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NS2-VE04-P0USR-164801
CONTENTS
Ⅲ . CLARIFIER ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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※ APPENDICES
APPENDIX - A. INPUT DATA BY VENDOR (GENERAL ARRANGEMENT & LOADING DATA) ……………………………………………………………………
413
APPENDIX - B. PILE REACTIONS & DISPLACEMENTS (CLARIFIER) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
422
APPENDIX - C. PILE REACTIONS & DISPLACEMENTS (WWT POND) ………………………………………………………………………………………………
439
APPENDIX - D. PILE REACTIONS & DISPLACEMENTS (pH ADJUSTMENT POND ………………………………………………………………………
442
/COAGULATION POND / FLOCCULATION POND)
APPENDIX - E. PILE REACTIONS & DISPLACEMENTS (SLUDGE THICKENER) …………………………………………………………………………………
444
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I. DESIGN CRITERIA
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1. DESIGN INFORMATION
1.1 Scope
The purpose of this calculation is to design the Waste Water Treatment foundation of "NGHI SON 2 BOT THERMAL POWER PLANT
PROJECT". This calculation demonstrates assessment of design of foundation and reinforcement of foundation based on General
Arrangement and loading data for the Waste Water Treatment foundation.
Description Docoment/Drawing No
Soil Investigation Report (Total) NS2-VA04-P0ZEN-160008
Design Manual for Civil and Building Structures NS2-VB00-P0ZEN-170001
Pile Capacity Calculation NS2-VE04-P0ZEN-160005
General Arrangement Drawing for Waste Water Treatment Plant NS2-XA00-P0GN-120001
WWTP Pump Shelter Ground Floor & Roof Plan NS2-VW00-P0USR-171525
Along with the design input documents, the following documents, codes and standards have been utilized.
1) ACI 318M-14 : (Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete)
2) ASCE 7-16 : (Minimum Design Loads and Associated Criteria for Buildings and Other Structures)
3) AASHTO : (AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications)
1) Reinforced Concrete
All reinforced Concrete including Concrete with minimum reinforcement for temperature and shrinkage control. (Design Manual clause 4.4.3)
- Unit Weight γc = 24.00 kN/m3
- Minimum Compressive Strength (Cylinder) f'c = 30 MPa 1
- Modulus of Elasticity of Concrete Ec = 25743 MPa
1) Total Settlement
- Main Plant Area Isolated & Mat Foundations : 50.0 mm
- All Other Foundations : 40.0 mm
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1) Pile Type : Pretensioned spun High strength Concrete (PHC) pile, Class A
2) Outer Diameter of Pile : 600 mm
3) Inner Diameter of Pile : 400 mm
4) Modulus of Elasticity of Pile, Ep : 39200 MPa
5) Pile Allowable Capacity
Combinations D L F W E
1. D + F 1.4 1.4
2. D + L + F 1.2 1.6 1.2
3-1. D + L + F 1.2 1.0 1.2
3-2. D + W + F 1.2 1.2 0.5
4. D + W + L + F 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.0
5. D + E + L + F 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.0
6. D + W 0.9 1.0
7. D + E + F 0.9 0.9 1.0
Combinations D L F W E
1. D + F 1.0 1.0
2. D + L + F 1.0 1.0 1.0
3. D + F 1.0 1.0
4. D + L + F 1.0 0.75 1.0
5-1. D + W + F 1.0 1.0 0.6
5-2. D + E + F 1.0 1.0 0.7
6a. D + L + W + F 1.0 0.75 1.0 0.45
6b. D + L + E + F 1.0 0.75 1.0 0.53
7. D + W 0.6 0.6
8. D + E + F 0.6 0.6 0.7
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1. GENERAL SKETCH
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2. DESIGN DATA
1) Foundation Selfweight
Empty Weight
- Oil Skimmer : 85 kg/set = 0.85 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Oil Seperator : 4500 kg/set = 45.00 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Oily Waste Water Feed Pump : 172 kg/set = 1.72 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Normal Waste Water Feed Pump : 326 kg/set = 3.26 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Abnormal Waste Water Feed Pump : 221 kg/set = 2.21 kN/set ( 3ea )
