Meristematic tissues: Root and shoot apical meristems

Cells are small, isodiametric

Root apex – distinguishable root cap, for protection, burrows down the ground, also have root hairs
toshort lved, unicellular, increased absorption,
Shoot apex – has leaf primordial, AXILLARY bud, NO ROOT HAIR
Nucleus dark stained part in SAM RAM
FIGURE 1.

LATERAL MERISTEMS: vascular cambium and cork cambium

Responsible for diameter growth
Vascular cambium – thinner
Cork cambium – grows outward, phellem inside

CELL TYPES –
Parenchyma – chlorenchyma leaves contains choloroplasts
Storage parenchyma – potato, stained starch IKI
Aerenchyma – has wide air spaces for gas exchange, also present in aquatic plants that help in buoyancy,
for floating
Seceretory parenchyma (pinus)– store and secrete substances, resin ducts secretes resin???
COLLENCHYMA – uneven thickening cell wall, found in young shoots, for flexible structural support,
Scelerenchyma (coconut scrapings) – capable of a very rigid structural support, RIGID structural support
Phloem parenchyma, xylem parenchyma

PLANT TISSUES
Accessory cells or subsidiary cells – surrounding guard cells/ stomata,
Epidermal or pavement cells
TRICHOMES – epidermal outgrowth of the stem
- Defense against herbivory and pathogens, prevents water loss, and prevents too much heat from
the sun

Simple trichomes
Stellate trichomes – starlike
Scale like tricomes – flower
Glandular trichomes

VASCULAR TISSUES
- Phloem – products of photosynthesis
- Prevents from breaking
- Secondary wall thickening in vesseks
Types of phloem elements
Sieve tube - Enucleated at maturily, LIVING!, function intransport of carbohydates,
Companion cells – nucleated at maturity, supports sieve tube

ROOT SYSTEM – ANATOMY AND MORPHOLOGY

Fibrous root system and taproot system – taproot forms lateral roots
QUESTION – walang lateral roots and fibrous
Two major groups – angiosperm (monocot and dicots)
Gymnosperm (pinus)
Zone of maturation – where root hairs arise
Monocots – polyarch
Dicots – tetrarch

YOUNG (DICOT?) ROOTS CONTAIN – epidermis, exodermis, cortex, endodermis, pericycle, phloem,
protoxylem, metaxylem, pith
OLD ROOTS –
Endodermis – prevents apoplast transport, prevents backflow of water to cortical cells, endodermis –
cortical cells with casparian strip with suberin, EXODERMIS DOES NOT HAVE SUBERIN
PERCICYLE – origin of lateral root, root hair is just an extension of epidermal cell, lateral roots has
meristem

OLD DICOT – presence of secondary growth

- Periderm (3 layers, cortex, vascular cambium,
Velamen – specialized epidermis of orchid root – multi layered epidermis, absorbs moisture, gas
exchange, prevents water loss
Hypodermis (found in Pine) below the velamen, function in conservation of water

STEM STEM STEM

Young Monocot stem – scattered vascular bundles, no distinct cortex, vascular bundles contain bundle
sheath, aggregate phloem elements, also containes lacuma
Young dicot stem – circular vascular nudles, distinct cortex, xylem and phloem separated by a vascular
cambium, does not have bundle sheath
PINUS – HAVE SIEVE TUBE AND ALBUMINOUS PHLOEM CELLS, only has TRACHEIDS NO
VESSELS

SECONDARY GROWTH DICOT STEM – has phellem, phellogen, phelloderm, cortex, phloem,
vascular cambium, xylem, xylem rays, and pith

XYLEM RAYS –LATERAL STRANSPORT

SECONDARY GROWTH – PINUS STEM 0
Resin ducts – in cortex and 2nd xylem

LEAF
Monocot – undifferentiated mesophyll

Bulliform cells – always in adaxial side

Vascular bundle found inmidvein
Xylem elements in adaxial side
Leaf epidermis – collenchyma
Mesophyll – parenchyma

Pinus monocot leaf

- Transfusion tissue
 - Sunken stomata, epidermis, hypodermis, lobed mesophyll, undifferentiated mesophyll

PLANT WATER DYNAMICS

Transpiration – loss of water (vapour form), primary in stomata
Factors affecting transpiration – number of stomata, light supply, wind,
Wind increases water transpiration
GUTTATION – secretion of water (liquid form) to the surface of the leaves via hydathodes, occurs
mostly at night because of root pressure
Hydathodes – stomata like structure which releases water - located at the margins of the leaf blade,
Gutation should not be confused with dea
Turgid guard cells – open stomata, flaccid guard cells – close
Hypertonic environment, flaccid guard cells so close
Transpiration does not happen at night

Tendrils – attachement
Corm
Cladode- photosysnthesis – green stem s
Prop – nitrogen fixation

Pitcher plant – carnivorous – modified in leaf

Pseudostem – compressed leaf sheaths – support
phyllode- modified petiole – photosynthetic
Spine – cactus – ward of herbivors,