Amrita School of Engineering, Coimbatore

Amritanagar – P. O., Ettimadai, Coimbatore - 641112

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

15EEE481 Electric Drives and Controls Lab

Manual
Final Year B.Tech., (EEE), VII Semester

Regulation: 2015
 Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering

15EEE481 Electric Drives and Controls Lab

Final Year B.Tech., (EEE), VII Semester

List of Experiments

Expt. No. Name of the Experiment

1 Determination of Separately Excited DC machine parameters

2 Simulation of speed control of DC Motor using 1φ Phase Controlled Converters

3 Speed Control of DC Motor using 1ф Full Wave Rectifier

4 Simulation of closed loop speed control of DC Motor

5 Speed Control of DC Motor using DC-DC chopper

6 Simulation of two quadrant operation of DC Motor using DC-DC Chopper

7 Control of single phase Induction Motor using single phase AC regulator

Simulation of Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter (Square Wave) fed Induction
8
Motor

9 Three Phase Thyristorised AC to AC Voltage Regulator

10 Simulation of V/f speed control of three phase Induction Motor

CO-PO Mapping:
CO Statement PO1 PO2 PO3 PO4 PO5 PO6 PO7 PO8 PO9 PO10 PO11 PO12 PSO1 PSO2
15EEE481.1 Develop transfer function model of an 3 2 2 1 2 2
electric drive system.
15EEE481.2 Apply simulation tools for analyzing the 3 3 1 3 1 2 2
performance of electric drives.
15EEE481.3 Develop power electronic converters for 3 3 2 1 2 2
electric drives.
15EEE481.4 Design controllers for special electric 3 3 2 2 1 2 2 2
machine drives.
15EEE481 Electric Drives And Controls Lab (PAM) 3 3 2 3 1 2 2 2

CO-Experiment Mapping:
Cos Experiment
CO1 Expt. No. 1, Expt. No. 4
CO2 Expt. No. 2, Expt. No. 4, Expt. No. 6, Expt. No. 8 & Expt. No. 10
CO3 Expt. No. 3, Expt. No. 5, Expt. No. 7 & Expt. No. 9
CO4 Expt. No. 10
 Evaluation Procedure
Components Marks Instrument Guidelines
1 Internal Evaluation 80
1.1 Initial Preparation 5
Report format 5 Report 3 – Default Format
0-2 – Filling details(S.No, date, Machine data)
1.2 Conduction 15
Hardware 10 Table/Computer 0-5 initial condition, safety/0-5 component specifications
connection/Simulation 0-5 connection/ 0-5 interconnection
Measurements 5 Table / Computer 0-5 no of readings, range of observation,
1.3 Result & Comprehension 40
Graph & Waveforms 20 Table & Report 0-3 Scale, Axis titles and marking
0-15 sketch & Print
0-2 Legend
Inference 20 Report 0-2 result,
0-10 Analysis
0-8 observations
1.4 Comprehensive Viva (End Sem) 20 Viva
2 External Evaluation 20
2.1 Circuit Design 5 Answer sheet
2.2 Connection/Simulation 5 Exp
Table/Computer
2.3 Conduction 5 Answer Sheet
2.4 Result 5 Answer Sheet
Total 100
 Determination of Separately Excited DC machine parameters
Objective:

To determine the following parameters in a separately excited dc machine:

1) Ra, the armature resistance

2) La, the armature inductance

3) Kϕ, the back-emf constant

4) J, the moment of inertia

5) B, the damping constant.

Theory:

Armature Resistance from DC Test: Analysis of the dc machine in steady-state operation requires a dc
value for the armature resistance, Ra. The armature resistance is found from a dc voltage test. A dc
voltage is applied to the terminals of the armature. Vary the voltage and current and mark the
corresponding values. This value of Ra is required for the determination of the moment of inertia, J, to
be found later in this experiment.

