Choking

In The Homogenous and separated Flow

Prepared By:
Hyder M. Abdul Hussein
PhD Student
2016-2017
Under the supervision
Ass. Prof. Ekhlas Mohammed AlFayyadh
• Introduction

No flow

2
1
For gas dynamics the continuity equation
𝝆𝑨𝒂 = 𝝆 + 𝒅𝝆 𝑨 𝒂 − 𝒅𝑽
𝝆𝒅𝑽 = 𝒂𝒅𝝆
The momentum equation
pA-(p+dp)A=𝝆Aa[(a-dV)-a]
𝒅𝒑
dp=𝝆𝐚 dV 𝒂𝟐 =
𝒅𝝆
From Ideal gas equation
P=𝝆 𝑹𝑻 ⇒ 𝝆 𝒅𝒑 − 𝒑𝒅𝝆 = 𝟎
𝒅𝒑
𝒑=𝝆 𝐚
𝒅𝝆
𝒅𝒗
= 𝒗𝒅𝒑 + 𝒑𝒅𝒗
𝒅𝒑
𝒅𝒗 𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝒗
=− ⇒𝒑=− (𝒃)
𝒅𝒑 𝝆𝒑 𝝆 𝒅𝒑
∆𝒗 ∆𝝆
∴− =
𝒗 𝝆
𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒑 𝑩 𝑩
𝑩= = =𝝆 ⇒ = ⟹ 𝒂𝟐 =
𝒅𝒗 𝒅𝝆 𝒅𝝆 𝒅𝝆 𝝆 𝝆
−
𝒗 𝝆
Choked Flow Condition for Homogenous Flow

The pressure gradient for single phase can be calculated as follows:

𝟐𝑪𝒇 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝑨 𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒏 𝜽
𝒅𝒑 𝑮 𝝊 + 𝑮𝟐 𝝊 − 𝑮𝟐 𝝊 +
𝑫 𝒅𝒛 𝑨 𝒅𝒛 𝝊
− =
𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝝊
𝟏 + 𝑮𝟐
𝒅𝒑
𝒅𝝊
𝟏 + 𝑮𝟐 𝑮𝟐 = 𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐
𝒅𝒑

𝒅𝝊 𝟏 𝒅𝝆 𝟏 𝟏
𝒅𝒑
= − 𝝆𝟐 𝒅𝒑
= − 𝝆𝟐 (𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝝆)
= − 𝝆𝟐 𝒂𝟐

𝒅𝝊 𝝆𝟐 𝒖 𝟐
𝟏+ 𝑮𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟏 − 𝑴𝟐𝑻𝑷
𝒅𝒑 𝝆 𝒂
 𝟐𝑪𝒇 𝟐 𝟐𝝊 𝒅𝒙 𝟐 𝝊 + 𝒙𝝊 𝟏 𝒅𝑨 𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒏 𝜽
𝒅𝒑 𝑮 𝝊 𝟏 + 𝒙𝝊 𝟏𝟐 + 𝑮 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝒛 − 𝑮 𝟏 𝟏𝟐 𝑨 𝒅𝒛 +
𝑫 𝝊𝟏 + 𝒙𝝊𝟏𝟐
− =
𝒅𝒛 𝒅𝝊𝟐 𝒅𝝊𝟏
𝟏 + 𝑮𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏−𝒙
𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒑
𝒅𝝊𝟐 𝒅𝝊𝟏
𝟏+𝑮 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟏−𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝑴𝟐𝑻𝑷
𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒑
𝒖𝟐𝑻𝑷
𝟐
𝑮 = 𝝆 𝒖 𝟐 𝟐
, 𝑴𝟐𝑻𝑷 =
𝒄𝟐𝑻𝑷
𝒖𝟐𝑻𝑷 𝒅𝝊𝟐 𝒅𝝊𝟏
𝟏 − 𝟐 = 𝟏 + 𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟏−𝒙
𝒂𝑻𝑷 𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒑
𝒖𝟐𝑻𝑷 𝒅𝝊𝟐 𝒅𝝊𝟏
= −𝝆𝟐𝑻𝑷 𝒖𝟐𝑻𝑷 𝒙 + 𝟏−𝒙
𝒂𝟐𝑻𝑷 𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒑
𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝝊𝟐 𝒅𝝊𝟏
= −𝝆𝑻𝑷 𝒙 + 𝟏−𝒙
𝒂𝟐𝑻𝑷 𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒑
𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝑻𝑷 = −
𝒅𝝊𝟐 𝒅𝝊𝟏
𝝆𝟐𝑻𝑷 𝒙 + 𝟏−𝒙
𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒑
 𝒅𝝊𝟏 𝟏 𝒅𝝊𝟐 𝟏
=− 𝟐 𝟐 , =− 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒑 𝝆 𝟏𝒂 𝟏 𝒅𝒑 𝝆 𝟐𝒂 𝟐
𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝑻𝑷 =
𝜶 𝟏−𝜶
𝝆𝑻𝑷 +
𝝆𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝝆𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟏

𝟏 𝜶 𝟏−𝜶
= (𝜶𝝆𝟐 + 𝟏 − 𝜶 𝝆𝟏 ) +
𝒂𝟐𝑻𝑷 𝝆𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝝆𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟏
For air – water mixture:
In case where 𝝆𝟏 𝒂𝟐𝟏 ≫ 𝝆𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟐 and 𝝆𝟏 ≫ 𝝆𝟐

𝝆𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟐
𝒂𝟐𝑻𝑷 =
𝝆𝟏 𝜶 (𝟏 − 𝜶)

𝒅 𝜶 − 𝜶𝟐 = 𝒄 ⟹ 𝟏 − 𝟐𝜶 = 𝟎 ⟹ 𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟓
A minimum occurs 𝜶 = 0.5 and this gives a sonic velocity of about 21.336 m/sec
at Patm.
 Choked Flow Condition for Separated Flow
The pressure gradient can be calculated as follows:
𝑺 𝑺
𝝉𝒘𝟏 𝑨𝟏 + 𝝉𝒘𝟐 𝑨𝟐 + 𝝆𝑻𝑷 𝒈𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽

𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙𝝊𝟐 𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝝊𝟏 𝒅𝜶 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐 𝒙𝟐
+𝑮𝟐 + + 𝟐 𝝊𝟏 − 𝜶𝟐 𝝊𝟐
𝒅𝒛 𝜶 𝟏−𝜶 𝒅𝒙 𝒑 𝟏−𝜶
𝑮𝟐 𝒅𝑨 𝒙𝟐 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐 𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒏 𝜽
− 𝑨 𝝊 𝟐 + 𝟐 𝝊𝟏 +
𝒅𝒛 𝜶 𝟏−𝜶 𝝊𝟏 + 𝒙𝝊𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒑
− = (𝟑 − 𝟏𝟐)
𝒅𝒛 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝝊 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝝊𝟏 𝒅𝜶 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐 𝒙𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 + 𝑮𝟐 𝜶 + + 𝟐 𝝊𝟏 − 𝝊𝟐
𝒅𝒑 𝟏−𝜶 𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒑 𝒙 𝟏−𝜶 𝜶𝟐

𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝝊𝟐 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐 𝒅𝝊𝟏 𝒅𝜶 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐 𝒙𝟐

𝟏− 𝑴𝟐𝑻𝑷 = 𝟏+𝑮 𝟐
+ + 𝟐 𝝊𝟏 − 𝜶 𝟐 𝝊𝟐 =𝟎
𝜶 𝒅𝒑 𝟏−𝜶 𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒑 𝒙
𝟏−𝜶

𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝝊𝟐 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐
𝒅𝝊𝟏 𝒅𝜶 𝟏−𝒙 𝟐
𝒙𝟐
− 𝑴𝟐𝑻𝑷 = 𝑮𝟐 + + 𝟐 𝝊𝟏 − 𝜶𝟐 𝝊𝟐
𝜶 𝒅𝒑 𝟏−𝜶 𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒑 𝒙
𝟏−𝜶
𝑾𝟏 = 𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝑨𝟏 = 𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝑨 𝟏−𝜶

𝑾𝟏 𝑾 𝟏−𝒙 𝑮 𝟏−𝒙
𝒖𝟏 = = =
𝝆𝟏 𝑨 𝟏 − 𝜶 𝝆𝟏 𝑨 𝟏 − 𝜶 𝝆𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜶

𝟏−𝒙 𝟐 𝝆𝟐 𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟐
𝑮𝟐 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝟐

𝟐
= ⟹ 𝝆 𝟏𝒖 𝟏 =
𝟏−𝜶 𝑮𝟐 𝟏−𝜶 𝟐

𝑮𝒙
𝒖𝟏 =
𝝆 𝟐𝜶

𝒙𝟐 𝝆𝟐 𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
𝑮𝟐 𝒙𝟐
= ⇒ 𝝆 𝟐𝒖 𝟐 = 𝟐
𝜶𝟐 𝑮𝟐 𝜶

𝒅𝒑 𝟏 𝒅𝝆 𝒅 𝟏 𝒅𝝊
𝒂𝟐 = 𝒂𝒏𝒅 = =
𝒅𝝆 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒑 𝒅𝒑 𝝊 𝒅𝒑

𝒅𝝊𝟏 𝝊𝟐𝟏 𝒅𝝊𝟐 𝝊𝟐𝟐

=− 𝟐 , =− 𝟐
𝒅𝒑 𝒂𝟏 𝒅𝒑 𝒂𝟐
For condition of choking in absence of flashing:-

𝒖𝟐𝟐 𝜶 𝒖𝟐𝟏 𝝏𝜶
𝑴𝟐𝑻𝑷 = + 𝟏−𝜶 + 𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟐 𝟏 − 𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟏
𝒂𝟐𝟐 𝒂𝟐𝟏 𝝏𝒑 𝒙

Condition of choking considering two phases separated with change of phase

𝝏𝒖𝟏
𝝆𝟏 + 𝒖𝟏 𝛁𝒖𝟏 = 𝒃𝟏 + 𝒇𝟏 − 𝛁𝐩
𝝏𝒕

𝝏𝒖𝟐
𝝆𝟐 + 𝒖𝟐 𝛁𝒖𝟐 = 𝒃𝟐 + 𝒇𝟐 − 𝛁𝐩
𝝏𝒕
For 1-dimensional steady – state
𝒃𝟏 = −𝝆𝟏 𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝒃𝟐 = −𝝆𝟐 𝒈 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽
𝑭𝟏𝟐 − 𝑭𝒘𝟏 𝟏 − 𝜼 𝒅𝒙
𝒇𝟏 = − 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 𝑮
𝟏−𝜶 𝟏−𝜶 𝒅𝒛
𝑭𝟏𝟐 − 𝑭𝒘𝟐 𝜼 𝒅𝒙
𝒇𝟐 = − 𝒖 − 𝒖𝟏 𝑮
𝜶 𝜶 𝟐 𝒅𝒛
Thus:
𝑑𝑢1 𝐹12 − 𝐹𝑤1 1 − 𝜂 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑝
𝜌1 𝑢1 = −𝜌1 𝑔 cos 𝜃 + − 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 𝐺 −
𝑑𝑧 1−𝛼 1−𝛼 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑢2 𝐹12 − 𝐹𝑤2 𝜂 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑝
𝜌2 𝑢2 = −𝜌2 𝑔 cos 𝜃 + − 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 𝐺 −
𝑑𝑧 𝛼 𝛼 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
For second phase equation
𝑑𝑢2 𝑑 𝑑𝜌 𝑑 𝑑𝜌 𝑑𝑝
𝜌 2 𝑢2 = 𝑢2 𝜌2 𝑢2 − 𝑢22 2 = 𝑢2 𝜌2 𝑢2 − 𝑢22 2
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑢22 𝑑𝑝
= 𝑢2 𝜌 𝑢 − 2
𝑑𝑧 2 2 𝑎2 𝑑𝑧
𝑑 𝑢22 𝑑𝑝 𝐹21 − 𝐹𝑤2 𝜂 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑝
𝑢2 𝜌2 𝑢2 − 2 = −𝜌2 𝑔 cos 𝜃 + − 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 𝐺 −
𝑑𝑧 𝑎2 𝑑𝑧 𝛼 𝛼 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑧
𝑑𝑝 𝑢22 𝑑 𝐹12 + 𝐹𝑤2 𝜂 𝑑𝑥
− 1 − 2 = 𝑢2 𝜌2 𝑢2 + 𝜌2 𝑔 cos 𝜃 + + 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 𝐺
𝑑𝑧 𝑎2 𝑑𝑧 𝛼 𝛼 𝑑𝑧
By logarithmic differentiation
1. 𝑊𝑥 = 𝜌2 𝑢2 𝐴𝛼