- Air-Blower : 456 kg/set = 4.56 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Filter Backwash Pump : 563 kg/set = 5.63 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Final Effluent Pump : 709 kg/set = 7.09 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Clarified Water Pump : 447 kg/set = 4.47 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Air-Blower : 1510 kg/set = 15.10 kN/set ( 3ea ) 1
- Agitator : 200 kg/set = 2.00 kN/set ( 1ea )
Operating Weight
- Oil Skimmer : 90 kg/set = 0.90 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Oil Seperator : 17000 kg/set = 170.00 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Oily Waste Water Feed Pump : 206 kg/set = 2.06 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Normal Waste Water Feed Pump : 391 kg/set = 3.91 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Abnormal Waste Water Feed Pump : 265 kg/set = 2.65 kN/set ( 3ea )
- Air-Blower : 456 kg/set = 4.56 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Filter Backwash Pump : 675 kg/set = 6.75 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Final Effluent Pump : 850 kg/set = 8.50 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Clarified Water Pump : 536 kg/set = 5.36 kN/set ( 2ea )
- Air-Blower : 1510 kg/set = 15.10 kN/set ( 3ea ) 1
3) Soil Weight
0.80
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8.11 8.11
The H20 loading is applied because of not providing the information by vendor.
The weights of the design truck wheels are below. And one axle load is equal to two wheel loads.
Component IM
Deck Joints - All Limit States 75 %
All Other Components:
ㆍFatigue and Fracture Limit State 15 %
ㆍAll Other Limit States 33 %
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Fz Fz
Fx Fy
-Fy Fx
< Support Coordinate System > < MIDAS Gen Program Coordinate System >
Layout Plan
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(1) Abnormal Wastewater, Normal Wastewater, Clarified Water & Final Effluent, Oily Wastewater Pond - Area
0.50
EL.(+) 4.500 m (Ground EL.)
3.50
hw =
Fh
Fv
0.80
- Vertical Pressure, Fv
FV = γw x hw = 9.8 x 4.0 = 39.20 kN/m2 (Uniform at Bott. Slab)
- Horizontal Pressure, Fh
Fh = γw x hw = 9.8 x 4.0 = 39.20 kN/m2 (Linear at Wall)
Fh
Fv
0.80
- Vertical Pressure, Fv
FV = γw x hw = 9.8 x 2.0 = 19.60 kN/m2 (Uniform at Bott. Slab)
- Horizontal Pressure, Fh
Fh = γw x hw = 9.8 x 2.0 = 19.60 kN/m2 (Linear at Wall)
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Fv
4.00
Fh
- Vertical Pressure, Fv
FV = γw x hw = 9.8 x 4.0 = 39.20 kN/m2 (Uniform at Bott. Slab)
- Horizontal Pressure, Fh
Fh = γw x hw = 9.8 x 4.0 = 39.20 kN/m2
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9) Earth Pressure
(1) Abnormal Wastewater, Normal Wastewater, Clarified Water & Final Effluent, Oily Wastewater Pond - Area
3.50
hw =
HE1
0.80
- Horizontal Earth Pressure, HE
HE1 = Ko x γsub x hw,1
= 0.477 x 10.2 x 3.90 = 19.00 kN/m2
HE1
0.80
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(1) Abnormal Wastewater, Normal Wastewater, Clarified Water & Final Effluent, Oily Wastewater Pond - Area
3.50
hw =
HH1
0.80
HH2
HH1
0.80
HH2
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2.00
hw =
~
3.50
0.80
EGW EH2
1) Correlation Formula
△Pae = Pae - Pa
2
cos ( Φ - θ - β )
Kae = = 0.411
2
sin (δ+Φ) · sin (Φ-a-β) 1/2 2
cos θ·cosβ·cos (δ + θ + β) { 1 + [ ] }
cos (δ+θ+β) ·cos(θ-a)
1
Pae = Kae × γt × h1 × h2 + × ( Kae × γsub + γfw ) × h2 2
2
= 40.30 kN/m
= 106.41 kN/m
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cos 2 ( Φ - θ )
Ka = = 0.333
2
sin ( δ + Φ ) · sin ( Φ - α ) 2
cos θ · cos ( δ + θ ) · [ 1 + ]
cos ( δ + θ ) · cos ( θ - α )
= 38.01 kN/m
= 100.36 kN/m
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0.50
EL.(+) 4.500 m (Ground EL.)
