Birck Nanotechnology Center

Engineering Space for Light with

Metamaterials

Part 1: Electrical and Magnetic

Metamaterials

Part 2: Negative-Index Metamaterials, NLO, and

super/hyper-lens

Part 3: Cloaking and Transformation Optics

 Birck Nanotechnology Center

Outline

¾ What are metamaterials?

¾ Early electrical metamaterials
¾ Magnetic metamaterials
¾ Negative-index metamaterials
¾ Chiral metamaterials
¾ Nonlinear optics with metamaterials
¾ Super-resolution
¾ Optical Cloaking and Transformation Optics

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Natural Optical Materials

E,H ~exp[in(ω/c)z] Air
Water
n = ±√(εμ)
Crystals
metals

Semiconductors

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Materials & Metamaterials

E,H ~exp[in(ω/c)z]
ε, μ diagram:
n = ±√(εμ)

Cloaking (TO) area

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What is a metamaterial?
Metamaterial is an arrangement of artificial structural elements,
designed to achieve advantageous and unusual electromagnetic
properties.

μετα = meta = beyond (Greek)

-
-

A natural material with its A metamaterial with artificially

atoms structured “atoms”

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Photonic crystals vs. Optical metamaterials:

connections and differences

a<< . a~ a>>
Effective medium Structure dominates. Properties described
description using Properties determined using geometrical optics
Maxwell equations with by diffraction and and ray tracing
, , n, Z interference
Example: Example: Example:
Optical crystals Photonics crystals Lens system
Metamaterials Phased array radar Shadows
X-ray diffraction optics

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Natural Crystals

... have lattice constants much smaller

than light wavelengths: a <<λ

… are treated as homogeneous media

with parameters ε, μ, n, Z (tensors in
anisotropic crystals)

… have a positive refractive index: n>1

… show no magnetic response at optical

wavelengths: μ =1

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Photonic crystals

... have lattice constants comparable

to light wavelengths: a~λ

… can be artificial or natural

… have properties governed by the

diffraction of the periodic structures

… may exhibit a bandgap for

photons

… typically are not well described

using effective parameters ε, μ, n, Z

… often behave like but they are not

true metamaterials

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Metamaterials: Properties not found in nature?

(refraction!)

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Metamaterials: Artificial periodic structures?

Lycurgus Cup (4th century “Hot-spots” in fractals
AD)

Ancient (first?) random

metamaterial (carved in Rome) Shalaev, Nonlinear Optics of Random Media,
with gold nano particles Springer, 2000
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Outline
¾ What are metamaterials?
¾ Early electrical metamaterials
¾ Magnetic metamaterials
¾ Negative-index metamaterials
¾ Chiral metamaterials
¾ Nonlinear optics with metamaterials
¾ Super-resolution
¾ Optical cloaking

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Early (first?) Example of Meta-Atoms

Twisted jute elements

Artificial chiral molecules

Jagadis C. Bose, Proceeding of Royal Soc. London, 1898

“On the Rotation of Plane of Polarization of Electric Waves by a Twisted Structure ”
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Early Electric Metamaterial: Artificial Dielectrics

Periodic metal-dielectric plates with effective
index of less than 1

W. E. Kock, Proc. IRE, Vol. 34, 1946

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Noble metal: ε < 1 in nature

Drude model for permittivity: Silver parameters: ε 0 = 5.0
ω p2 ω p = 9.216 eV
ε (ω ) = ε 0 −
ω (ω + iΓ) Γ = 0.0212 eV

50

0
Permittivity of Silver

-50

-100
Re(ε), experiment
-150
Im(ε), experiment
-200 Re(ε), Drude
Im(ε), Drude
-250
500 1000 1500 2000
Wavelength (nm)
Experimental data from Johnson & Christy, PRB, 1972
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Array of Thin Wires and Tunable Plasma Frequency

J. Brown, Proc. IEE 100 (1953)

W. Rotman, Trans. IRE AP 10 (1962)
J.B. Pendry, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. (1996)

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Electrical metamaterials:
metal wires arrays with tunable plasma frequency

ω p2
ε = ε '+ iε " = 1 −
ω (ω + iε 0 a 2ω p2 / π r 2σ )
2π c 2
ωp = 2
2

a ln(a / r )

A periodic array of thin metal wires with

r<<a<<λ acts as a low frequency plasma

The effective ε is described with modified ωp

Plasma frequency depends on geometry

rather than on material properties Pendry, PRL (1996)
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Metal-Dielectric Composites and Mixing Rules

⎧⎪ε = c1ε1 + c2ε 2

⎨
⎪⎩ε ⊥ = ε1ε 2 ( c1ε 2 + c2ε1 )

Maxwell-Garnett (MG) theory:

ε MG (ω ) − ε h (ω ) ε (ω ) − ε h (ω ) f«1
= f i
ε MG (ω ) + 2ε h (ω ) ε i (ω ) + 2ε h (ω )

Effective-Medium Theory (EMT):

ε m − ε eff ε d − ε eff
f + (1 − f ) =0
ε m + (d −1)ε eff ε d + (d −1)ε eff

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Composites with “elongated” inclusions

Depolarization factor:
∞ ai a j ak ds
qi = ∫
Lorentz depolarization factor for a spheroid with aspect ratio α:1:1
1
0 2( s + ai2 )3/ 2 ( s + a 2j )1/ 2 ( s + ak2 )1/ 2

