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ANSIIAGMA 9005-094

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Industrial Gear Lubrication

AGMA STANDARD
Industrial Gear Lubrication
ANSVAGMA 9005-D94
(Revision of AGMA 250.04 and AGMA 251.02)

Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the requirements for due
process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review, substantial
agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests. Substantial agreement means
much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily unanimity. Consensus requires that all views and
objections be considered, and that a concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not in any respect
preclude anyone, whether he has approved thestandardsor not, from manufacturing, marketing, purchasing,
or using products, processes, or procedures not conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no circumstances give an
interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no person shall have the right or authority to
issue an interpretation of an American National Standard in the name of the American National Standards
Institute. Requests for interpretation of this standard should be addressed to the American Gear
Manufacturers Association.
CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA Standards are subject to constant improvement, revision, or withdrawal as
dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA Technical Publication should be sure that the
publication is the latest available from the Association on the subject matter.
[Tables or other self-supporting sections may be quoted or extracted in their entirety. Credit lines should read:
Extracted from ANSVAGMA 9005-D94, /ndustria/ Gear L ubricafion with the permission of the publisher, the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 223141.
Approved August 1, 1994
American National Standards Institute, Inc.

ABSTRACT

This standard provides lubrication guidelines for enclosed and open gearing which is installed in general
industrial power transmission applications. It is not intended to supplant specific instructions from the gear
manufacturer.

Copyright 0 1994 by American Gear Manufacturers Association

Published by

American Gear Manufacturers Association

1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314

ISBN: l-55589-8324

ii
Contents Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1 Scope ................................................................................ 1
2 References ........................................................................... 1
3 Lubricant classifications ................................................................ 1
3.1 Types of lubricants ..................................................................... 1
3.2 Lubricant viscosity ..................................................................... 5
4 Lubricantspecifications ................................................................ 5
5 Applications .......................................................................... 5
5.1 Operating conditions ................................................................... 5
5.2 Methods of application ................................................................. 7
5.3 Lubricantselection .................................................................... 11
6 Lubrication system maintenance ....................................................... 11
6.1 Initial lubricant change period .......................................................... 11
6.2 Subsequent lubricant change interval ................................................... 11
6.3 Cleaningandflushing ................................................................. 12
6.4 Protectivecoatings ................................................................... 12
6.5 Filtration ............................................................................. 12
6.6 Intermittent operation ................................................................. 12
6.7 Geartoothwear ...................................................................... 12
Tables
1 Minimum physical and performance specification for R & 0 gear lubricants (including
compounded gear lubricants) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
Minimum physical and performance specification for extreme pressure gear lubricants . . . . . . . . . 3
Minimum physical and performance specification for synthetic gear lubricants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
ViscosityrangesforAGMAlubricants .... ........ .. ............. ............... ......... . 6
AGMA Lubricant number guidelines for enclosed helical, herringbone, straight bevel, spiral
bevelandspurgeardrives.............................................................. 8
AGMA Lubricant number guidelines for enclosed cylindrical wormgear drives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
AGMA Lubricant number guidelines for enclosed double enveloping wormgear drives . . . . . . . . . . 9
AGMA Lubricant number guidelines for open gearing (continuous method of application) . . . . . . . 9
AGMA Lubricant number guidelines for open gearing intermittent applications [where gear
pitch line velocity does not exceed 7.5 meters per second (1500 ft/min)] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10 Lubricant quantity guidelines for intermittent methods of application: automatic, semi-automatic,
hand spray, gravity feed or forced drip systems [where gear pitch line velocity does not exceed
7.5 meters persecond (1500ftImin)j . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Annexes
A Elastohydrodynamic lubrication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
B Lubricant recommendations . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . _ . . _ . . . . . . . . 15

. ..
III
Foreword

[The foreword, footnotes, and annexes, in this document are provided for informational purposes only and are
not to be construed to be a part of AGMA Standard 9005-D94, industrial Gear Lubrication]
AGMA formed the Lubrication Committee in 1938 to study gear lubrication problems. This committee drafted
tentative standard 250.01, Lubrication of Enclosed and Open Gearing, which was accepted in 1943 and
adopted as a full standard in 1946. Lubrication Standard 250.01 was revised to include only industrial
enclosed gearing and accepted by the membership in 1955 as AGMA 250.02. AGMA 250.03, which was
published in 1972, superseded AGMA 250.02 as well asAGMA250.02A, Typicaallllanufacturer’s OilsMeeting
AGMA Standard 250.02, May, 1956; and AGMA 252.02, Mild Extreme Pressure Lubricants, May, 1959. The
list of Typical Manufacturer’s Oils was eliminated due to difficulties in keeping such a list up to date. AGMA
250.03 contained instead, a list of detailed specifications which had to be met before an oil could be
recommended for use in AGMA rated gear drives. It then became the responsibility of the oil supplier to certify
a particular product as meeting AGMA specifications. AGMA 250.04, published in 1981, eliminated lead
naphthenate as an EP additive and adjusted the AGMA lubricant numbering system to be coincident with the
viscosity ranges established by the American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM 2422), the British
Standards Institute (B.S. 4231), and the International Standards Organization (IS0 3448).
The elimination of open gearing, where the bearings are lubricated separately, from AGMA 250.02 created the
need for a new standard to cover this area of lubrication. AGMA Standard AGMA 251 .Ol , Lubrication of
industrial Open Gearing was approved in April, 1963. This standard was revised in September, 1974. AGMA
251.02 extended coverage to bevel gears. Other changes included the addition of AGMA Lubricant Numbers
based on the ASTM viscosity system and complete specifications for R 810 gear oils and EP gear lubricants,
and the addition of an appendix on test procedures and limits.
AGMA Standard 9005-D94 again combines enclosed and open gearing, superseding AGMA 250.04 and
AGMA 251.02. In addition, it is updated to reflect market changes in availability of heavy bodied open gear
lubricants. It is also expanded to provide coverage of modern technology in the area of synthetic oils.
Synthetic oils are recognized as a separate class of lubricants with their own specification requirements.
Specifications of EP oils have been upgraded to reflect advances in technology. EP oils are no longer
recommended for wormgear service. Pitchlinevelocity replaces center distance as the parameter for lubricant
selection in other than double enveloping wormgear applications. Annex B provides a copy of table 3 from
AGMA 250.04 for information only.
References to Saybolt viscosity (SSU) have been eliminated in favor of kinematic viscosity (mm*/s). This is
consistent with practices of the American Society for Testing Materials, The Society of Tribologists and
Lubrication Engineers, The British Standards Institution, and industry in general. Annex A provides
information on the theory of elastohydrodynamic lubrication.
This standard was approved by the AGMA membership in October, 1993 and as an American National
Standard on August 1,1994.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to American Gear
Manufacturers Association, 1500 King Street, Suite 201, Alexandria, Virginia 22314.