2.00
hw =
~
3.50
EIW
0.80
- Hydrostatic Pressure, EIW = 7/8 × kh × γsw × h
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5) Soil Weight
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1) Notation
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D E* L LPD HL1 HL2 F1&3 F2,4&5 H** W(+X) W(-X) W(+Y) W(-Y) W(in) W(out) E(+X) E(-X) E(+Y) E(-Y)
LC1 1.0 1.0 1.0
LC2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
LC3 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
LC4 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
LC5 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
LC6 1.0 0.75 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0
LC7 1.0 0.75 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0
LC8 1.0 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.0
LC9 1.0 0.75 0.75 0.75 1.0
LC10 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.60 0.6
LC11 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.60 0.6
LC12 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.60 0.6
LC13 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.60 0.6
LC14 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.70
LC15 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.70
LC16 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.70
LC17 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.70
LC18 1.0 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.45 0.45
LC19 1.0 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.45 0.45
LC20 1.0 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.45 0.45
LC21 1.0 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.45 0.45
LC22 1.0 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.53
LC23 1.0 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.53
LC24 1.0 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.53
LC25 1.0 0.75 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.53
LC26 0.6 1.0 0.60 0.6
LC27 0.6 1.0 0.60 0.6
LC28 0.6 1.0 0.60 0.6
LC29 0.6 1.0 0.60 0.6
LC30 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.70
LC31 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.70
LC32 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.70
LC33 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.0 0.70
LC34 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
LC35 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
LC36 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
LC37 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0
* LC1 ~ 25, LC34 & LC 37 : DOP + Ds + Hv , LC26 ~ LC33 : DEM + Ds + Hv
** H : H1 +H2 +H3
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D E* L LPD HL1 HL2 F1&3 F2,4&5 H** W(+X) W(-X) W(+Y) W(-Y) W(in) W(out) E(+X) E(-X) E(+Y) E(-Y)
LC101 1.4 1.4 1.4
LC102 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.6
LC103 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.2 1.6
LC104 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
LC105 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6
LC106 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.6
LC107 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.6
LC108 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.6
LC109 1.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.6
LC110 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.5
LC111 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.5
LC112 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.5
LC113 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.5 0.5
LC114 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0
LC115 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0
LC116 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0
LC117 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0 1.0
LC118 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0
LC119 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0
LC120 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0
LC121 1.2 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.0
LC122 0.9 1.6 1.0 1.0
LC123 0.9 1.6 1.0 1.0
LC124 0.9 1.6 1.0 1.0
LC125 0.9 1.6 1.0 1.0
LC126 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.0
LC127 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.0
LC128 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.0
LC129 0.9 0.9 0.9 1.6 1.0
LC130 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.6
LC131 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.6
LC132 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.6
LC133 1.2 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.2 1.6
* LC1 ~ 25, LC34 & LC 37 : DOP + Ds + Hv , LC26 ~ LC33 : DEM + Ds + Hv
** H : H1 +H2 +H3
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K=P/δ
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3. STABILITY CHECK
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Axial Direction Allowable Pile Settlement Pile Settlement by Midas Gen Program Remark
Vertical 40.0 mm 5.01 mm O.K
Horizontal, X-Direction 15.0 mm 0.97 mm O.K
Horizontal, Y-Direction 15.0 mm 0.64 mm O.K
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4. MEMBER DESIGN
1) General Sketch
WALL-3
SLAB-1
WALL-2
SLAB-4
SLAB-3
SLAB-2
WALL-1
SLAB-3
SLAB-3
WALL-3
2) Design Result
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1) SLAB-1 (Thk.=0.80m)
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2) SLAB-2 (Thk.=1.05m)
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3) SLAB-3 (Thk.=0.30m)
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4) SLAB-4 (Thk.=0.25m)
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5) WALL-1 (Thk.=0.50m)
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6) WALL-2 (Thk.=0.35m)
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WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT CALCULATION
NS2-VE04-P0USR-164801
1) SLAB-1 (Thk.=0.80m)
(1) Bottom Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 251.90 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.811 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 587.5 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.811
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00206
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 151.41 kN·m
- As = 3272.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 3272.67 / ( 1000 x 587.5 ) = 0.0056
- ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) }
2
- k = = 0.25
- x = k∙d = 149.28 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 5991543453 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 86.04 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 736.69 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 976.34 mm
Rev.1 99 of 445
WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT CALCULATION
NS2-VE04-P0USR-164801
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 3272.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 800 mm
- d = 587.5 mm
- ρ = 0.0056
- cmin = 200 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D25 mm
- Ms = 151.41 kN·m
- dc = 212.5 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 212.8 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 198.8 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 521.2 mm
- fs = 88.8 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 2.9 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00069
- ε2 = 0.00047
- εm = 0.00021
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(2) Top Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 652.00 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.427 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 712.5 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.427
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00367
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 273.22 kN·m
- As = 3272.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 3272.67 / ( 1000 x 712.5 ) = 0.0046