Armature Inductance, La and Armature Resistance Ra from AC Test: The parameters derived from ac
tests are used for modeling and simulation the dc machine in transient modes of operation. The
armature is connected to an ac voltage source. A low ac voltage is applied to the terminals (f = 50 Hz).
The voltage and the current at the armature terminals are measured.
Measurement of J and B:
Requirements of the Experiment:

a. Conduct dc test to find Ra.

b. Conduct ac test to find La.

c. Conduct a retardation test on dc machine and plot N vs time and Eb vs time.

d. From the graph, calculate J and B using the formula.

 Simulation of Speed Control of Separately-Excited DC Motor using 1ϕ Phase
Controlled Converters
Objective: To control the speed of a separately excited DC motor using 1ϕ phase controlled converters
and study the harmonics in the input supply current including the current THD.

Software required:

MATLAB/SIMULINK

Theory:

Separately Excited DC Motor:

The schematic of a separately excited DC motor with voltage and speed equations are given in Fig. 2.1. When
the armature of a DC machine rotates in the stator field, a voltage is induced in the armature winding. It is called
counter emf or back emf. The field and armature circuits are not coupled. The field current is supplied from a
secondary source.

Fig 2.1: Separately excited dc motor

The phase-controlled dc converter transforms the input from an ac power source to variable dc power at the
output. This can be accomplished by using thyristors or diodes as the switching devices in different
configurations.

a. Half-wave controlled Drive:

Fig 2.2 shows the schematic diagram and output waveforms of a simple half wave controlled rectifier driving a
separately excited dc motor. Thyristor T becomes forward biased when the supply voltage becomes positive at
ωt = 0. It does not start conduction until a gate pulse is applied at ωt = α. As the thyristor turns ON at ωt = α, the
input voltage appears across the load and the load current starts building up. The load current does not become
zero at ωt = π, instead it continues to flow through the thyristor and the negative supply voltage appears across
the load forcing the load current to decrease. The current is continuous for some more time until the energy
trapped in the load inductance drain out. But in a half wave converter, with a freewheeling diode as shown in
Fig. 2.3, at the instant when the supply starts reversing, the freewheeling diode becomes forward biased and the
load current flows through the load and free-wheeling diode giving zero output voltage. The freewheeling diode
will conduct as long as the energy stored in the inductor drains. Finally, at ωt = β (β > π) the load current
becomes zero and the thyristor undergoes reverse recovery. From this point onwards the thyristor starts blocking
the supply voltage and the load voltage remains zero until the thyristor is turned ON again in the next cycle.
Since the thyristors does not conduct over the entire input supply cycle this mode of operation is called the
“discontinuous conduction mode”.

The average output voltage is now given by, Vo = (Vmax / π) (1+cos α).

(a) (b)

Fig. 2.2: Half wave converter drive; (a) Circuit diagram; (b) Output waveforms (without freewheeling diode)

(a) (b)

Fig. 2.3: Half wave converter drive; (a) Circuit diagram; (b) Output waveforms (with freewheeling diode)

b. Full wave controlled converter Drive:

(i) Semi converter fed separately excited DC motor drive:

The schematic and circuit waveforms of a single phase semi-converter fed drive are shown in Fig. 2. 4.
In the first half cycle from α to π, the devices T1 and D2 conduct. At π, the freewheeling diode becomes
forward biased and conducts the load current giving zero output voltage. The freewheeling current
continues to conduct till T3 is triggered and the current is commutated into T3 and D4 and the cycle
√2V
repeats. The output voltage is given as: 𝑉0 = (1+cosα), where α is the triggering angle.
𝜋
 Fig. 2.4:
Single phase semi converter drive; (a) Circuit diagram; (b) Output waveforms

Fig. 2.5: Single phase full converter drive; (a) Circuit diagram; (b) Output waveforms

(ii) Full wave converter drive:

A fully controlled full wave converter fed drive is given in Fig. 2.5. In the positive half cycle,
thyristors T1 and T2 are triggered. At π, though the supply voltage is reversed, the devices do not stop
conduction till the next set of devices, T3 and T4 are triggered, thus keeps the load current continuous.
The output voltage – current characteristics of a single phase fully controlled drive is given in Fig. 2.6
for both rectification and inversion operation.
 Fig.2. 6: Output voltage and current characteristics of a single phase fully controlled converter drive

