Table of Contents

ABSTRACT...................................................................................................................................................... 2
MOTIVATION ................................................................................................................................................. 2
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................................. 3
LITERATURE REVIEW: ............................................................................................................................ 4
PROBLEM STATEMENT: ......................................................................................................................... 5
PROJECT OBJECTIVES: .......................................................................................................................... 5
THEORY:..................................................................................................................................................... 6
COMPONENTS USED IN THE WATER LEVEL CIRCUIT: ................................................................. 6
TRANSISTOR (BC-547):........................................................................................................ 6
DESCRIPTION .......................................................................................................................... 6
FEATURES: ............................................................................................................................... 7
RESISTORS: .............................................................................................................................. 7
LED: ............................................................................................................................................ 8
PRACTICAL USE: .......................................................................................................................... 8
RELAY: ....................................................................................................................................... 9
SOFTWARE DESIGN: ........................................................................................................... 10
Modules .................................................................................................................................. 11
METHODOLOGY .......................................................................................................................................... 11
STEP 1: CREATING THE SCHEMATIC: .......................................................................... 11
STEP 2: DESIGNING THE PCB LAYOUT ........................................................................ 13
STEP 3: PRINTING THE PCB LAYOUT: .......................................................................... 14
STEP 3: PRACTICAL WORK: ............................................................................................. 17
RESULTS ................................................................................................................................................... 19
APPLICATIONS OF WATER LEVEL INDICATOR ........................................................................... 20
LIMITATIONS .......................................................................................................................................... 20
CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK: ...................................................................................................... 21
REFRENCES:............................................................................................................................................. 21

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ABSTRACT:

Water Level Indicator is a straightforward ease circuit. First we presented this circuit from the
web. There the circuit is made with different segments like transistors \ Resistors, Leds and so
on.

Here is a simple circuit which indicates the level of water in a tank. This circuit produce alarm
when water level is below the lowest level L1 (metal strips) and also when water just touches the
highest level L3.

The circuit is designed to display 3 different levels. However, these display levels can be
increased or decreased depending upon the level resolution level required strips. Initially, when
water level is below strip L1, the mains supply is not transferred to circuit (transistor more
accurately) thus its output is low and LED1 does not glow.

When water just touches level detector strip L1, the supply frequency are transferred. It initiate
the supply voltage and a positive DC voltage develops across capacitor C1,which lights up
LED1. Depending upon quantity of water present in the tank, corresponding level indicating
LEDS glow. It thus displays intermediate water level in the tank in bar graph style.

When water in the tank just touches the highest is level detector strip L3, the DC voltage is
developed across capacitor C2. This enable melody generating through the buzzer and alarm is
sounded.

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MOTIVATION:

The drinking water emergency in Pakistan is achieving disturbing extents. It may very before
long achieve the idea of worldwide emergency. Thus, it is critical to save water. In locally
established water tank, the one issue is regular to us that the control of water level of overhead
tank, as an outcome the wastage of water is expanding step by step.

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Be that as it may, we as a whole realize water is extremely valuable to us. This issue can be
constrained by a straightforward electronic circuit comprises with some shoddy electronic
components, that circuit is called 'Water Level Indicator'. The task of water level controller
works upon the way that water conducts power. So water can be utilized to open or close a
circuit.

As the water level ascents or falls, various circuits in the controller send various sign. These sign
are utilized to turn ON or turn OFF the engine siphon according to our prerequisites.

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INTRODUCTION:

A Water Level Indicator might be characterized as a framework by which we can get the data of
any water repository. Water level marker framework is very helpful to diminish the wastage of
water from any repository, while filling such supply. Water is most basic thing on earth.
Safe drinking water is fundamental to human and other living things despite the fact that it gives
no calories or natural nutrients. The aggregate sum of water accessible on Earth has been
evaluated at 1.4 billion cubic kilometers, enough to cover the planet with a layer of around 3 km.
About 95% of the Earth's water is in the seas, which is unfit for human utilization.

About 4% is secured in the polar ice tops, and the rest 1% establishes all crisp water found in
waterways, streams and lakes which is reasonable for our utilization. An examination evaluated
that an individual in India expends a normal of 135 liters for each day. This utilization would
ascend by 40% continuously 2025. This means the need to protect our new water assets.

Advantages of the proposed water level controller are, very less maintenance, very low cost, very
simple construction and the circuit involved is also relatively simpler. It can be easily made at
home.