iv
PERSONNEL of the AGMA Committee for Industrial Gear Lubrication

Chairman: Donald C. Root .................. Otis Elevator Company

ACTIVE MEMBERS
C. Barrett ................................. Castro1Tribal, Inc.
R. Ciesko ................................. RC Associates
W. Cochis ................................. Morgan Construction Company
R. J. Drago ................................ Boeing Defense & Space Group
R. Errichello ............................... Gear-tech
G. Felton .................................. Dryden Oil Company
J. E. Hardy ................................ Cone Drive -Textron
W. H. Heller ............................... Peerless-Winsmith, Inc.
G. Hermann ............................... Lubrizol Corporation
H. R. Johnson ............................. Lufkin Industries, Inc.
J. Kolonko ................................. The Falk Corporation
S.L. Pearson .............................. Mobil Oil Corporation
D. Lee .................................... The Elco Corporation
G. S. Meitz ................................ Ethyl Petroleum Additives
M. W. Neesley ............................. WesTech Gear Corporation
P. N. Salvucci .............................. Boston GearlIMO Delaval
J. Straiton ................................. Exxon Company, USA
ASSOCIATE MEMBERS
K. E. Acheson ............................. Gear Works-Seattle, Inc.
I.E.Adame ................................ Texaco Research and Development
R. Atkinson ................................ BP North America Petroleum
A.C. Becker ............................... Nuttall Gear Corporation
J. Cozad .................................. Xtek, Inc.
D.Culpon ................................. Texaco Research and Development
P.R.Dickson .............................. BayCiilronWorks,Inc.
A. Dunlop ................................. Shell Canada, Ltd.
C. R. Firestone ............................. Dodge
G. Henriot ................................. lngenieur Conseil
J. Hollander ................ . .............. Unocal Corporation
V. lvers ................................... Xtek, Inc.
R. Klein ................................... Ethyl Petroleum Additives
G. P. Lamb, Jr. ............................. Lamb & Lamb
J. P. Mihalick .............................. Shell Development Company
A. G. Milburn .............................. Milbum Engineering, Inc.
B. C. Newcomb ............................ Chicago Gear-D. 0. James
M. Peculis ................................. The Horsburgh & Scott Co.
A. R. Perry ................................ Dorris Company
A. E. Phillips ............................... Dodge
R. Ross ................................... Century Lubricants Company
V. Z. Rychlinski ............................ Brad-Foote Gear Works
G. Smith .................................. Emerson Power Transmission Corporation
R. G. Smith ................................ Philadelphia Gear Corporation
L. J. Smith ................................. Invincible Gear Company
D. Townsend .............................. NASA Lewis Research Center
K.L.Tuttle ...................... . ......... U.S.NavalAcademy
F. C. Uherek ............................... Flender Corporation
This page is intentionally blank.
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
American National Standard -
Industrial Gear Lubrication
1 Scope
This standard provides lubricant classifications and
generalized application and servicing guidelines for
industrial gearing which has been designed and
rated in accordance with applicable AGMA
standards.
These guidelines apply to both open gearing, where
bearings are lubricated separately, and enclosed
gearing, where bearings and gears share a
common lubrication system. With enclosed gear
drives, the lubricant selection should be reviewed to
insure adequate lubrication of bearings and other
wear components.
Gear units covered by this standard may
incorporate one or any combination of the following
types of gearing: (I) helical, (2) herringbone, (3)
straight or spiral bevel, (4) spur, or (5) worm.
Guidelines for open gearing do not apply to
wormgears.
CAUTION: This standard is not intended to supplant
any specific recommendations provided by the gear
unit manufacturer or the recommendations contained
in the AGMA Standard Practices for specific
applications.
This standard was prepared to be used asa guide to
gear designers and manufacturers in the selection
of suitable commercially available lubricants for
industrial gears. These guidelines may be of
assistance to users in the selection of an acceptable
lubricant in the absence of specific manufacturers’
recommendations.
The guidelines offered in this standard apply only to
industrial gearing installed in general power
transmission applications. This is intended to
exclude applications such as aerospace and gears
installed in food and drug handling or manufacture,
where a possibility exists for incidental contact
between the lubricant and the product being
processed.
CAUTION: Consult lubricant supplier for product
safety data and proper handling, storage, and disposal
procedures for compliance with federal, state, and
local environmental regulations.
ANSUAGMA 9005-D94
2 References
The following standards contain provisions which,
through reference in this text, constitute provisions
of this standard. At the time of publication, the
editions indicated were valid. All standards are
subject to revision, and parties to agreements
based on this standard are encouraged to
investigate the possibility of applying the most
recent editions of the standards indicated below.
ANSVAGMA 110.04, Nomenclature of Gear Tooth
Failure Modes
ANSI/ASTM D 892-92 Test Method for Foaming
Characteristics of Lubricating Oils
ANSI/ASTM D 2711-86 Demulsibility Characteris-
tics of Lubricating Oils
ANSI/ASTM D 2782-88 Measuremenf of Extreme-f res-
sure Properties of Lubricating Fluids (Timken Method)
ANSI/ASTM D 2893-88 Oxidation Characferisfics of
Extteme- Pressure Lubricating Oils, Methods of test for
DIN 51354 Mechanical Oil Testing in the FZG Gear Rig
IS0 2160:1985 Petroleum products - Corrosiveness to
Copper - Copper Strip Test (also ASTM D 130-68)
IS0 2909:1981 Petroleum products - Calculation of
viscositylndexfmm Kinematic viscosify (also ASTM D 2270)
IS0 3016:1974 Petroleum oils - Determination of Pour
Point (also ASTM D 97-67)
IS0 3104:1974 Petroleum products - Transparent and
opaque liquids - Deferminafion of Kinematic Viscosify and
calculation of Dynamic viscosify (also ASTM D 445-68)
IS0 3448:1992 industrial Liquid Lubricants - /SO
Viscosity Classification (also ASTM 2422 and B.S. 4231)
IS0 4263:1986 Petroleum products - Determination of
Oxidation Characteristics (also ASTM D 94Z-61)
IS0 7120: 1987 Petroleumoilsandother fluids- Determina-
tion of Rust Preventing Characteristics in the Presence of
Water (also ASTM D 665-92)
3 Lubricant classifications
3.1 Types of lubricants
3.1.1 Rust and oxidation inhibited gear
lubricants
These lubricants are commonly referred to as R & 0
gear oils. They are petroleum base liquids which
have been formulated to include chemical additives
1
ANSVAGMA 900!5-D94 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

which provide system rust protection and oil
oxidation resistance. Acceptable R &. 0 gear oils for
use in industrial enclosed gear drives must meet the
acceptance criieriaforthe lubricant properties listed
in table 1.
3.1.2 Compounded gear lubricants
3.1.3 Extreme pressure lubricants
These lubricants are petroleum base liquids with
chemical additives, such as sulfur-phosphorus or
similar materials or soluble compounds which
produce a protective film to provide antiscuffing
properties. Extreme pressure (EP) lubricants
identified by this standard must meet the conditions
of acceptance shown in table 2.