Performance characteristics to be studied:

a. Armature voltage and current vs delay angle (for all three drives)
b. Torque-speed characteristics for different triggering angles (for all three drives)
c. Harmonic study
d. Make a comparative study of the three drives
 Speed Control of DC Motor using 1ϕ Full Wave Converters

Objective: To control the speed of a separately excited DC motor and study the harmonics in the input
supply current including the current THD.

Equipment Required:

1. Full Wave Converter with control unit: 1 No. (Along with firing circuit)
2. DC Motor
3. Tachogenerator
4. Oscilloscope

Theory:

Separately Excited DC Motor:

The schematic of a separately excited DC motor with voltage and speed equations are given in Fig. 3.1. When
the armature of a DC machine rotates in the stator field, a voltage is induced in the armature winding. It is called
counter emf or back emf. The field and armature circuits are not coupled. The field current is supplied from a
secondary source.

Fig. 3.1 Separately Excited DC Motor

The phase-controlled dc converter transforms the input from an ac power source to variable dc power at the
output. This can be accomplished by using thyristors or diodes as the switching devices in different
configurations.

Full wave controlled converter Drive:

A fully controlled full wave converter fed drive is given in Fig. 3.2. In the positive half cycle,
thyristors T1 and T2 are triggered. At π, though the supply voltage is reversed, the devices do not stop
conduction till the next set of devices, T3 and T4 are triggered, thus keeps the load current continuous.
The output voltage – current characteristics of a single phase fully controlled drive is given in Fig. 3.3
for both rectification and inversion operation.

Fig. 3.2 Single phase full converter drive; (a) Circuit diagram; (b) Output waveforms

Fig. 3.3 Output voltage and current characteristics of a single phase fully controlled converter dive

Requirements of the Experiment:

a. Study the triggering circuit.
b. Rig up the power circuit diagram and check the name plate details of dc motor.
c. Observe and tabulate the output voltage, current and speed of dc motor with respect to the firing
angle of the converter.
d. Draw the observed waveforms for a value of firing angle.
 Simulation of Closed Loop Speed control of DC motor

Objective: To control the speed of a DC motor mathematical transfer function model in closed loop manner
using PI controller by simulation

Software Required:

MATLAB with Simulink

Theory:

Direct current (DC) motors are extensively used in variable-speed drives. DC motors provide a high starting
torque and it is also possible to obtain speed control over wide ranges.

A proportional-integral (PI controller) is a generic control loop feedback mechanism widely used in industrial
control systems. A PI controller attempts to correct the error between a measured process variable and a desired
set point by calculating and then outputting a corrective action that can adjust the process accordingly.

Control block diagram:

A general block diagram of a system model for speed control is given in Fig. 4.1.

Fig. 4.1: A general block diagram of a motor control system model

Speed and Current Control:

The motor speed depends on the amplitude of the applied voltage. The amplitude of the applied voltage is
adjusted through a power electronic converter. The required speed is controlled by a speed controller, which is
implemented as a conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. The difference between the actual and
required speeds is input to the PI controller which then, based on this difference, controls the required DC-bus
current. The required DC-bus current is controlled by a current controller, which is also implemented as a
conventional proportional-integral (PI) controller. The difference between the actual and required DC-bus
current is input to the PI controller which then, based on this difference, controls the duty cycle of the PWM
pulses, which correspond to the voltage amplitude required to maintain the desired speed. The control system
block diagram with speed and controllers is shown in Fig. 4.2(a) and the control block diagram for actual
implementation is shown in Fig. 4.2(b).
The current controller, which is the inner-loop controller, is updated more frequently, for example every PWM
period, compared to the speed controller, which is the outer-loop controller. The speed controller, as well as the
current controller, calculates the PI algorithm given in the equation below:
 (a)

(b)

Fig.4. 2: Control block diagram of the converter and motor with feedback;
(a) General block diagram; (b) transfer function model

Requirements from the Experiment:

a. Simulation should be carried out for a particular speed reference.

b. List out the motor and control parameters (Name plate, La, Ra, J, B, Kϕ, Kc)

c. Plot the speed response for different values of KP and KI. Tabulate the overshoot and settling time in each
case.

d. Comment on the output response and the parameters.