1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝐴 1 𝑑𝛼 1 𝑑
= + + (𝜌 𝑢 )
𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝐴 𝑑𝑧 𝛼 𝑑𝑧 𝜌2 𝑢2 𝑑𝑧 2 2
𝑑 𝜌2 𝑢22 𝑑𝑥 𝜌2 𝑢22 𝑑𝐴 𝜌2 𝑢22 𝑑𝛼
𝑢2 𝜌 𝑢 = − −
𝑑𝑧 2 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝐴 𝑑𝑧 𝛼 𝑑𝑧

2. 𝑊 1 − 𝑥 = 𝜌2 𝑢2 𝐴 1 − 𝛼

1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝐴 1 𝑑𝛼 1 𝑑
− = − + (𝜌 𝑢 )
1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝐴 𝑑𝑧 𝛼 𝑑𝑧 𝜌1 𝑢1 𝑑𝑧 1 1

1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝐴 1 𝑑𝛼 1 𝑑
− = − + (𝜌 𝑢 )
1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝐴 𝑑𝑧 𝛼 𝑑𝑧 𝜌1 𝑢1 𝑑𝑧 1 1
𝑑 𝜌1 𝑢12 𝑑𝑥 𝜌1 𝑢12 𝑑𝐴 𝜌1 𝑢12 𝑑𝛼
𝑢1 𝜌 𝑢 =− − +
𝑑𝑧 1 1 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝐴 𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝛼 𝑑𝑧
Finally
𝑑𝑝 𝑢22 𝜌1 𝑢12 𝑑𝑥 𝜌1 𝑢12 𝑑𝐴 𝜌1 𝑢12 𝑑𝛼
− 1− 2 =− − +
𝑑𝑧 𝑎2 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝐴 𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝛼 𝑑𝑧
𝐹12 + 𝐹𝑤2 𝜂 𝑑𝑥
+𝜌2 𝑔 cos 𝜃 + + 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 𝐺
𝛼 𝛼 𝑑𝑧
Similarly for first equation of two phase
𝑑𝑝 𝑢1 2 𝜌1 𝑢1 2 𝑑𝑥 𝜌1 𝑢1 2 𝑑𝛼 1 𝑑𝐴
− 1− 2 = − −
𝑑𝑧 𝑎1 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝛼 𝑑𝑧 𝐴 𝑑𝑧
𝐹12 − 𝐹𝑤2 𝜂 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝜌2 𝑔 cos 𝜃 + − 𝑢 − 𝑢1 𝐺
𝛼 𝛼 2 𝑑𝑧
After several compensatory steps we get
𝑑𝑝 1 𝑢2 2 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝛼 1 𝑑𝐴
− 1 − = − −
𝑑𝑧 𝜌2 𝑢2 2 𝑎2 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 𝛼 𝑑𝑧 𝐴 𝑑𝑧
1 𝐹12 − 𝐹𝑤2 𝜂 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝜌 𝑔 cos 𝜃 + − 𝑢 − 𝑢 𝐺 (3.59a)
𝜌2 𝑢2 2 2 𝛼 𝛼 2 1
𝑑𝑧

𝑑𝑝 1 𝑢1 2 1 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝛼 1 𝑑𝐴
− 1 − = − + −
𝑑𝑧 𝜌1 𝑢1 2 𝑎1 2 1 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑧 1 − 𝛼 𝑑𝑧 𝐴 𝑑𝑧
1 𝐹12 − 𝐹𝑤1 1 − 𝜂 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝜌 𝑔 cos 𝜃 − + 𝑢 − 𝑢 𝐺 (3.59b)
𝜌1 𝑢1 2 1 1−𝛼 1−𝛼 2 1
𝑑𝑧

The above equations resemble the general one-dimensional Steady flow equations of
single component flow. Choking occurs in the individual components when
𝑢1 = 𝑎1 , 𝑢2 = 𝑎2
 𝑑𝛼
In order to investigation compound choking we eliminate between Eqs. (3.59a) and
𝑑𝑧
(3.59b) ,the result is,