Compounded gear oils are a blend of petroleum NOTE: Extreme pressure lubricants formulated with
lead naphthenate are no longer recommended
base liquids with three to ten per cent of fatty or because of environmental concerns and poor stability
synthetic fatty oils. These lubricants frequently are in comparison to the lubrication products being
marketed at this time.
used in wormgear drives. Compounded oils should
CAUTION: Do not use extreme pressure lubricants or
meet the specifications shown in table 1 for R & 0 lubricants containing friction modifiers such as PTFE,
oils, with the exception of oxidation stability (ASTM graphite, or molybdenum disulfide in gear drives
containing internal backstops, clutches, or similar
D 943) and demulsibility (ASTM D 2711). See the devices unless acceptable to the gear drive
footnote of table 1. manufacturer.

Table 1 - M inimum physical and performance specification for R & 0 gear lubricants (including
compounded gear lubricants)
Property Test procedure Criteria for Acceptance
1
Viscosity IS0 3104 Must be as specified in table 4
ASTM D 445
1
Viscosity IS0 2909 90 minimum
Iindex ASTM D 2270
IOxidation IS0 4263 Hours to reach a neutralization number of 2.0 l)
stability ASTM D 943
AGMA Grade Hours (minimum)
0,1,2 1500
3, 4 750
5 6 500
IRust IS0 7120 No rust after 24 hours with synthetic sea water
Iprotection ASTM D 665B
tCorrosion IS0 2160 #lb strip after 3 hours at 121 “C (250°F)
Iprotection ASTM D 130
IFoam ASTM D 892 Must be within these limits:
suppression Max volume of foam (ml) after:
Temperature 5 minute blow 10 minute rest
Sequence I 24% (75’F) 75 10
Sequence II 93.5% (2OOOF) 75 10
Sequence III 24°C (75°F) 75 10
IDemulsibility ASTM D 2711 *Must be within these limits:
Max percent water in the oil after 5-hour test 0.5%
Max cuff after centrifuging 2.0 ml
Min total free water collected during entire 30.0 ml
test
ICleanliness None Must be free of visible suspended or settled contamination.
INOTE - I) The criteria for acceptance indicated for oxidation stability and demulsibility is not applicable to
,compounded gear oils.

2
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSUAGMA 9005-D94

Table 2 - M inimum physical and performance specification for extreme pressure gear lubricants
Prooertv
. m I Test twocedure I Criteria for AcceDtance
Viscosity IS0 3104 Must be as specified in table 4 .
ASTM D 445
Viscosity IS0 2909 90 m inimum (applies to viscosity grades 2 EP thru 8 EP only)
index ASTM D 2270
Oxidation ASTM D 2893 increase in kinematic viscosity of an oil sample at 121 “C
stability (250°F) should not exceed 6% t)
Rust IS0 7120 No rust after 24 hours with synthetic sea water l)
protection ASTM D665B
Corrosion IS0 2160 #lb strip after 3 hours at 100°C (212OF)
protection ASTM D 130
Foam ASTM D 892 Must be within these lim its:
suppression Max volume of foam (ml) after:
Temperature 5 m inute blow 10 m inute resi
Sequence I 24°C (7YF) 75 10
Sequence II 93.5X (2OOOF) 75 10
Sequence III 24’C (75OF) 75 10
Demulsibility ASTM D 2711 M O D *Must be within these lim its ‘1:
AGMA Grades
2EPto7EP 8EPto13EF
Max percent water in the oil 2.0% 2.0%
after 5-hour test
Max cuff after centrifuging 1.0 m l 4.0 m l
M in total free water collected 80.0 m l 50.0 m l
during entire test (start with
90 m l of water)
Cleanliness None Must be free of visible suspended or settled contamination.
Load carrying ASTM D 2782 (Timken An oil must meet both; a 60 pound Timken OK load, and
property Test) and DIN 51354 fail stage greater than 12 on the FZG machine with
(FZG Test) A/8.3/90°C parameters for acceptance t).
Filterability None Must be filterable to 25~ (microns) (wet or dry) without loss of
EP additive (825 = 200 filter rating)
IY”IL:-
LInl-C
-’r\LabG:vLcllIL~
lb Alllrr+e..rm
Irllke:l,a
rr:+nr;n
11613
I.....
“tTs,I .,n,“rrAmA
t.Anr
““UIQ”=“.

CAUTION: The test methods shown in table 2
measure the performance of the EP lubricants by the
FZG test procedure. This test simulates spur and
helical gear applications and is not necessarily
indicative of EP oil performance in wormgear drive
applications. Due to a history of inconsistent
performance with EP oils in actual wormgear
applications, they are no longer considered equally
suitable with compounded gear oils for wormgear
service. Therefore, EP oils should not be used in
wormgear drive applications unless specifically
recommended by the wormgear manufacturer.
3.1.4 Synthetic gear lubricants
Synthetic oils differ from petroleum based liquids in
that they are not found in nature, but are
manufactured chemically with special properties to
enhance performance or accommodate severe
operating conditions. In general, synthetic oils have
the advantage of being stable over a wider range of
operating temperatures, having a higher viscosity
index (smaller viscosity changes with temperature
variations), and in some cases having greater load
carrying capacity and better lubricity. Synthetics are
not “cure-ails,” however; each type has dierent
characteristics and many of them have lim itations or
disadvantages. Such things as compatibility with
other lube system and mechanical components
(seals, sealants, paints, backstops, clutches, etc.),
behavior in the presence of moisture, lubricating
qualities, and overall economics should be
analyzed carefully for each type of synthetic
lubricant under consideration for a given
application. In the absence of field experience in
similar applications, the use of a synthetic oil should

3
ANSWAGMA 900!5-D94 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

be coordinated carefully between the user, the gear
manufacturer, and the lubricant supplier. Some
manufacturers of wormgears have obtained good
results using synthetic lubricants to improve
efficiency. With spur, bevel, and helical gears the
potential for efficiency improvement with synthetic
oils is not as great and their use is usually lim ited to
applications with extreme operating temperatures.
The types which have been used successfully in
industrial gear lubrication are esters, polyglycols,
and synthetic hydrocarbons. This standard allows
the use of any type which meets the specifications
listed in table 3, has good lubricating properties, and
is chemically compatible with all machinery
components with which it will come in contact. This
standard recognizes synthetic oils as a separate
class of lubricants for use in applications with
special requirements for performance or
temperature stability. Therefore, specification
requirements for synthetic oils are more stringent
than those for R&O or extreme pressure oils.
Specifications for synthetic oils are listed separately
in table 3.
3.1.5 Residual compounds are straight m ineral
oils or EP oils in the heavier grades (higher
viscosities, ranging from 400 to 2000 mm2/s at
100°C without diluent). Residual compounds are
normally m ixed with a diluent for ease of application.
After the diluent evaporates, the heavy material
remains.