 Speed control of DC motor using dc-dc chopper
Objective: To control the speed of a DC motor by controlling the DC-DC Chopper.

Equipment Required:

1. Chopper control unit: 1 No. (Along with firing circuit)

2. DC Motor
3. Tachogenerator
4. Oscilloscope

Circuit Diagram:

(a) (b)

Fig. 5. (a) Chopper fed DC Motor (b) Armature voltage and current waveforms

Chopper Controlled Separately Excited DC motor If the source of supply is DC (for example in a battery vehicle
or a rapid transit system) a chopper-type converter is usually employed. The chopper-fed motor is, if anything,
rather better than the phase-controlled, because the armature current ripple can be less if a high chopping
frequency is used. Motoring Mode of Operation A transistor is used to chop the DC input voltage in to pieces
and chopped DC voltage is given to the motor as shown in the Fig. 5. Current limit control is used in chopper. In
current limit control, the load current is allowed to vary between two given limits (i.e. Upper and lower limits).
The ON and OFF times of the transistor is adjusted automatically, when the current increases beyond the upper
limit the chopper is turned off, the load current free wheels and starts to decrease. When the current falls below
the lower limit the chopper is turned ON. The current starts increasing if the load. The load current and voltage
waveforms are shown in the Fig. 5. By assuming proper limits of current, the amplitude of ripple can be
controlled. The lower the current ripple, the higher the chopper frequency. By this switching losses increase.
Discontinuous conduction avoid in this case. The current limit control is superior one.

Duty Interval:

During the ON period of the chopper (i.e) duty interval 0<t<ton, motor terminal voltage Va is equal to

source voltage V and armature current increases from ia1 to ia2. The operation is described by,

dia
Ra I a  La  E  V ; 0  t  t on
dt
In this interval the armature current increases from ia1 to ia2, since the motor is connected to the source. This
interval is called as duty interval.

Free Wheeling Interval:

Chopper switch is turned off at t=ton. Motor current free wheels through the diode D and the motor terminal
voltage is zero during interval ton ≤ t ≤ T. Motor operation during this interval is known as free wheeling
interval and is described by

dia
Ra I a  La  E  0; t on  t  T
dt

During this interval current decreases from ia2 to ia1.

Duty cycle (or) Duty Ratio:

Duty cycle is defined as the ratio of duty interval ton to chopper period T.

t on

T

The speed of the motor is given by,

V Ra
m   2
T
K K

Requirements of the Experiment:

a. Connect the power circuit. Study the control circuit.

b. Vary the duty cycle and observe the output voltage and current waveforms.

c. Tabulate the average output voltage and speed of the dc motor with respect to duty cycle.
 Simulation of two quadrant operation of DC Motor using DC-DC Chopper
Objective: To obtain a two quadrant operation of a DC-DC chopper (Quadrant 1 & 4) and Quadrant (1
& 2) by simulation.

Circuit Diagram:

Two-Quadrant operation (Quadrant 1 and 4):

When CH1 and CH2 are ON, voltage across the load is positive and load current is in the positive
direction. When CH1 and CH2 are OFF, load current continue to flow in the same direction, but the
voltage will be reversed.