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.23
- x = k∙d = 166.61 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 9118385146 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 127.08 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 649.78 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 661.01 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 3272.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 800 mm
- d = 712.5 mm
- ρ = 0.0046
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D25 mm
- Ms = 273.22 kN·m
- dc = 87.5 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 102.7 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 223.1 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 638.1 mm
- fs = 130.8 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 3.8 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00077
- ε2 = 0.00035
- εm = 0.00042
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(3) Bottom Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 294.69 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.035 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 562.5 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.035
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00264
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 131.59 kN·m
- As = 3272.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 3272.67 / ( 1000 x 562.5 ) = 0.0058
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.26
- x = k∙d = 145.60 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 5448001785 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 78.23 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 860.05 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1073.72 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 3272.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 800 mm
- d = 562.5 mm
- ρ = 0.0058
- cmin = 200 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D25 mm
- Ms = 131.59 kN·m
- dc = 212.5 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 212.8 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 193.7 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 497.9 mm
- fs = 80.8 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 2.7 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00066
- ε2 = 0.00051
- εm = 0.00016
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(4) Top Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 678.00 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.594 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 687.5 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.594
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00412
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 275.80 kN·m
- As = 3272.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 3272.67 / ( 1000 x 687.5 ) = 0.0048
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.24
- x = k∙d = 163.27 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 8438179881 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 133.12 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 611.79 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 631.02 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 3272.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 800 mm
- d = 687.5 mm
- ρ = 0.0048
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D25 mm
- Ms = 275.80 kN·m
- dc = 87.5 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 102.7 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 218.4 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 614.7 mm
- fs = 137.1 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.1 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00085
- ε2 = 0.00037
- εm = 0.00048
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
2) SLAB-2 (Thk.=1.05m)
(1) Bottom Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 210.31 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.333 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 837.5 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.333
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00084
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 123.53 kN·m
- As = 3272.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 3272.67 / ( 1000 x 837.5 ) = 0.0039
- ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) }
2
- k = = 0.22
- x = k∙d = 182.50 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 12934383453 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 48.60 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1689.30 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1728.39 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 3272.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 1050 mm
- d = 837.5 mm
- ρ = 0.0039
- cmin = 200 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D25 mm
- Ms = 123.53 kN·m
- dc = 212.5 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 212.8 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 245.4 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 755.7 mm
- fs = 49.9 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.3 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00034
- ε2 = 0.00056
- εm = -0.00022
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(2) Top Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 431.22 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.517 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 962.5 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.517
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00131
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 308.01 kN·m
- As = 3272.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 3272.67 / ( 1000 x 962.5 ) = 0.0034
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.20
- x = k∙d = 197.26 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 17447643885 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 104.95 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 826.29 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 800.36 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 3272.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 1050 mm
- d = 962.5 mm
- ρ = 0.0034
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D25 mm
- Ms = 308.01 kN·m
- dc = 87.5 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 102.7 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 266.1 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 873.8 mm
- fs = 107.7 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 2.6 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00061
- ε2 = 0.00045
- εm = 0.00016
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(3) Bottom Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 146.97 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.247 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 812.5 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.247
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00062
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 84.60 kN·m
- As = 3272.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 3272.67 / ( 1000 x 812.5 ) = 0.0040
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.22
- x = k∙d = 179.42 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 12115634880 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 34.34 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 2598.06 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 2445.84 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 3272.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 1050 mm
- d = 812.5 mm
- ρ = 0.0040
- cmin = 200 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D25 mm
- Ms = 84.60 kN·m