Table 3 - M inimum .ohvsical

a and oerformance
. soecification
. for svnthetic
- gear lubricants
Property Test procedure Criteria for Acceptance
Viscosity IS0 3104 Must be as specified in table 4
ASTM D 445
Viscosity IS0 2909 120 m inimum I)
index ASTM D 2270
Oxidation ASTM D 2893 Increase in kinematic viscosity of oil sample at 121°C (25O’F)
stability should not exceed 6%
Rust IS0 7120 No rust after 24 hours with synthetic sea water
protection ASTM D 665B
Corrosion IS0 2160 #l b strip after 3 hours at 121 “C (25OOF)
protection ASTM D 130
Foam ASTM D 892 Must be within these lim its:
suppression Max volume of foam (ml) after:
Temperature 5 m inute blow 10 m inute resl
Sequence I 24°C (75°F) 75 10
Sequence II 935°C (200°F) 75 10
Sequence III 24°C (75°F) 75 10
Demulsibility ASTM D 2711 M O D Must be within these lim its 2):
Max percent water in the oil after 5-hour test 1.0%
Max cuff after centrifuging 2.0 ml
M in total free water collected during entire 60.0 ml
test (start with 90 m l of water)
Cleanliness None Must be free of visible suspended or settled contaminants.
Max. pour pt. IS0 3016 -3OOC (-22°F)
ASTM D 97
Load carrying DIN 51 354 An oil must meet 11 stage fail (10 stage pass) on FZG
property machine with A/8.3/90°C parameters for acceptance.
Filterability None Must be filterable to 25~ (microns) (wet or dry) without loss of
additives (1325= 200 filter rating).
NOTES
I) Estershavinga lowerviscosityindex and meetingall other requirementsof this specificationmay be used in specific
applications where proper viscosity at operating temperature has been verified.
2, Poiyglycols which will not pass the demulsibilii test, but meet all other requirements of this specification, may bc
used in specific applications where there is no danger of water contamination.

4
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
3.1.6 Special compounds and certain greases
with high film strength are also available. Their
characteristics and properties depend on the
properties of their lubricating components. In most
of these lubricants the components include a base
oil, a thickener, and in some cases a solid lubricant
such as graphite or molybdenum disulfide. The
thickener generally does not contribute to
lubrication except to hold the oil and solid lubricant
in place. The viscosity of the base oil and the nature
and the amount of solid lubricant should be
specified. Characteristics of the base oil should
coincide with oils recommended in this standard.
The gear manufacturer should be consulted
regarding the use of these special lubricants.
3.1.7 Lubricants for plastic gearing may be
applied externally or included internally as an
additive in the molding process. Externally applied
lubricants are normally used when the gears are
located within a machine where lubricant is present
to lubricate other components. In such cases, the
lubricant must be checked for compatibility with the
gear material. It is more common to use plastic
gearing with internal lubricants. One of the principal
advantages of plastic gearing is the ability to provide
a lubricant molded into the material, which may
reduce the need for external lubrication. In some
applications, plastic gears may be used success-
fully with no lubrication at all (either external or
internal). However, externally applied initial
lubrication of plastic gears has often been found to
increase gear life. Some typical internal lubricants
used are polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), silicone,
graphite, and molybdenum disulfide. Lubricating
properties and compatibility of the lubricant with the
gearing materials must be verified. The supplier of
the material should be consulted regarding
recommended lubricants.
3.2 Lubricant viscosity
The viscosity ranges specified in this standard are
expressed in multiples of the SI units, mm%,
numerically identical to centistokes (cSt). Tempera-
tures are shown in degrees Celsius. This permits
identification of AGMA lubricant numbers to
corresponding viscosity ranges stated in current
industry standards.
Lubricants are assigned AGMA lubricant numbers
according to viscosity and type of lubricant. These
classifications are shown in table 4. Guidelines for
various applications are given in clause 5.
ANSVAGMA 9005-D94
4 Lubricant specifications
Minimum physical and performance specifications
for various types of lubricants are shown in tables 1,
2 and 3. The lubricant supplier is responsible for
certifying that lubricants supplied meet applicable
specifications in these tables:
Table 1 R & 0 gear lubricants
(including compounded gear lubricants)
Table 2 Extreme pressure gear lubricants
Table 3 Synthetic gear lubricants
Viscosity ranges for residual compounds are shown
in table 4. Detailed physical and performance
specifications for residual compounds, special
compounds, and lubricants for plastic gearing are
outside the scope of this standard and thus should
be determined by mutual agreement of gear
manufacturer, lubricant supplier, and end user.
5 Applications
5.1 Operating conditions
5.1 .l Speed
These guidelines are directly applicable to helical,
herringbone, bevel, and spur gears which operate
at or below 3600 revolutions per minute, or a
pitchline velocity of not more than 40 meters per
second (8000 feet per minute), or both. They are
also directly applicable to wormgears which operate
at or below 2400 rpm (worm speed) or 10 meters per
second (2000 feet per minute) sliding velocity.
These guidelines may be applicable at higher
speeds but special considerations are generally
required. Therefore, the gear manufacturer should
be consulted when operating speeds exceed those
listed above.
5.1.2 Ambient temperature
In general, the installed gears may be exposed to an
ambient temperature range of - 40% to + 55%
(- 40°F to +131 OF). The ambient temperature is
defined as the dry bulb air temperature in the
immediate vicinity of the installed gears. Specific
type and viscosity grade will be determined, in part,
by ambient temperature.
5
ANSVAGMA900!5-D94 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Table 4 - Viscosity ranges for AGMA lubricants

NOTES
I) per IS0 3448, lncfustrial Liquid Lubricants - /SO Viscosity Classification, Also ASTM D 2422 and British
Standards Institution B.S. 4231.
2) Extreme pressure lubricants should be used only when recommended by the gear manufacturer.
3, Synthetic gear oils 9s - 13s are available but not yet in wide use.
4, Oils marked Comp are compounded with 3% to 10% fatty or synthetic fatty oils.
5, Viscosities of AGMA Lubricant Number 13 and above are specified at 100°C (210°F) as measurement of
viscosities of these heavy lubricants at 40°C (100°F) would not be practical.
6, Residual compounds-diluent type, commonly known as solvent cutbacks, are heavy oils containing a
volatile, non-flammable diluent for ease of application. The diluent evaporates leaving a thick film of lubricant
on the gear teeth. Viscosities listed are for the base compound without diluent.
CAUTION: These lubricants may require special handling and storage procedures. Diluent can be toxic or
irritating to the skin. Do not use these lubricants without proper ventilation. Consult lubricant supplier’s
instructions.