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3
LITERATURE REVIEW:

 A programmed water level control identifies the water level in the tank and likewise
guarantees nonstop water stream nonstop on account of its programmed, this
programmed water control is comprised of

 Transistors (BC- 547),

 Resistors,
 Jumper wire
 LEDS
 Water tank
 Strip to indicate the respective water level,
 Relay
 9V Battery supply

The level estimation comprise of deciding the separation from the upper surface of a fluid in a
supply or vessel or any self-assertively picked imprint situated above or underneath this surface
independent from anyone else the level isn't a free physical amounts depicting the condition of a
substance through immediate and aberrant level, fluid level fallout type fluid level estimation .

For example the dipstick, it is basic, the stick being plunged occasionally through an opening and
the gap and the inundation imprint is being perused off with the guide of the adjustment on the
stick.

At that point, the immediate level estimation are sight glass ,contingent upon the manometer
standard, the straightforward cylinder is place in a helpful and its being associated with the lower
some portion of tank and graduated for security reasons, the top the splendid glass is vented into
the tank and the sight has seclusion valve top and base while the small scale base; water level
controller can switch on the siphoning machine when the water in the tank has gone underneath
measure level naturally turns the OFF the siphoning machine at the point when the water in the
tank has achieve its most extreme level.

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4
PROBLEM STATEMENT:

All ground level tanks are to be constructed in a fire proof material such as pre-cast or cast insist
concrete, bolted steel or welded steel. All tanks are to be constructed so that they are resistant to
fire. All are to include a manhole entry at the top and are to be fitted with a
suitable access ladder and landing to enable safe and secure access for cleaning and maintenance
purposes. Tank access hatch and work platform design guideline for details.
Water is often over flowed from the tank because of no water level control system.

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PROJECT OBJECTIVES:

The accompanying targets are probably going to be engaged and accomplished toward the finish
of the undertaking:

 To make the most business and dependable water level controller utilizing as less assets
as could be allowed.
 To think about the controller model and watch its attributes.
 To contrast the controller and the regular controllers that are present.
 To propose any thoughts or upgrades that can prompt future advancement of the
controller.
 To rise awareness regarding the overflow of water level using simple assets available.

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5
THEORY:

A simple water level indicator can be made using resistors, LEDs, etc. For this it may be
designed a water sensor by using conducting wires. In this paper we have designed the sensor to
measure water up to four levels.

Take 4 segments of insulated conducting wires. Tore out the ends of these wires, approximately
1cm. Adjust the length of the wire segments according to the water levels. In the following
diagram it has been displayed with 4 different colors. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:…….

COMPONENTS USED IN THE WATER LEVEL CIRCUIT:

TRANSISTOR (BC-547):

DESCRIPTION:

 BC547 is mainly used for amplification and switching purposes. It has a maximum
current gain of 800. Its equivalent transistors are BC548 and BC549.

 The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of its
characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing. For amplification applications, the
transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all input conditions.
 The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547 is used in common
emitter configuration for amplifiers.

 The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications,
transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence
of base signal, it gets completely off.

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  There are two types of transistors, which have slight differences in how they are used in a
circuit. A bipolar transistor has terminals labeled base, collector, and emitter. A small
current at the base terminal (that is, flowing from the base to the emitter) can control or
switch a much larger current between the collector and emitter terminals.

FEATURES:

 Low current (max. 100 mA)

 Low voltage (max. 65 V).

RESISTORS:
 A linear resistor is a linear, passive two-terminal electrical component that implements
electrical resistance as a circuit element. The current through a resistor is in direct
proportion to the voltage across the resistor's terminals.
 Thus, the ratio of the voltage applied across a resistor's terminals to the intensity of
current through the circuit is called resistance. This relation is represented by Ohm's law:
 Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in most electronic equipment.
 Practical resistors can be made of various compounds and films, as well as resistance
wire (wire made of a high-resistivity alloy, such as nickel-chrome).
 Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits, particularly analog devices, and
can also be integrated into hybrid and printed circuits.

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LED:

 A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor light source. LEDs are used as

indicator lamps in many devices and are increasingly used for other lighting.
Introduced as a practical electronic component in 1962, early LEDs emitted low-
intensity red light, but modern versions are available across the visible,
ultraviolet, and infrared wavelengths, with very high brightness.
 When a light-emitting diode is forward-biased (switched on), electrons are able to
recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy in the form of
photons.
 This effect is called electroluminescence and the color of the light (corresponding
to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy gap of the
semiconductor. LEDs are often small in area (less than 1 mm2), and integrated
optical components may be used to shape its radiation pattern. LEDs present
many advantages over incandescent light sources including lower energy
consumption, longer lifetime, improved robustness, smaller size, and faster
switching.
 LEDs powerful enough for room lighting are relatively expensive and require
more precise current and heat management than compact fluorescent lamp sources
of comparable output.