- dc = 212.5 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 212.8 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 241.1 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 732.1 mm
- fs = 35.3 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.0 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00025
- ε2 = 0.00058
- εm = -0.00033
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(4) Top Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 475.96 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.602 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 937.5 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.602
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00152
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 339.97 kN·m
- As = 3272.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 3272.67 / ( 1000 x 937.5 ) = 0.0035
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.21
- x = k∙d = 194.39 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 16488880980 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 119.03 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 706.36 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 705.68 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 3272.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 1050 mm
- d = 937.5 mm
- ρ = 0.0035
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D25 mm
- Ms = 339.97 kN·m
- dc = 87.5 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 102.7 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 262.1 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 850.1 mm
- fs = 122.2 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 3.1 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00071
- ε2 = 0.00047
- εm = 0.00024
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
3) SLAB-3 (Thk.=0.30m)
(1) Bottom Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 77.75 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.852 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 216.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.852
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00481
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 40.13 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 216.0 ) = 0.0079
- ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) }
2
- k = = 0.29
- x = k∙d = 63.42 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 391902879 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 121.38 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 689.08 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 692.03 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 216.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0079
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 40.13 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 83.6 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 188.1 mm
- fs = 125.7 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 5.1 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00103
- ε2 = 0.00035
- εm = 0.00068
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(2) Top Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 104.03 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 2.477 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 216.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 2.477
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00653
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 44.02 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 216.0 ) = 0.0079
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.29
- x = k∙d = 63.42 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 391902879 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 133.15 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 611.61 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 630.88 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 216.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0079
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 44.02 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 83.6 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 188.1 mm
- fs = 137.9 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 5.6 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00113
- ε2 = 0.00035
- εm = 0.00078
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(3) Bottom Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 73.65 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 2.087 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 198.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 2.087
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00545
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 32.72 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 198.0 ) = 0.0086
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.30
- x = k∙d = 60.26 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 323024993 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 108.39 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 794.10 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 774.95 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 198.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0086
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 32.72 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 79.2 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 171.6 mm
- fs = 112.4 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.8 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00104
- ε2 = 0.00040
- εm = 0.00064
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(4) Top Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 103.13 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 2.923 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 198.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 2.923
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00778
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 33.32 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 198.0 ) = 0.0086
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.30
- x = k∙d = 60.26 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 323024993 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 110.38 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 776.42 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 760.99 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 198.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0086
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 33.32 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 79.2 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 171.6 mm
- fs = 114.4 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.9 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00106
- ε2 = 0.00040
- εm = 0.00066
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
4) SLAB-4 (Thk.=0.25m)
(1) Bottom Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 46.73 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.884 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 166.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.884
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00490
400 0.85 x 30
2
So, Required As = 813.21 mm
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 26.42 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 166.0 ) = 0.0102
- ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) }
2
- k = = 0.33
- x = k∙d = 54.27 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 217832702 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 105.28 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 823.15 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 797.88 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 250 mm