5.1.3 Oil sump temperature 5.1.4 Other considerations

The maximum oil sump temperature for petroleum
based oils is limited to 95% (203°F). The maximum
oil sump temperature for synthetic oils is limited to
107% (225V). These sump temperatures are
considered maximum because many lubricants are
unstable above the stated maximum temperatures.
CAUTION - Sump temperatures in excess of 95“ C
may require special materials for non-metallic compo-
nents such as oil seals, shims, and the like. Consult
component supplier for recommended temperature
limits.
_ _ _ ___ _ ..
Environmental condrtlons of exposure to direct
sunlight, high humidity, dust or chemicals sus-
pended in air require special considerations.
Machinery exposed to the direct rays of the sun will
run hotter than the same equipment in an identical
application which is sheltered. Gears exposed to
potential or actual adverse conditions such as heat,
humidity, dust, chemicals, or other factors should be
referred to the gear manufacturer for specific
evaluation and recommendation.

6
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
5.1.5 Low temperature gear oils
Gear drives operating in cold areas must be
provided with oil that circulates freely and does not
cause high starting torques. An acceptable low
temperature gearoil, in addition to meeting AGMA
specifications, should have a pour point at least
5% (9OF)lower than expected m inimum ambient
start-up temperature. Lubricant viscosity must be
low enough to allow the oil to flow freely at the
start-up temperature, but high enough to carry the
load at the operating temperature.
51.6 Sump heaters
If a suitable low temperature gear oil is not available,
the gear drive must be provided with a sump heater
to bring oil up to a temperature at which it will
circulate freely for starting. The heater, preferably
equipped with thermostatic control, should be
designed so as to avoid excessive localized
heating, which could result in rapid degradation of
the lubricant. A rating of 0.8 watts per cm* (5 watts
per in*) of heater surface area is considered
conservative for most applications. Higher watt
densities may be used with good circulation within
the sump.
5.1.7 Coolers
Provision should be made for cooling the lubricant
where normal continuous operation of the gearing
would raise bulk fluid over recommended tempera-
tures. Thermostatic control is recommended.
5.2 Methods of application
5.2.1 Splash and idler immersion systems
These are the simplest methods of lubricating
gears. The gear or an idler in mesh with the gear is
allowed to dip into the lubricant carrying it around to
the mesh. Splash systems are generally lim ited to
pitch line velocities below 15 meters per second
(3000 feet per m inute) for non-worm gears and IO
meters per second (2000 feet per m inute) sliding
velocity for worms, since the lubricant may be
thrown off at higher speeds. However, with the
incorporation of appropriate design features, splash
systems have been successfully used in non-worm
gear drives operating with pitch line velocities up to
25 meters per second (5000 FPM). Idler immersion
systems are generally lim ited to pitch line velocities
ANSVAGMA 9005-D94
below 1.5 meters per second (300 feet per m inute).
Lubricant selection guidelinesforthesesystemsare
shown in tables 5 through 8.
52.2 Gravity feed or forced drip
This method of lubrication involves one or more
oilers or a cascade pan which allows oil to drip into
the gear mesh at a set rate. Guidelines for selection
of oils for this method of lubrication are shown in
table 9. Guidelines for rates of application are
shown in table 10. This method of application is
lim ited to open gearing with pitch line velocities of
7.5 meters per second (1500 feet per m inute) or
less.
5.2.3 Hand or brush application may be used with
heavier grades and residual compounds.
Frequency of application may be determined by
observation.
5.2.4 Spray systems
Spray systems apply a continuous or intermittent
supply to the gear teeth under pressure.
5.2.4.1 Continuous pressure lubrication
employs a circulating system with a pump to provide
a continuous spray to the gears. In enclosed gear
units, bearings are lubricated by the same
circulating system. This system may also consist of
temperature and pressure control and employ
suitable oil filtration. The oil runs back to a sump
and is recirculated through the system. Lubricant
selection guidelines for continuous pressure are
shown in tables 5 through 8.
5.2.4.2 Intermittent mechanical spray systems
are used with open gearing and depend on the use
of heavy oil, grease, or residual compounds which
will remain on the gear teeth through several
revolutions. The spray is activated automatically or
by hand at certain timed intervals. The spraying
time should equal the time for one or preferably two
revolutions of the gear to ensure complete
coverage. Periodic inspections should be made to
ensure that sufficient lubricant is being applied to
give proper protection. Two hours is the maximum
interval permitted between applications of lubricant.
More frequent application of small quantities is
preferred. Guidelines for lubricant selection using
this method of application are shown in table 9.
Table 10 provides guidelines for lubricant quantities.
7
ANSIIAGMA 9005-D94 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Table 5 - AGMA Lubricant number guidelines for enclosed helical, herringbone, straight bevel,
spiral bevel and spur gear drives l)
AGMA lubricant numbers,.‘)5 4)s5,
Pitch line velocity 2)~3, ambient temperature “C (“F) % 7)
of final reduction stage -40 to -10 -1oto+10 1oto35 35 to 55
(-40 to +14) (14 to 50) (50 to 95) (95 to 131)
Less than 5 m/s (1000 ft/min).8) 3s 4 6 8
5-15 mk (1000 - 3000 ft/min) 3s 3 5 7
15-25 m/s (3000 - 5000 ft/min) 2s 2 4 6
Above 25 mk (5000 ft/min) 8) OS 0 2 3
NOTES
I) AGMA lubricant numbers listed above refer to R & 0 and synthetic gear oil shown in table 4. Physical and
performance specifications are shown in tables 1 and 3. EP or synthetic gear lubricants in the corresponding
viscosity grades may be substituted where deemed acceptable by the gear drive manufacturer.
2) Special considerations may be necessary at speeds above 40 meters per second (8000 feet per minute).
Consult gear drive manufacturer for specific recommendations.
3) Pitch line velocity replaces center distance as the gear drive parameter for lubricant selection. The
corresponding table from the previous standard is included as annex B for reference.
4) Variations in operating conditions such as surface roughness, temperature rise, loading, speed, etc., may
necessitate use of a lubricant of one grade higher or lower. Contact gear drive manufacturer for specific
recommendations.
5) Drives incorporating wet clutches or overrunning clutches as backstopping devices should be referred to the
gear manufacturer as certain types of lubricants may adversely affect clutch performance.
6, For ambient temperatures outside the ranges shown, consult the gear manufacturer.
7) Pour point of lubricant selected should be at least 5% (9°F) lower than the expected minimum ambient
starting temperature. If the ambient starting temperature approaches lubricant pcur point, oil sump heaters may
be required to facilitate starting and ensure proper lubrication (see 5.1.6).
8, At the extreme upper and lower pitch line velocity ranges, special consideration should be given to all drive
components, including bearing and seals, to ensure their proper performance.