𝑑𝑝 𝛼 𝑢2 2 1−𝛼 𝑢1 2
− 1− 2 + 1− 2
𝑑𝑧 𝜌2 𝑢2 2 𝑎2 𝜌1 𝑢1 2 𝑎1
1 𝑑𝐴 𝛼 1−𝛼 1 1 𝐹𝑤2
= − + 𝑔 cos 𝜃 + + 𝐹12 − +
𝐴 𝑑𝑧 𝑢2 2 𝑢1 2 𝜌2 𝑢2 2 𝜌1 𝑢1 2 𝜌2 𝑢2 2
𝐹𝑤1 𝑑𝑥 𝛼 1 − 𝛼 1−𝜂 𝜂
+ + − + 𝐺 𝑢2 − 𝑢1 + (3.60)
𝜌1 𝑢1 2 𝑑𝑧 𝑥 1 − 𝑥 𝜌1 𝑢1 2 𝜌2 𝑢2 2

𝜂: fraction of force due to phase change acting on component 2

𝑑𝑥
𝐹12 and 𝑑𝑧 are independent of the pressure gradient, the condition of choking

𝜶 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝟏−𝜶 𝒖𝟏 𝟐
𝟏− 𝟐 + 𝟏− 𝟐 =𝟎
𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝝆𝟏 𝒖 𝟏 𝟐 𝒂𝟏
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑝
= , 𝑠𝑢𝑏 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 3.60
𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑧
Compound choking condition in presence of flashing is found to be

𝜶 𝟐 𝟏−𝜶
𝟐
𝟏 − 𝑴𝟐 + 𝟐
𝟏 − 𝑴𝟏 𝟐
𝝆𝟐 𝒖 𝟐 𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏

𝒅𝒙 𝜶 𝟏 − 𝜶 𝟏−𝜼 𝜼
− + + 𝑮 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 − = 𝟎 (𝟑. 𝟔𝟑)
𝒅𝒑 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝟐 𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐

This result depends on the value of η except in the particular case where
𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝟐 = 𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐
Solve problem 3.19
 𝜶 𝟐 𝟏−𝜶
𝟐
𝟏 − 𝑴𝟐 + 𝟐
𝟏 − 𝑴𝟏 𝟐
𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏

𝒅𝒙 𝜶 𝟏 − 𝜶 𝟏−𝜼 𝜼
− + + 𝑮 𝒖𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 − =𝟎 𝟑. 𝟔𝟑
𝒅𝒑 𝒙 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝟐 𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐

𝑎12 ≫ 𝑎22 , 𝝆𝟏 ≫ 𝝆𝟐 ,𝜼=𝟏

𝜶 𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝒙 𝑮
= ⟹ =
𝒙 𝑮 𝜶 𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐
𝟏 − 𝒙 𝝆𝒒 𝒖𝟏 𝑨 𝟏−𝜶 𝑮
= ⟹ =
𝟏−𝜶 𝑾 𝟏 − 𝒙 𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏
 𝜶 𝜶 𝟏−𝜶 𝒅𝒙 𝑮 𝑮 𝟏
− + − + + 𝑮 𝒖 𝟐 − 𝒖𝟏 − =𝟎
𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝝆𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒑 𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐

When
𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝟐 =𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐

𝟏 𝜶 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝑮 𝒙𝟐
− − =𝟎 ∗
𝝆𝟏 𝒖𝟏 𝟐 𝝆𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝒅𝒑 𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝝆𝟐 𝜶𝟐

𝒙𝟐 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝑮
− − =𝟎
𝝆𝟐 𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝟐 𝜶𝟐 𝝆𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝜶 𝒅𝒑 𝝆𝟐 𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝜶𝟐

𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝜶
𝑮𝟐 = 𝝆𝟐 𝒖𝟐 𝜶 ⟹ 𝑮 =
𝒙

−𝟏
𝟏 𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝟐𝒙 𝒙𝟐 𝝏𝒙 𝟐𝒙
= + ⟹ 𝑮𝟐 = +
𝑮𝟐 𝝆𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝜶 𝝏𝒑 𝝆𝟐 𝜶 𝝆𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝜶 𝝏𝒑 𝝆𝟐 𝜶