- d = 166.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0102
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 26.42 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 70.8 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 142.4 mm
- fs = 109.4 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 5.2 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00103
- ε2 = 0.00033
- εm = 0.00070
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(2) Top Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 32.09 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.294 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 166.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.294
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00332
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 22.92 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 166.0 ) = 0.0102
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.33
- x = k∙d = 54.27 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 217832702 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 91.33 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 977.48 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 919.72 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 250 mm
- d = 166.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0102
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 22.92 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 70.8 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 142.4 mm
- fs = 94.9 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.5 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00089
- ε2 = 0.00033
- εm = 0.00056
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(3) Bottom Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 47.93 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 2.431 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 148.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 2.431
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00640
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 20.77 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 148.0 ) = 0.0115
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.34
- x = k∙d = 50.66 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 168234980 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 93.37 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 952.10 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 899.68 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 250 mm
- d = 148.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0115
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 20.77 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 65.8 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 126.1 mm
- fs = 97.1 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 5.0 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00109
- ε2 = 0.00041
- εm = 0.00068
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(4) Top Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 10.58 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.537 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 148.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.537
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00136
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 7.56 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 148.0 ) = 0.0115
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.34
- x = k∙d = 50.66 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 168234980 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 33.98 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 2943.37 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 2471.74 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 250 mm
- d = 148.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0115
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 7.56 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 65.8 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 126.1 mm
- fs = 35.3 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.8 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00040
- ε2 = 0.00041
- εm = -0.00001
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
5) WALL-1 (Thk.=0.50m)
(1) Inner Re-bar Check (Hor.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 175.14 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.130 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 415.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.130
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00289
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 125.10 kN·m
- As = 2094.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 2094.67 / ( 1000 x 415.0 ) = 0.0050
- ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) }
2
- k = = 0.24
- x = k∙d = 101.08 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 1947952619 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 156.63 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 491.82 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 536.30 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2094.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 500 mm
- d = 415.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0050
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D20 mm
- Ms = 125.10 kN·m
- dc = 85.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.4 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 135.0 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 370.0 mm
- fs = 161.4 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 5.0 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00105
- ε2 = 0.00038
- εm = 0.00067
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(2) Outer Re-bar Check (Hor.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 179.99 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.161 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 415.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.161
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00297
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 107.71 kN·m
- As = 2094.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 2094.67 / ( 1000 x 415.0 ) = 0.0050
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.24
- x = k∙d = 101.08 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 1947952619 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 134.85 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 601.50 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 622.89 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2094.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 500 mm
- d = 415.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0050
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D20 mm
- Ms = 107.71 kN·m
- dc = 85.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.4 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 135.0 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 370.0 mm
- fs = 139.0 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.3 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00091
- ε2 = 0.00038
- εm = 0.00053
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(3) Inner Re-bar Check (Ver.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 151.73 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.086 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 394.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.086
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00278
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 108.38 kN·m
- As = 2534.00 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 2534.00 / ( 1000 x 394.0 ) = 0.0064