Table 6 - AGMA Lubricant number guidelines for enclosed cylindrical wormgear drives l)
I
AGMA lubricant numbers, I)
Pitch line velocity *) ambient temperature “C (“F) 3),4,
of final reduction stage -40 to -10 -1oto+10 1oto35 35 to 55
(-40 to +14) (14 to 50) (50 to 95) (95 to 131)
Less than 2.25 m/s (450 timin) 5s 7 Comp 8 Comp 8s
Above 2.25 m/s (450 Wmin) 5s 7 Comp 7 Comp 7s
NOTES
I) AGMA lubricant numbers listed above refer to compounded R&O oils and synthetic oils shown in table 4.
Physical and performance specifications are shown in tables 1 and 3. Wormgear drives may also operate
satisfactorily using other types of oils. Such oils should be used, however, only with approval of the gear
manufacturer.
*) Pitch line velocity replaces center distance as the gear drive parameter for lubricant selection. The
corresponding table from the previous standard is included as annex B for reference.
3) Pour point of the oil used should be at least 5°C (9°F) lower than the minimum ambient temperature expected.
4, Wormgear applications involving temperatures outside the limits shown above, or speeds exceeding 2400
rpm or 10 m/s (2000 ft/min) sliding velocity, should be referred to the manufacturer. In general, for higher speeds
a pressurized lubrication system is required along with adjustments in recommended viscosity grade.

8
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSUAGMA 900!5-D94

Table 7 - AGMA Lubricant number guidelines for enclosed double enveloping wormgear drives 1)

Worm speed of final

reduction stage, rpm

NOTES:
‘1 AGMA lubricant numbers listed above refer to compounded R&O oils and synthetic oils shown in table 4.
Physical and performance specifications are shown in tables 1 and 3. EP oils with sulphur-phosphorus additives
are not recommended for use without the gear manufacturer’s approval. Wormgear drives may operate
satisfactorily using other types of oils. Such oils should be used, however, only with approval of the gear
manufacturer.
2, Pour point of the oil used should be at least 5% (9°F) lower than the minimum ambient temperature expected.
3, Wormgear applications involving temperatures outside the limits shown above, or speeds exceeding 2400
rpm or 1 Om/s (2000 tVmin) sliding velocity, should be referred to the manufacturer. In general, for higher speeds
a pressurized lubrication system is required along with adjustments in recommended viscosity grade.

Table 8 - AGMA Lubricant number guidelines for open gearing

(continuous method of application) I), 2,

Pressure lubrication Splash lubrication Idler

Ambient immersion
1temperature3) Character of Pitch line velocity Pitch line velocity Pitch line
in degrees Operation 5-10 m/s velocity
Celsius (F) Under 5 m/s Over 5 m/s Under 5 m/s
Up to 1.5 m/s
(1000 fVmin) I (1000 ft/min) (1000 ft/min) 3~o~~~in, (300 ft/min)
8-9
Continuous 5or5EP 4or4EP
I 8EP-9EP
-10 to 154)
(15 - 60) Reversing or
frequent “start 8-9
5or5 EP 4or4 EP
8 EP-9 EP
stop” I

Continuous 7or7 EP 6or6EP 7or7EP I

1
10 to 504) Reversing or 8-g6)
9- 105) 11 or 11 EP
(50-l 25) frequent “start 7or7 EP 6or6EP 8EP-9 EP
9EP-10EP
stop” I

PJOTES
1) AGMA lubricant numbers listed above refer to gear lubricants shown in table 4. Physical and performance
Srpecifications are shown in tables 1 and 2. Although both R & 0 and EP oils are listed, the EP is preferred. Synthetic
lils in the corresponding viscosity grades may be substituted where deemed acceptable by the gear manufacturer.
c :) Does not apply to wormgearing.
3,) Temperature in vicinity of the operating gears.
4,) When ambient temperatures approach the lower end of the given range, lubrication systems must be equipped with
Suitable heating units for proper circulation of lubricant and prevention of channeling. Check with lubricant and pump
s suppliers.
5‘1 When ambient temperature remains between 30% (gOoF)and 50°C (125OF)at all times, use 10 or 10 EP.
6‘1 When ambient temperature remains between 30°C (gOoF) and 50% (125OF)at all times, use 9 or 9 EP.

9
ANSWAGMA9005-D94 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Table 9 - AGMA Lubricant number guidelines for open gearing intermittent applications 1).2),3,
[where gear pitch line velocity does not exceed 7.5 meters per second (1500 ftlmin)]
Ambient Gravity feed or
temperature 4, Intermittent spray systems 5) forced drip method 7)
in degrees R&O or EP Synthetic Residual R&O or EP Synthetic
Celsius (P) lubricant lubricant compound ‘3 lubricant lubricant
-1Oto 15 (15to60) 11 or 11 EP 11 s 14 R 11 or 11 EP 11 s
5 to 40 (40 to 100) 12 or 12 EP 12s 15 R 12or12EP 12s
20 to 50 (70 to 125) 130r 13 EP 13s 15 R 13 or 13 EP 13s
NOTES
I) AGMA Viscosity number guidelines listed above refer to gear oils shown in table 4.
2, Does not apply to wormgearing.
3, Feeder must be capable of handling lubricant selected.
4, Ambient temperature is temperature in vicinity of the gears.
s) Special compounds and certain greases are sometimes used in mechanical spray systems to lubricate open
gearing. Consult gear manufacturer and spray system manufacturer before proceeding.
6, Diluents must be used to facilitate flow through applicators.
‘) EP oils are preferred, but may not be available in some grades.

Table 10 - Lubricant quantity guidelines for intermittent methods of application: automatic,

semi-automatic, hand spray, gravity feed or forced drip systems
[where gear pitch line velocity does not exceed 7.5 meters per second (1500 ftImin)]
Milliliter per application at intervals of:
Gear 114 Hour I) 1 Hour 1) 2 Hours I), 2,
diameter Facewidth in meters(inches) Facewidth in meters(inches) Facewidth in meters(inches)
in meters
(feet) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
(8) (16) (24) (32) (40) (8) (16) (24) (32) (40) (8) (16) (24) (32) (40)
3.0 (10) 5.9 8.9 11.8 14.8 17.8 23.7 35.5 47.3 59.2 71.0 59.1 88.8 118 148 178
3.7 (12) 8.9 8.9 11.8 14.8 17.8 35.5 41.4 53.3 65.1 76.9 88.8 104 133 163 192
4.3 (14) 8.9 11.8 14.8 17.8 20.7 41.4 47.3 59.2 71.0 82.8 104 118 148 178 207
4.9 (16) 11.8 14.8 17.8 20.7 23.7 47.3 59.2 71 .O 82.8 94.7 118 148 163 207 237
5.5 (18) 14.8 17.8 20.7 23.7 26.6 59.2 71 .O 82.8 94.7 107 148 178 207 237 266
6.1 (20) 17.8 20.7 23.7 26.6 29.6 71 .O 82.8 94.7 107 130 178 207 237 266 325
6.7 (22) 20.7 23.7 26.6 29.6 32.5 82.8 94.7 107 118 142 207 237 266 296 355
7.3 (24) 23.7 26.6 29.6 32.5 35.5 94.7 107 118 130 154 237 266 296 325 385
7.9 (26) 26.6 29.6 32.5 35.5 38.5 107 118 130 142 166 266 296 325 355 414
8.5 (28) 29.6 32.5 35.5 38.5 41.4 118 130 142 154 178 296 325 355 385 444
NOTES
l) The spraying time should equal the time for 1 and preferably 2 revolutions of the gear to insure complete
coverage. Periodic inspections should be made to insure that sufficient lubricant is being applied to give proper
protection.
2, Two hours is the maximum interval permitted between applications of lubricant. More frequent application
of smaller quantities is preferred. However, where diluents are used to thin lubricants for spraying, intervals must
not be so short as to prevent diluent evaporation.

