Fluid Dynamics

ESci 134 | AY 2018 – 2019

Flow Concepts

Flow can be classified in many ways:

1. Turbulent or Laminar
2. Real or Ideal
3. Steady or Unsteady
4. Uniform or Non-uniform
5. Rotational or Irrotational
6. Reversible or Irreversible
Flow Concepts

Additional terms:
 Conduit – channel though which a fluid is
conveyed
 Streamline – a continuous line drawn through
the fluid so that it has the direction of the
velocity at every point
 Streamtube – the tube made by all the
streamlines passing through a small, closed
curve.
Basic Equations

All flow situations, regardless of their nature

are subjected to the following relations:
1. Newton’s Laws of Motion
2. Law of Conservation of Mass
3. First & Second Law of Thermodynamics
4. Boundary Conditions
5. Newton’s Law of Viscosity
Basic Equations

1. Continuity Equation
2. Euler’s Equation
3. Bernoulli’s Equation
4. Steady-State Energy Equation
5. Momentum Equations
a) Linear-Momentum Equation
b) Moment-of-Momentum Equation
Continuity Equation
Fluid Dynamics
Basic Equations

Continuity Equation:

𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝑄 = discharge (m3/s or cfs)
𝐴1 & 𝐴2 = cross-sectional area (m2 of ft2)
𝑉1 & 𝑉2 = velocity (m/s or ft/s)
Basic Equations

Continuity Equation:

𝑨𝟏 𝒗𝟏 = 𝑨𝟐 𝒗𝟐
This continuity equation is for
incompressible, steady & ideal flow only.
 Example No. 1

Water at 20°C flows in a pipe system at Section 1 (D1 = 2 m)

with a velocity of 3.0 m/s. It leaves the system at Section 2
(D2 = 3 m). Compute for the (a) the velocity of flow, (b) the
volume flux in m3/s, (b) the mass flux in kg/s, and (c) the
weight flux in N/s at Section 2.
 Seatwork
½ cross-wise | 03 April 2019

Air at 30°C and 100 kPa flows through a 15 × 30 cm

rectangular duct at 15 N/s. Compute (a) the mass
flux in kg/s, (b) the volume flux in m3/s, and
(c) the average velocity in m/s.
Fluid Dynamics
ESci 134 | AY 2018 – 2019
 Seatwork
Whole sheet paper | 05 April 2019

Water flows steadily through a box at three sections as

shown on the board. Section 1 has a diameter of 75 mm
and the flow in is 28 lps. Section 2 has a diameter 50 mm
and the flow out is 9 m/s average velocity. Compute the
average velocity and volume flux at section 3 if D3 = 25
mm. Is the flow at 3 in or out?
 Seatwork
Whole sheet of paper | 05 April 2019

Two fluids of different specific gravity enter at

sections 1 and 2 as shown. If the flow is steady and
mixing is complete before exit, calculate the average
velocity, mass flux and specific gravity of the mixture
leaving at section 3.
Bernoulli’s Equation
Fluid Dynamics
 Bernoulli’s
Energy Theorem

Neglecting friction, the total head, of

the total amount of energy per unit
weight, is the same at every point in
the path of flow.

Daniel Bernoulli, 1738

 𝑬𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒈𝒚
𝑯𝒆𝒂𝒅 =
𝑾𝒆𝒊𝒈𝒉𝒕

Elevation Pressure Velocity

Head Head* Head
Potential energy Kinetic energy
per unit weight per unit weight
 𝒅𝒑
+ 𝒈 𝒅𝒛 + 𝒗 𝒅𝒗 = 𝟎
𝝆
Euler’s Equation

𝟐 𝟐
𝒑𝟏 𝒗𝟏 𝒑𝟐 𝒗𝟐
𝒛𝟏 + + = 𝒛𝟐 + +
𝜸 𝟐𝒈 𝜸 𝟐𝒈
Bernoulli’s Equation
Bernoulli’s Equation

Assumptions when applying Bernoulli’s

Equation:
1. Constant of integration varies from one point to
another but remains constant along a streamline.
2. Steady flow
3. Frictionless flow
4. Incompressible flow
Bernoulli’s Equation
Modifications of Assumptions Underlying
Bernoulli’s Equation:
1. When all streamline originates from a reservoir, where
the energy content is everywhere the same, the
constant of integration does not change from one point
to another.
2. In the flow of a gas, as in a ventilation system, where
the change in pressure is only a small fraction of the
absolute pressure, the gas may be considered
incompressible.
Bernoulli’s Equation
Modifications of Assumptions Underlying
Bernoulli’s Equation:
3. For unsteady flow with gradually changing
conditions (e.g. emptying a reservoir), Bernoulli’s
equation may be applied without applicable error.
4. Bernoulli’s equation is of use is analyzing real-fluid
cases by first neglecting viscous shear to obtain
theoretical results. The equation may then be modified
so that it conforms to the actual physical case.
Bernoulli’s Equation

Bernoulli’s Equation in
real fluid flow:
1. Flow in Orifices, Tubes & Weirs
2. Pipe Flow
3. Open Channel Flow