PRACTICAL USE:

The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon
indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory
and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones,
calculators, and even watches (see list of signal uses).

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These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not
enough to illuminate an area. Readouts in calculators were so small that plastic lenses were built
over each digit to make them legible. Later, other colors grew widely available and also appeared
in appliances and equipment.

RELAY:

 Relays are switches that open and close circuits electromechanically or electronically.
Relays control one electrical circuit by opening and closing contacts in another circuit.
 As relay diagrams show, when a relay contact is normally open (NO), there is an open
contact when the relay is not energized.
 When a relay contact is Normally Closed (NC), there is a closed contact when the relay is
not energized. In either case, applying electrical current to the contacts will change their
state.

Relays are generally used to switch smaller currents in a control circuit and do not
usually control power consuming devices except for small motors and Solenoids that
draw low amps.
 Nonetheless, relays can "control" larger voltages and amperes by having an amplifying
effect because a small voltage applied to a relays coil can result in a large voltage being
switched by the contacts.
 Protective relays can prevent equipment damage by detecting electrical abnormalities,
including overcurrent, undercurrent, overloads and reverse currents. In addition, relays
are also widely used to switch starting coils, heating elements, pilot lights and audible
alarms.

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Basic parts and functions of electromechanical relays include:

1. Frame: Heavy-duty frame that contains and supports the parts of the relay.
2. Coil: Wire is wound around a metal core. The coil of wire causes an electromagnetic
field.
3. Armature: A relays moving part. The armature opens and closes the contacts. An
attached spring returns the armature to its original position.
4. Contacts: The conducting part of the switch that makes (closes) or breaks (opens) a
circuit.

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SOFTWARE DESIGN:

We have made our complete project on a general purpose PCB. We prepared the layout of the
circuits using PROTEUS simulation software. I learned PROTEUS software in our 1st semester.
Then installed the software from the internet and started working on it.

Given below is the detailed description on PROTEUS software.

 Proteus Design Suite is found in High Schools, Colleges and Universities across the
world, teaching electronics, embedded design and PCB layout to thousands of students
each year.
 PCB layout, Schematic capture, and full design simulation. Whatever your business or
industry, Proteus Design Suite combines outstanding features, design standards and a
logical workflow to help you achieve your manufacturing goals.

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Modules
 Schematic Design Editor
 PCB Layout Editor
 Pattern Editor
 3D PCB Preview
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METHODOLOGY:

STEP 1: CREATING THE SCHEMATIC:

Regardless of whether you are producing your plan from a layout or making your board without
preparation it is most likely best in the first place the schematic. Not just, is the circuit
interconnectivity simpler to characterize and alter, however changing over a schematic to a board
format is a lot simpler than structuring straightforwardly on the board. For component, Proteus
has a broad database of libraries. Furthermore, you can use the Proteus , which gives access to a
large number of part libraries and adds flexibility to your mission the board and item
improvement. As soon as you open up your Proteus application a work space with interface
buttons for designing circuit will appear as shown in figure below. There is a blue rectangular
line in the workspace; we have to make sure that whole circuit is designed inside the rectangular
space.

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Select the all components from library, that components are added to plans list. Click on the
device and change the position of the device by using interchange buttons. Then click in the
work space then the selected component is placed in work space. Place all the devices in work
space and put the curser at the component pin end then draw the contacts with that pen sign.

FINALLY CREATING A SCHEMATIC……………………………..

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STEP 2: DESIGNING THE PCB LAYOUT:
Now we are going to design a PCB layout for our above mentioned water level indicator
circuit. Proteus has the integrated PCB designing suit. By using this we can easily develop the
PCB layout. After simulation save the circuit designing and click on tools then select. Then a
window will open with list of component packages.

Another main thing is there are several PCB’s are available. Those are single layer PCB, duel
layer PCB, multi layer PCB. In single layer PCB components are placed at one side and
connections (tracking) done in another side.

Coming to duel layer PCB, tracking is done in two sides and components are placed in two sides
also. In this type mostly SMD components are used.

Next finally multi layered PCB’s, in these many layers are used. In this two are top and bottom
layers and remaining all are inner layers. In Proteus we can design up to 16 layers PCB. One is
top layer, another one is bottom layer and remaining all are inner layers.