10
 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
5.2.4.3 Spray nozzle locations
For helical, herringbone, and spur gearing, spray
nozzles must be sufficient in number and properly
spaced to provide adequate lubricant coverage
across the entire face of the gear teeth.
As a guideline, for slow speed open gearing
operating up to IO meters per second (2000 feet per
minute), the end nozzles are generally placed 50 to
65 millimeters (2 to2-l/2 inches) from the gearface
edge with the remaining nozzles spaced on 130 to
180 millimeter (5 to 7 inch) centers. Nozzle location
is also a function of the spray pattern. Spray nozzles
are generally positioned to direct the lubricant at the
loaded profiles of the gear teeth (not the pinion) and
are typically located a distance of 150 to 200
millimeters (6 to 8 inches) maximum from the gear
teeth.
As a guideline, for open or enclosed gearing
operating above 10 meters per second (2000 feet
per minute), the function of the lubricant as a coolant
must be considered.
5.2.4.4 Protective devices
Protective devices are recommended, where
applicable, to warn of failure of timers, coolers,
system pressure, lubricant supply as well as dirty
filters.
5.3 Lubricant selection
Proper selection of a gear lubricant is essential to
achieving maximum service life in a given
application.The recommendations of the gear
manufacturer should be followed, when available, in
selecting a gear lubricant. In the absence of such
information, this section gives guidelines for
lubricant selection in the form of tables based on
ambient temperature and operating velocities.
Ambient temperature was selected as a criterion
because operating temperature is generally not
known at the time of installation. However, it is
important to maintain proper viscosity at the
operating temperature. Therefore, parameters
such as temperature, noise and vibration should be
closely monitored at startup with appropriate
changes in lubricant viscosity grade, if necessary.
Tables 5 through 9 provide guidelines for AGMA
lubricant number selection for various applications.
ANSVAGMA 9005-D94
Table 5 for enclosed helical, herringbone, straight
bevel, spiral bevel, and spur gear drives has
changed in format from previous guidelines in that
pitchline velocity rather than center distance is now
a selection parameter. The previous table is
included as annex B for reference. Table 10 gives
lubricant quantity guidelines for intermittent
methods of application.
While these guidelines will generally provide
satisfactory selections, a detailed engineering
analysis is always preferred, especially in critical
applications and high speed units. Such an analysis
is beyond the scope of this standard; however,
annex A includes information and references on the
subject. AGMA lubricant number guidelines in
tables 5 through 9 are empirical, representing an
accumulation of gear industry experience.
6 Lubrication system maintenance
6.1 Initial lubricant change period
The initial start-up and operating oil of a new gear
drive should be thoroughly drained after a period of
500 operating hours or four weeks, whichever
occurs first. The importance of a thorough gear
case cleaning with flushing oil to remove particle
matter during the first lubricant change cannot be
overemphasized.
6.2 Subsequent lubricant change interval
6.2.1 Normal operating conditions
Under normal operating conditions, the lubricants
should be changed every 2500 operating hours or
six months, whichever occurs first. Extending the
change period may be acceptable based on the
type of lubricant, amount of lubricant, system down
time or environmental consideration of the used
lubricant. This can be done by proper implementa-
tion of a comprehensive monitoring program. Such
a program may include examining for:
- change in appearance and odor;
- lubricant viscosity;
- lubricant oxidation;
- water concentration;
- contaminants concentration;
- percentage sediment and sludge;
- additive depletion.
11
 ANSVAGMA 9005-D94
New lubricant specification should be used to
establish a base line for comparison. Follow unit
manufacturer and lubricant supplier’s recommen-
dations for appropriate subsequent testing
intervals.
6.2.2 Abnormal operating conditions
Conditions that may require more frequent lubricant
changes are:
- Ambient conditions of extreme dust, dirt,
moisture and/or chemical fumes.
- Sustained lubricant sump temperature ap-
proaching 95’ C (203’ F).
- Duty cycle or ambient conditions causing
large and rapid temperature changes.
- Seasonal ambient temperatures resulting in
changes of recommended lubricant.
6.3 Cleaning and flushing
The lubricant should be drained while the gear drive
is at operating temperature. The drive should be
cleaned with a flushing oil. Flushing oil must be
clean and compatible with the operating oil. Oils
specially blended for flushing, or clean operating oil
are commonly used for flushing.
6.3.1 Cleaning with solvents
The use of a solvent should be avoided unless the
gear drive contains deposits of oxidized or
contaminated lubricant which cannot be removed
with a flushing oil. When persistent deposits
necessitate the use of a solvent, a flushing oil
should then be used to remove all traces of solvent
from the system.
CAUTION: When solvents are used, consult the unit
manufacturer to assure compatibility with the paint,
seals, sealant and other components.
6.3.2 Used lubricants
Used lubricant and flushing oils should be
completely removed from the system to avoid
contaminating the new charge and properly
disposed of.
CAUTION: Care must be exercised not to mix
lubricants with different additive chemistry.
12
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD
6.3.3 Inspection
The interior surfaces should be inspected, where
possible, and all traces of foreign material removed.
The new charge of lubricant should be added and
circulated to coat all internal parts.
6.4 Protective coatings
For gearing which may be subjected to extended
shipment or storage periods, consideration should
be given to applying a protective coating formulated
to prevent rusting. These coatings must be
compatible with the lubricant to be used in service
and all other components.
CAUTION: Some lubricants may foam due to reaction
with rust preventatives. If necessary, flush out resi-
dues from the unit.
6.5 Filtration
Gear drives with pressurized oil systems should
have a filter on the pressure side of the system to
remove contamination particles. As a guideline, in
the absence of specific manufacturer’s recommen-
dations, the filter should be no coarser than 50 urn
(micron) absolute for gear drives with ball or roller
bearings and 25 pm absolute for gear drives with
journal bearings. In addition, a screen may be used
on the suction side to protect the pump. This should
be in combination with a filter and must have a
coarse mesh to avoid flow restriction.
CAUTION: Lubricants should not be filtered through
fuller’s earth or other types of filters which could
remove the additives of the original formulation.
6.6 Intermittent operation
Gear drives not in continuous operation should be
run at least 30 m inutes per week to maintain a
protective coating of oil on internal components.
6.7 Gear tooth wear
There are numerous modes of damage associated
with gear teeth (Reference ANSVAGMA 110.04,
Nomenclature of Gear Tooth Failure Modes).
Proper selection, application, and maintenance of
lubricants is therefore essential in avoiding
premature wear. If premature wear occurs, lubricant
selection should be reviewed.
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSUAGMA 900!5-D94

Annex A
(informative)
Elastohydrodynamic lubrication

flhe foreword, footnotes, and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSVAGMA 9005-D94, Industrial Gear Lubricafion.]