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.27
- x = k∙d = 106.41 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 2029894647 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 119.29 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 704.42 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 704.14 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2534.00 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 500 mm
- d = 394.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0064
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D22 mm
- Ms = 108.38 kN·m
- dc = 86.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.1 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 141.1 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 347.0 mm
- fs = 123.3 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.4 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00087
- ε2 = 0.00033
- εm = 0.00054
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(4) Outer Re-bar Check (Ver.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 242.58 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.736 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 394.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.736
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00450
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 121.05 kN·m
- As = 2534.00 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 2534.00 / ( 1000 x 394.0 ) = 0.0064
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.27
- x = k∙d = 106.41 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 2029894647 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 133.24 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 611.06 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 630.44 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2534.00 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 500 mm
- d = 394.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0064
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D22 mm
- Ms = 121.05 kN·m
- dc = 86.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.1 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 141.1 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 347.0 mm
- fs = 137.7 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.9 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00098
- ε2 = 0.00033
- εm = 0.00064
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
6) WALL-2 (Thk.=0.35m)
(1) Inner Re-bar Check (Hor.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 67.77 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.064 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 266.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.064
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00272
400 0.85 x 30
2
So, Required As = 931.00 mm
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 50.34 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 266.0 ) = 0.0064
- ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) }
2
- k = = 0.27
- x = k∙d = 71.59 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 620503608 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 122.53 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 680.83 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 685.52 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 350 mm
- d = 266.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0064
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 50.34 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 95.0 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 234.3 mm
- fs = 126.6 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.5 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00094
- ε2 = 0.00037
- εm = 0.00057
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(2) Outer Re-bar Check (Hor.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 61.75 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.970 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 266.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.970
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00247
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 44.11 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 266.0 ) = 0.0064
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.27
- x = k∙d = 71.59 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 620503608 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 107.37 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 803.47 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 782.35 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 350 mm
- d = 266.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0064
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 44.11 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 95.0 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 234.3 mm
- fs = 110.9 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.0 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00083
- ε2 = 0.00037
- εm = 0.00045
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(3) Inner Re-bar Check (Ver.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 85.64 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.547 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 248.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.547
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00399
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 48.58 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 248.0 ) = 0.0068
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.28
- x = k∙d = 68.74 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 531848534 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 127.21 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 648.93 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 660.34 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 350 mm
- d = 248.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0068
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 48.58 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 91.0 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 217.7 mm
- fs = 131.5 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.9 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00108
- ε2 = 0.00042
- εm = 0.00067
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(4) Outer Re-bar Check (Ver.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 80.36 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.452 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 248.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.452
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00374
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 50.95 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 248.0 ) = 0.0068
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.28
- x = k∙d = 68.74 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 531848534 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 133.41 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 610.02 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 629.62 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 350 mm
- d = 248.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0068
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 50.95 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 91.0 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 217.7 mm
- fs = 138.0 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 5.1 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00114
- ε2 = 0.00042
- εm = 0.00072
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
7) WALL-3 (Thk.=0.30m)