Depolarization factor, p
0.8
Screening factor:
κ = (1 − q ) / q
0.6

0.4 p(1:1:1)=1/3
Clausius-Mossotti yields
0.2
shape-dependent EMT:
ε m − ε eff ε d − ε eff 0 -2
+ (1 − f ) =0
-1 0 1 2
f 10 10 10 10 10
ε m + κε eff ε d + κε eff Aspect ratio, α:1:1

ε eff =
1
2κ
{
ε ± ε 2 + 4κε mε d } ε = [(κ + 1) f − 1]ε m + [κ − (κ + 1) f ]ε d

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Outline
¾ What are metamaterials?
¾ Early electrical metamaterials
¾ Magnetic metamaterials
¾ Negative-index metamaterials
¾ Chiral metamaterials
¾ Nonlinear optics with metamaterials
¾ Super-resolution
¾ Optical cloaking

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Absence (or very weak: µ≈1)

Optical Magnetism in Nature

Magnetic coupling to an atom: ~ μ B = e= / 2me c = α ea0 (Bohr magneton)

Electric coupling to an atom: ~ ea0

Magnetic effect / electric effect ≈ α2 ≈ (1/137)2 < 10 -4

“… the magnetic permeability µ(ω) ceases to have any physical meaning at

relatively low frequencies…there is certainly no meaning in using the magnetic
susceptibility from optical frequencies onwards, and in discussion of such
phenomena we must put µ=1.”
Landau and Lifshitz, ECM, Chapter 79.

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SRRs: first magnetic metamaterials

M
a
cu ke A bulk metal has no
rr i
en t a
t i rin magnetism in optics
nd g:
uc l
ed oop
by
H Split-ring resonator (SRR)

A metal ring: weak

magnetic response

Cut the ring to

nance
introduce reso

A split ring:
magnetic resonance

to
n g
ri e Double SRR:
e h
th n t enhanced magnetic Theory: Pendry et al., 1999.
e e
bl th e resonance
ou g c Experiment: Smith et al., 2000.
D ren an
n
st so
re
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Artificial magnetic resonators:

Earlier form and Today’s design

SRR for GHz magnetic resonance (Hardy et al., 1981):

Modern magnetic units for optical metamagnetism:

H E
k

SRR C-shaped Rod Nanostrip (or nanorod) Pair

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Limits of size scaling in SRRs

Direct scaling-down the SRR dimensions doesn’t

help much…

Loss in metal gives kinetic

inductance

1
Lcoil ∝ size Lkinetic ∝
size

Ltotal = Lcoil + Lkinetic

Ctotal ∝ size
1 1 1 Saturation
ωres ∝ = ∝
Ltotal × Ctotal ( A ⋅ size + B / size) ⋅ (C ⋅ size) size2 + const.
Zhou et al, PRL (2005); Klein, et al., OL (2006)
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Progress in Optical Magnetism Metamaterials

Terahertz magnetism

a) Yen, et al. ~ 1THz (2-SRR) – 2004

Katsarakis, et al (SRR – 5 layers) - 2005
b) Zhang et al ~50THz (SRR+mirror) - 2005
c) Linden, et al. 100THz (1-SRR) -2004
d) Enkrich, et al. 200THz (u-shaped)-2005

2004-2007 years:
from 10 GHz to 500 THZ

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Magnetic Metamaterial: Nanorod to Nanostrip

Dielectric
Metal H
E

Nanorod pair Nanorod pair array Nanostrip pair

• Nanostrip pair has a much stronger magnetic response

Lagar’kov, Sarychev PRB (1996) - µ > 0

Podolskiy, Sarychev & Shalaev, JNOPM (2002) - µ < 0 & n < 0
Kildishev et al, JOSA B (2006); Shvets et al JOSA (2006) – strip pairs
(Svirko, et al, APL (2001) - “crossed” rods for chirality)

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Visible magnetism: structure and geometries

TM TE
E H
H k E k

wb
w
t Ag
d Al2O3
t Ag
p 2wb
glass substrate

t = 35 nm d = 40 nm p ≈ 2 wb
Width varies from 50 nm to 127 nm

Purdue group
Yuan, et al., Opt. Expr., 2007 – red light
Cai, et al., Opt. Expr., 2007 – all the visible

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Negative Magnetic Response

TM

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Negative Magnetic Response

TM

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Magnetic Colors: visualizing magnetism

Resonant TM Non-resonant TE Resonant TM Non-resonant TE

Transmission Transmission Reflection Reflection

160 μm

0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9

A
0.8 0.8 A 0.8 B 0.8
0.7 0.7 B 0.7 C 0.7
Transmission

C D
0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6

Reflection
D E
0.5 0.5 E 0.5 F 0.5
0.4 A 0.4 F 0.4 0.4 A
B B
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 C
C
0.2 D 0.2 0.2 0.2 D
0.1 E 0.1 0.1 0.1 E
F F
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
400 500 600 700 800 900 400 500 600 700 800 900 400 500 600 700 800 900 400 500 600 700 800 900
Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm) Wavelength (nm)

Sample # A B C D E F Cai, et al., Opt. Expr., 15,

Width w (nm) 50 69 83 98 118 127 3333 (2007)

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Magnetism across the whole visible

800 1.0
Experimental
750 Analytical
Permeability 0.5

Permeability (μ')
700
0.0
λm (nm)

650
-0.5
600
-1.0
550

500 -1.5

450 -2.0
50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130
Strip width, w (nm)
λm as a function of strip width “w”: experiment vs. theory
Negligible saturation effect on size-scaling (as opposed to SRRs)

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Engineering Space for Light with

Metamaterials

Part 1: Electrical and Magnetic Metamaterials

Part 2: Negative-Index Metamaterials, NLO,

and super/hyper-lens

Part 3: Cloaking and Transformation Optics