A.1 Purpose There are numerous modes of damage associated

with gear teeth (Ref. ANSVAGMA 110.04,
This annex provides information on the theory of Nomenclature of Gear Toofh Failure Modes). Two of
elastohydrodynamic lubrication. these modes, Hertzian Fatigue (pitting) and Wear
A.2 Elastohydrodynamic lubrication (abrasion, adhesion, polishing and scuffing) are
strongly influenced by lubrication. Proper selection,
The functioning of mechanical components such as application, and maintenance of lubricants is
gears and bearings involves relative motion of therefore essential in avoiding premature failure.
surfaces in contact, under load. Separation of the Use of tables of recommended lubricants in this
surfaces by a thin film of oil is a key factor in standard will normally produce good results but
achieving smooth operation and good service life. verification of selections by EHD lubrication
The theory of Elastohydrodynamic (EHD) analysis is desirable, where possible. Such
lubrication was developed to explain the role of this analysis is beyond the scope of this standard. For
film and to analyze its behavior under various spur and helical gears a method of analysis is given
operating conditions. in Standard ANSVAGMA 200%B88, Fundamental
Development and operational influence of the EHD Rating factors and Calculation Methods for
oil film depends upon lubricant characteristics,
Involute Spurand Helical Gear Teeth- Appendix A,
“Method for evaluating the Risk of Scuffing
lubricant inlet conditions, load intensity, operating
(Scoring) &Wear.”
pitchline velocity, surface condition, metallurgy, and
cleanliness. It is common practice to categorize For additional information, the reader is directed to
EHD lubrication into three regimes: the following publications:
REGIME 1: Boundary lubrication exists where the 1. Errichello, R., ‘The Lubrication of Gears”
gears are wetted with oil but the film thickness Gear Technology March/April, May/June,
developed is small compared to the tooth surface July/August, 1991.
roughness. Generally, boundary lubrication is
associated with gears operating at low pitchline 2. Wellauer, E.J. & Holloway, G.A., “Application
velocities and/or heavy loads. of EHD Oil FilmTheory to Industrial Gear Drives”,
ASME Transactions, May, 1976.
REGIME 2: Mixed film (combination of boundary
3. Dudley, D.W., “Characteristicsof Regimes of
and EHD) lubrication exists where the gears
Gear Lubrication” lnfemafional Symposium on
operate with partial metal-to-metal contact. Mixed
film lubrication is the most prevalent form and is
Gearing & Power Transmissions, 1981 Tokyo.
generally associated with gears operating at 4. Dudley, D. W., Handbook of Practical Gear
moderate pitchline velocities and relatively heavy Design, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984.
loads.
5. Mobil Oil Corp., Mobil EHL Guidebook, 4th
REGIME 3: Full elastohydrodynamic (EHD) Edition, Mobil Oil Corp., New York 1979, 1981,
lubrication exists where complete separation of the 1992.
gear tooth surfaces is developed by the lubricant
6. Drago, R.W., Fundamentals of Gear Design,
film. Full EHD film is formed generally under Butterworths, Boston 1988.
conditions of light loads with moderate pitch line
velocities and low or high load intensities with higher 7. Townsend, D.P., Dudley’s Gear Handbook,
pitch line velocities. McGraw-Hill, New York 1991.

13
ANSVAGMA 9005-D94 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

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14
AMERICAN NATIONALSTANDARD ANSUAGMA900!5-D94

Annex B
(informative)
Lubricant recommendations

[The foreword, footnotes, and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSVAGMA 9005-D94, industrial Gear Lubrication.]

B.l Purpose as it has been used successfully for many years. It is

now replaced by table 5 of ANSVAGMA 9005-D94,
This annex provides table Bl, which is table 3 from which uses pitchline velocity rather than center
superseded standard AGMA 250.04, for reference distance as a lubricant selection parameter.

Table Bl - Previous Table 3 of AGMA 250.04 lubricant number recommendations for enclosed
helical, herringbone, straight bevel, spiral bevel, and spur gear drives
AGMA lubricant numberbg c
Ambient temperaturedl e
Type of unita Low speed center distance -10°C to +10X 10°C to 50%
(15OF to 50°F) (50°F to 125°F)
Parallel shaft up to 200 mm (8 in) 2-3
(single reduction) . 200 mm to 500 mm (8 to 20 in) 2-3 4-5
over 500 mm (20 in) 4-5
Parallel shaft up to 200 mm (8 in) 2-3
(double reduction) over 200 mm (8 in)
I I I

Parallel shaft 1 up to 200 mm (8 in) II 2-3 II

(triple reduction) 200 mm to 500 mm (8 to 20 in) 3-4 4-5
I
over 500 mm (20 in) 4-5 5-6
Planetary units up to 400 mm (16 in) outside diameter 2-3
(housing diameter) over 400 mm (16 in outside diameter) 3-4 4-5
Straight or spiral cone distance to 300 mm (12 in) 2-3 4-5
bevel gear units cone distance over 300 mm (12 in) 3-4
Gearmotors and
shaft mount units All 2-3 4-5
High speed units’ All 1 2
a Drives incorporating overrunning clutches as backstopping devices should be referred to the gear drive
manufacturer as certain types of lubricants may adversely affect clutch performance.
b Ranges are provided to allow for variations in operating conditions such as surface finish, temperature rise,
loading, speed, etc.
c AGMAviscosity number recommendations listed above refer to R & 0 gear oils shown in table 4 (These values
agree with table 5 of obsolete 250.04). EP gear lubricants in the corresponding viscosity grades may be
substituted where deemed necessary by the gear drive manufacturer.
d For ambient temperatures outside the ranges shown, consult the gear manufacturer. Some synthetic oils have
been used successfully for high and low temperature applications.
e Pour point of lubricant selected should be at least 5’C (go F) lower than the expected minimum ambient starting
temperature. If the ambient starting temperature approaches lubricant pour point, oil sump heaters may be
required to facilitate starting and ensure proper lubrication.
f High speed units are those operating at speeds above 3600 rpm or pitch line velocities above 25 m/s (5000
fVmin) or both. Refer to AGMA 421, Practice for High SpeedHelical andHerringbone Gear Unifsfor detailed
lubrication recommendations (now AGMA 6Oll-G92).

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