(a) (b)

Fig. 6.1 (a) Power Circuit (b) Quadrant operations

Two-Quadrant operation (Quadrant 1 and 2):

The power circuit diagram for a two quadrant operation of a DC chopper is given in Fig. 6.2(a) and
corresponding quadrant operation in Fig. 6.2(b). In Fig. 6.2(a), when the switch Ch1 is triggred, load
current flows through Ch1 and the load. When Ch1 is switched OFF and CH2 off, load current
freewheels through the load and diode D2. When CH2 is ON, current reverses through CH2 and the
load. When CH2 is OFF, this current takes the path through load and D1 and flows back to the supply.
 (a) (b)

Fig. 6.2: Two quadrant chopper; (a) Power circuit diagram; (b) Quadrantal diagram

Requirements:

a. Adjust the switching frequency of control signals to view the operations in both quadrants.

b. Analyze the voltage across the motor and current flowing in the motor.
 Control of single phase induction motor using single phase AC regulator

Objective: To control the speed of a single phase induction motor using a single phase AC phase controller.
(Using two thyristors connected in anti-parallel)

Equipment Required:

1. Single phase AC phase control unit: 1 No. (Along with firing circuit)
2. Single phase induction motor
3. Oscilloscope

Theory:

Single phase Induction Motor

A single phase induction motor is similar to a three phase induction motor except that its stator is provided with
a single phase winding. A single phase induction motor is not self starting, unlike a three phase motor. When the
stator winding is fed from a single phase supply, a fluctuating magnetic field is produced. The fluctuating field
is equivalent to the sum of two rotating magnetic fields in opposite directions.

They are commonly used in low power rating applications, in domestic as well as industrial use. The main
reason behind its use is the availability of single phase supply and economy. Control of single phase induction
motors becomes apparent whenever a control of these appliances is intended.

AC Phase control

AC voltage controllers (ac line voltage Regulators) are employed to vary the RMS value of the alternating
voltage applied to a load circuit by introducing Thyristors between the load and a constant voltage AC source.
The RMS value of alternating voltage applied to a load circuit is controlled by controlling the triggering angle of
the Thyristors in the AC voltage controller circuits. In phase control, Thyristors are used as switches to connect
the load circuit to the input ac supply, for a part of every input cycle. That is the ac supply voltage is chopped
using Thyristors during a part of each input cycle. By controlling the phase angle or the trigger angle ‘α’ (delay
angle), the output RMS voltage across the load can be controlled. The trigger delay angle ‘α’ is defined as the
phase angle (the value of ωt) at which the thyristor turns on and the load current begins to flow.

The main applications of ac phase controllers are for heating, lighting control and motor speed control of single
and three phase ac drives. They are simple and compact but introduce harmonics in the supply current and load
voltage especially at reduced output voltage. Power factor also reduces as the output R.M.S. voltage is reduced.
The circuit diagram of a single phase AC regulator with R-L load is shown in Fig. 7.1 (a). The output voltage is
given in Fig. 7.1 (b). The two thyristors T1 & T2 are connected in anti-parallel. The power delivered to the load
depends on the delay angle α and the load natural power factor φ=tan-1(ωL/R).
 (a)

(b)

Fig. 7.1: AC Phase control (a) Circuit Diagram; (b) Output voltage and current

When the delay angle exceeds the power factor angle, the load current always reaches zero. Then the R.M.S.
output voltage becomes:

The output voltage waveform is given in Fig. 7.2(a). When the delay angle is less than the power factor angle, a
pure sinusoidal load current flows as shown in Fig. 7.2(b).

The average voltage in both the cases can be computed as:

 (a)

(b)

Fig. 7.2: AC Phase control output waveforms; (a) α > ϕ (b) α < ϕ

The experimental set up for the single phase induction motor control is given in Fig. 7.3(a). The trigger source
for the two SCRs T1 and T2 should be isolated as their cathodes are at different potentials (to trigger an SCR a
positive voltage should be applied to the gate terminal w.r.t. cathode terminal).
 (a)

(b)

(c)

Fig. 7.3: AC Phase control (a) Experimental set up; (b) UJT firing circuit diagram;
(c) Waveforms at the test points of the firing circuit
A UJT based firing circuit is used to trigger the SCRs, shown in Fig. 7.3(b). Also the times scale sketches of
signals at different test points of the firing circuit are given in Fig. 7.3(c).

