13 0.19

x

1.31 0.92 0.82

 x

<0.08 <0.08 <0.08

<0.08 <0.08 <0.08

1.19 <0.08 0.43

<0.08 <0.08 <0.08

x
 x

2.83 2.12 2.7

<0.08 <0.08 <0.08

x
x

x
x

x
x
x
x
x

x
 4.5 3.74 5.98
0.12 0.13 0.18
x

<0.08 <0.08 <0.08

x
 x

x
x
0.16 0.13 0.35

<0.2-0.7
<0.2-0.6

1.2-4.0
 x

1.41 1/.23 1.58

14.42 13.95 21.1

x
x
x

x
x

x
x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x
x
count

11
7
30
15
20
42
5
2

48
8
33
13

56
5
24
13
18
8
15
3
4
6
28
16
3
6
4
5
16
18
5
21
41
1
30
31
4
2
12

1
3
3
3
2
5
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
1
1
7
8
29
1
3
4
3
3
36
22

3
3
4

5
4
4
3
1
31
7
9
3
22
1
8
8
1
3
34
10
32
3
24
3
3

7
1
10
9
1

3
13
5
1
1
2
4
1

3
3
13
3
3
5
4
11
7
2
4
11
37
8
4
4
5
4
9
3
3
3
3

4
3
8
3
3
3
2
1
24
8
9
9
10
10
13
4
8
4
3
2
3
3
3
3
5
12
3
3
9
5
5
3

3
3
3
2
5
1
5
2
3
3
3
1
2
2
3
2
3
1
3
2
2
2
3
2
3
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
15
3
2
2
4
39
31
3
3

3
2

8
1
2
10
3
2
3

3
3
16
3
3
1

3
2
27
5
5
2
5
4
3
1
1
2
13
5

3
3
7
3
2
14
3
13
11
3
15
8
7
7
7
3
3
1

6
3
38
3
3
1
1
1
1
3
4
4
3
3
4
3
3
2
3
2
7
3
2

10
1
1
1
2
3
3
2
1
2
2
8
3
3
37

3
8
1
2
4
3
3
1
1
3
3
1
2
1
1
1
3
3
2
43
2
4
1
3
6
1
10
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
2
4
1
2
2
5
2
3
2
4
3
3
1
2
1
26
1
3
3
2
2
3
3
2
3
8
4
3
2
3
8
22
2
3
3
1
2