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To see the concluding circuit, click on output in menu bar and then select 3D visualization. Then
the circuit visualization will open in further window. It is having the structures of all angles
visualization, components less board view and back layer view. For example one is shown in
illustration below:

STEP 3: PRINTING THE PCB LAYOUT:

 Top copper layer printout. It is no need to this because this is single layer PCB. It is only for
duel layer PCB.
 Bottom copper layer printout. While printing this layer except bottom copper and board edge
remaining all boxes will unselect position in layers/artwork part.
 Next select the scale as 100%, select the rotation as X horizontal and the important thing is
reflection should be select mirror.
 Because after printing this layer on paper it is placed on the copper board in opposite
direction means the printed side should be faced to copper layer. That’s why we are selecting
reflection as mirror.
 Top silk layer printout. This combination with bottom copper. In single layer PCB we are
using only bottom copper. That means components are present in top side. So top silk layer
prints the components view.
 This will prints the place of the components. While printing this layer except top silk and
board edge remaining all boxes will unselect position in layers/artwork part.

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For example:
LAYOUT (MIRROR):

15
LAYOUT (SIMPLE):

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STEP 3: PRACTICAL WORK:

After printing the all layers next thing is PCB itching. That means copper tracks designing with
layer printed paper:

 Take the copper layered PCB board and cut the board rendering to our necessities.
 Place the bottom copper layer printed paper on the copper PCB board by facing the
printed surface to copper layer. The example shown in below figure:

Drop the board into water and eradicate paper slowly then the carbon layer fixed on copper
board. Then drop the board into ferric-chloride liquid.
Then the copper rejoin with ferric-chloride and the copper which is not having carbon layer is
softened in ferric-chloride and remaining part which is having the carbon layer that is not
dissolved in ferric-chloride. As illustrated in the images below:

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Next clean the board with sand paper. Erase or remove the carbon layer by scratching the board
with sand paper. Then the carbon layer completely removed and copper layer shown out.

Make the holes by drilling according to drill position layer.Then finally place the proper
components in correct places and by using soldering kit fix the components to the board. Then
finally cut the extra pins come from holes by cutter. And then finally the circuit is ready.

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RESULTS:

 By this project we can check water level automatically from the LED placed on the PCB.
 Whenever level of water increases into the water tank then no.of glowing LED increases.
Whenever water tank will full buzzer will on.
 When water level decreases then no. of glowing LED decreases. When watr tank is
completely empty then buzzer will also ring.
 Avoid seepage of roofs and walls due to overflowing tanks.
 Fully automatic, saves man power.
 Consume very little energy, ideal for continuous operation.
 Automatic water level controller provides you the flexibility to decide for yourself the
water levels for operations of pump set.
 Shows clear indication of water levels in the overhead tank.

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APPLICATIONS OF WATER LEVEL INDICATOR:

01. Automatic Water level Controller can be castoff in Hotels, Factories, Homes Apartments,
Commercial Complexes, Drainage, etc.,
02. It can be stable for single phase motor, Single Phase Submersibles, Three Phase motors.
(For 3AMP and Single Phase Submersible Starter is necessary) and open well,
03. Bore well and Sump. We can control two motor and two sumps and two overhead tanks
by single unit.
04. Automatic water level controller will automatically START the pump set as soon as the
water level falls below the predetermined level (usually 1/2 tank) and shall SWITCH
OFF the pump set as soon as tank is full.
05. Fuel level indicator in vehicles.
06. Liquid equal indicator in the massive containers in the companies.

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LIMITATIONS:

01. Heating problems due to excessive usage.

02. Requires a continuous supply of 9v DC power supply.
03. LEDS can sometime burnout or can be malfunctioned due to which main aim of
indicating the water level will be affected strongly.
04. Excessive flow of water from the tank can take place if there is some malfunction caused
in the motor.

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20
CONCLUSION & FUTURE WORK:

The water level Indicator employs a simple mechanism to detect and indicate the water level in
an overhead tank or any other water container. The sensing is done by using a set of four probes
which are placed at four different levels.

We can conclude that this system is very beneficial in rural as well as urban areas. It helps in the
efficient utilization of available water sources

FUTURE WORK:
In future, we want upgrade this circuit with some sensor which can automatically stop the power
supply of the driving pump or motor. As a result the future circuit is not very cheaper the the
present one, but we try our best to:

 Make it simple

 Easy to use

 Easy to install,

 To make Available for all

 Try to smaller than the present one. As a result it can available.

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REFRENCES:

 https://en.wikipedia.org.

 ]. Joydeep Kumar Chakraborty, “Water Level Controller”

 www.technologystudent.com.

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