Simulation: Simulate the power circuit in Fig. 7.1(a) (for an RL load) in MATLAB Simulink environment.
Obtain the output voltage and current waveforms. Also plot the Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) as the
triggering angle varies.

Observation

Sl.No. Delay angle (degree) THD

Experiment

Procedure:

1. Check the gating pulses between G1-K1 and G2-K2 of the UJT firing circuit.
2. Rig up the power circuit as given in Fig. 7.3(a).
3. Connect the pulses to the respective thyristor gates in Fig. 7.3(a)
4. Start the motor on no load, by varying the triggering angle (by varying the resistance R in Fig.
7.3(b)).
5. Plot the variation of stator RMs voltage for different delay angles.
6. Observe the harmonic spectrum of the input current for each firing angle and plot the harmonic
voltages for different delay angles.
7. Load the machine and observe the harmonic spectrum as the delay angle is varied.

Observation

Sl.No. Delay angle (degree) RMS output voltage

From FFT

Sl.No. Delay angle (degree) Number of Magnitude of

harmonics, n voltage
 Simulation of Three Phase Voltage Source Inverter (Square Wave) fed
Induction Motor
Objective: To control the speed of a three phase induction motor using a three phase square wave
voltage source inverter.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 8.1: Three phase voltage source inverter with balanced load

A 3-phase bridge type Voltage Source Inverter with square wave pole voltages is discussed here. The
output from this inverter is fed to a 3-phase balanced load. Fig. 8.1 shows the power circuit of the
three-phase inverter. This circuit may be identified as three single-phase half-bridge inverter circuits
put across the same dc bus. The individual pole voltages of the 3-phase bridge circuit are identical to
the square pole voltages output by single-phase half bridge or full bridge circuits. The three pole
voltages of the 3-phase square wave inverter are shifted in time by one third of the output time period.
These pole voltages along with other relevant waveforms have been plotted in Fig. 8.2. The horizontal
axis of the waveforms in Fig. 8.2 has been represented in terms of ‘ωt’, where ‘ω’ is the angular
frequency (in radians per second) of the fundamental component of square pole voltage and‘t’ stands
for time in second. In Fig. 8.2 the phase sequence of the pole voltages is taken as V AO, VBO and VCO.
The numbering of the switches in Fig. 8.1 has some special significance vis-à-vis the output phase
sequence.

The particular manner in which the switches have been numbered, gives the conduction pattern of the
switches marked in Fig. 8.2. It can be seen that with the chosen numbering, the switches turn on in the
sequence: - Sw1, Sw2, Sw3, Sw4, Sw5, Sw6, Sw1, Sw2,…..and so on. Identifying the switching cycle
time as 360 degrees (2π radians), it can be seen that each switch conducts for 1800 and the turning ON
of the adjacent switch is staggered by 60 degrees. The upper and lower switches of each pole (leg) of
the inverter conduct in a complementary manner. To reverse the output phase sequence, the switching
sequence may simply be reversed. Considering the symmetry in the switch conduction pattern, it may
be found that at any time three switches conduct. It could be two from the upper group of switches,
which are connected to positive dc bus, and one from lower group or vice-versa (i.e., one from upper
and two from lower group). According to the conduction pattern indicated in Fig. 8.2, there are six
combinations of conducting switches during an output cycle:- (Sw5, Sw6, Sw1), (Sw6, Sw1, Sw2),
(Sw1, Sw2, Sw3), (Sw2, Sw3, Sw4), (Sw3, Sw4, Sw5), (Sw4, Sw5, Sw6). Each of these combinations
of switches conducts for 600 in the sequence mentioned above to produce output phase sequence of A,
B, C. The fundamental component of the three output line-voltages will be balanced. The load side
phase voltage waveforms turn out to be somewhat different from the pole voltage waveforms.

Fig. 8.2: Output voltage waveforms of Voltage source Inverter

Determination of load Phase Voltages

Fig. 8.1 shows a star connected balanced 3-phase load. The three load terminals are connected to the three
output points (A, B, C) of the inverter. The neutral point ‘N’ of the load is left open. The load side phase
voltages V , V and V can be determined from the conduction pattern of the inverter switches. With
AN BN CN
reference to Fig. 8.2, it may be seen that for 0≤ωt≤π/3, switches Sw5, Sw6 and Sw1 conduct. Under the
assumption of ideal switches Fig. 7.3(a) will represent the equivalent inverter and load circuit during the time
interval 0≤ωt≤π/3. In the equivalent circuit representation, only the conducting switches are shown and a
conducting switch is represented by a cross (X) sign. For a balanced 3-phase load the instantaneous phase
voltage waveforms have been derived below for the following two cases:

(i) when the 3-phase load is purely resistive and

(ii) when the load, in each phase, consists of a resistor in series with an inductor and a back e.m.f.
In both the cases the equivalent circuit of Fig. 8.3(a) is referred to derive the expression for
load-phase voltage.

Fig.8.3: Schematic load circuit during conduction of SW5, SW6 and SW1

For case (i), the line to neutral voltages (instantaneous phase voltages) can be easily calculated as shown in Fig
8.3.

For case (ii), the following equations hold good:

From equations (7.1) and (7.3), the following may be deduced:

From Equations 7.2 and 7.4, it can be written that,

VAN=1/3 EDC, VBN=-2/3 EDC, VCN=1/3 EDC

Thus, the instantaneous magnitudes of load phase voltages in case of a more general (but, balanced) R-L-E load
are same as in the case of a simple balanced resistive load.

Fig. 8.4 shows the equivalent circuit during π/3<ωt<2 π/3, when the switches SW6, SW1, and SW2 conduct.
The instantaneous load phase voltages may found to be: VAN=(2/3)EDC; VBN= -(1/3)EDC; VCN =-(1/3)EDC

Fig. 8.4: Schematic load circuit during the conduction of switches SW6, SW1 and SW2

The load voltage waveforms for other witching combinations can be found in a similar manner. Two of
the phase voltages VAN and VBN along with line voltage VAB are plotted over two output cycles in Fig.
8.3. The voltage VAN is similar to VBN but lags it by one third of the output cycle period. Again, it
can be verified that the load phase voltage VCN also has a wave form identical to the two other phase
voltages but time displaced by one third of the output time period. VCN waveform leads VAN by 120
degrees in the time frame. It is obvious that the fundamental component of the phase voltage waveform
will constitute a balanced 3-phase voltage having a phase sequence A, B, C. By suitably changing the
switching sequence, the phase sequence can be changed. The phase voltage waveforms of Fig.8.2
shows six steps per output cycle and are also referred as the six-stepped waveform.

Requirements from the Experiment:

1. Observe the output voltages of the square wave inverter.

2. Analyze the speed and torque of the induction motor.

3. Analyze the THD on voltage and current output of the inverter.

 THREE PHASE THYRISTORISED AC to AC VOLTAGE REGULATOR

Objective:

To study the three phase AC regulator using SCR power module.

Apparatus required:

1. SCR power module

2. Pulse Controller trainer
3. Digital Multimeter

Theory:

The circuit diagram of a three-phase, three-wire ac regulator (termed as ac to ac voltage converter)

with balanced resistive (star-connected) load is shown in Fig. 9.1. The resistances connected in all
three phases are equal. Two thyristors connected back to back are used per phase, thus needing a total
of six thyristors.

The thyristors are fired in sequence, starting from 1 in ascending order, with the angle between the
triggering of thyristors 1 & 2 being 60° (one-sixth of the time period (T) of a complete cycle). The line
frequency is 50 Hz, with Time period=20 ms. Thyristors are fired or triggered after a delay of α from
the natural commutation point. The natural commutation point is the starting of a cycle with period,
(60° = T/6) of output voltage waveform, if six thyristors are replaced by diodes.

Fig. 9. 1 Three-phase, three-wire AC-AC regulator

The current flow is bidirectional, with the current in one direction in the positive half, and then, in
other (opposite) direction in the negative half. So, two thyristors connected back to back are needed in
each phase. The turning off of a thyristor occurs, if its current falls to zero. To turn the thyristor on, the
anode voltage must be higher than the cathode voltage, and also, a triggering signal must be applied at
its gate.
 Fig. 9.2: Output Waveforms for three phase three wire AC-AC regulator; (a) for α=600; (b) for α=1200

The waveforms of the input voltages, the conduction angles of thyristors and the output voltage of one
phase, for firing delay angles (α=60° and α=120°) are shown in Fig. 9.2(a) and Fig. 9.2(b) respectively.
In the figure, immediately before triggering of thyristor 1, two thyristors (5 & 6) conduct. Once
thyristor 1 is triggered, three thyristors (1, 5 & 6) conduct. As stated earlier, a thyristor turns off, when
the current through it goes to zero. The conditions alternate between two and three conducting
thyristors.

At any time only two thyristors conduct for 60° ≤ α ≤ 90°. Although two thyristors conduct at any time
for 90°≤α ≤150°, there are periods, when no thyristors are on. For α ≥ 150°, there is no period for
which two thyristors are on, and the output voltage becomes zero at α= 150 ° (5π/6). The range of
delay angle is 0° ≤ α ≤ 150°.

Precautions
1. Keep the input 3 phase MCB in OFF position
2. Keep the ON/OFF switch in off position in pulse controller
3. Keep the power ON/OFF switch in off position in pulse controller unit.

Procedure:
1. Connect input supply to R,Y,B terminals in SCR power module through step down
transformer
2. Connect input supply to SCR power module (back side)
3. Connect K1 to A2(using patch chords of 5A)
4. Connect K3 to A4(using patch chords of 5A)
5. Connect K5to A6(using patch chords of 5A)
6. Connect load to R phase input terminals to SCR power module K1 terminal
7. Connect load to Y phase input terminals to SCR power module K3 terminal
8. Connect load to B phase input terminals to SCR power module K5 terminal
9. Connect load N input to Transformer neutral
10. Connect 15 pin pulse cable to pulse controller and SCR power module (pulse input
connector)
11. Connect the motor feedback cable to speed sensor interface connector in controller module
12. Switch ON the power using power ON/OFF switch in SCR unit.
13. Switch ON 3 phase supply to SCR unit (Connected back side) . DO NOT switch ON the
front panel MCB.
14. Check the 3 phase ZCD square pulse in R,Y,B test point connectors in SCR power module
front panel using CRO
15. Switch ON the controller unit, in controller unit, the LCD display will be Firing angle “180
degree”

Now the pulse is minimum. Check the availability of all the pulses using CRO. Switch ON the front
panel MCB in SCR module. Press INC..KEY to increase the firing angle from 180-0 degree
corresponding actual motor speed is displayed. Tabulate the firing angle and output voltage. To reset
the function, press RST- KEY in controller

S.No. Firing angle in Output Output Output

degree voltage(Rphase) voltage(Yphase) voltage(Bphase)

Requirements from the Experiment:

1. Observe the gating pulses for thyristors.

2. Vary the firing angle and notice the rms phase voltages at the output.
 Simulation of V/f speed control of three phase Induction Motor
Objective: To control the speed of three phase Induction motor by open loop Volts/Hz control strategy
using Matlab Simulink.

Circuit Diagram:

Fig. 10.1 Open Loop V/f speed control with voltage-fed inverter
Fig. 10.2 Torque-speed characteristics of V/f controlled Induction Motor

Fig. 10.3 Stator Voltage/frequency Profile for V/f control

 Fig. 10.4 Three Phase Inverter

Fig. 10.5 Three Phase Sine PWM Technique

Requirements from the Experiment:

1. Construct the V/f open loop control circuit.

2. Vary the frequency and observe the speed of induction motor.

3. Vary the load torque and observe the speed and current of induction motor.