(1) Inner Re-bar Check (Hor.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 22.55 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.537 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 216.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.537
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00136
400 0.85 x 30
2
So, Required As = 390.82 mm
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 18.46 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 216.0 ) = 0.0079
- ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) }
2
- k = = 0.29
- x = k∙d = 63.42 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 391902879 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 55.84 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1718.08 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1504.41 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 216.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0079
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 18.46 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 83.6 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 188.1 mm
- fs = 57.8 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 2.3 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00047
- ε2 = 0.00035
- εm = 0.00013
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(2) Outer Re-bar Check (Hor.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 38.24 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.911 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 216.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.911
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00232
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 29.67 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 216.0 ) = 0.0079
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.29
- x = k∙d = 63.42 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 391902879 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 89.74 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 998.11 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 936.01 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 216.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0079
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 29.67 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 83.6 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 188.1 mm
- fs = 92.9 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 3.8 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00076
- ε2 = 0.00035
- εm = 0.00041
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(3) Inner Re-bar Check (Ver.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 25.89 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.734 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 198.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.734
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00186
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 20.07 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 198.0 ) = 0.0086
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.30
- x = k∙d = 60.26 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 323024993 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 66.49 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1412.79 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1263.39 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 198.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0086
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 20.07 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 79.2 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 171.6 mm
- fs = 68.9 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 3.0 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00064
- ε2 = 0.00040
- εm = 0.00024
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(4) Outer Re-bar Check (Ver.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 28.70 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.813 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 198.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.813
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00207
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 22.85 kN·m
- As = 1696.67 mm2
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 7.77
- ρ = As / bd = 1696.67 / ( 1000 x 198.0 ) = 0.0086
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.30
- x = k∙d = 60.26 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 323024993 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 75.70 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1218.10 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1109.68 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.37 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 25743 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1696.67 mm2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 198.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0086
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D18 mm
- Ms = 22.85 kN·m
- dc = 84.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.6 mm
- αe = 15.5
- x = 79.2 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 171.6 mm
- fs = 78.5 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 fy = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 3.4 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00073
- ε2 = 0.00040
- εm = 0.00033
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
5. PEDESTAL DESIGN
- 0.60 x 0.80
Ⅲ. CLARIFIER
1. GENERAL SKETCH
2. DESIGN DATA
4) Hydrostatic Pressure, F
H.W.L
3.085
(h)
~
Fv
2.105
Fh
5) Wind Loads
Wind pressure P = qz G Cf
Velocity pressure qz = 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (N/m2) ; V in m/s
Basic Wind Speed V = 67.40 m/sec
Wind directionality factor Kd = 0.9
Exposure Category D
Velocity pressure exposure coefficients (Kz)
z < 4.6 m : 2.01 ( 4.6/zg)2/α
4.6 m < z < zg : 2.01 ( z/zg)2/α
Norminal height of the atmospheric boundary height (zg) = 213.36 m
3-sec gust spped power low exponent (α) = 11.5
Obtaining topographic factor Kzt = 1.00
Gust effect factor G = 0.85
Height qz
Kz Kzt Kd
(m) N/m2
0 ~ 5 1.05 1.0 0.9 2631.55
5.50 1.06 1.0 0.9 2656.62
10.00 1.18 1.0 0.9 2957.36
- Y Direction
Pw = qz x G x Cf
= 2.632 x 0.85 x 1.30 = 2.91 kN/m2
- X Direction
Pw = qz x G x Cf
= 2.632 x 0.85 x 1.30 = 2.91 kN/m2
where
qz : velocity pressure evaluated at height z above ground
G : gust-effect factor
Cf : force coeffi cient to be used in determinationof wind loads for other structures
Af : area of open buildings and other structures either normal to the wind direction
or projected on a plane normal to the wind direction
Pw
6) Seismic Load
H.W.L
2.105
(h)
EIW
EW = 7/8 × kh × γsw × h
= 7/8 × 0.12 × 9.80 × 2.11 = 2.17 kN/m2
Ee = kh × w
= 0.12 × 63.00 = 7.56 kN
- Seismic Load (Inertia force) shall be generated automatically by structural analysis program.
1) Notation
W EI
LC D L F Remark
X Y X Y
ASD1 1.00 1.00
ASD2 1.00 1.00 1.00
ASD3 1.00 1.00 0.60
ASD4 1.00 1.00 0.60
ASD5 1.00 1.00 0.70
ASD6 1.00 1.00 0.70
ASD7 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.45
ASD8 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.45
ASD9 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.53
ASD10 1.00 0.75 1.00 0.53
ASD11 0.60 0.60
ASD12 0.60 0.60
ASD13 0.60 0.60 0.70
ASD14 0.60 0.60 0.70
ASD_ENV : (ASD1 ~ 14) Envelope
K=P/δ
3. STABILITY CHECK
4. MEMBER DESIGN
1) Design Result
Summary of Rebar
Item Dir. Position
Rebar Arrange Req. As (mm2) Use As (mm2)
Bottom Slab Bottom D22 @ 150 2300 2533
X
Thk. Top D22 @ 150 2300 2533
1150 Bottom D22 @ 150 2300 2533
Y
~ 2845 Top D22 @ 150 2300 2533
Inside D16 @ 200 700 1005
Wall Hor.
Outside D16 @ 200 700 1005
Thk. Inside D16 @ 200 420 1005
Ver.
350 Outside D16 @ 200 420 1005
2) Wall (Thk.350)
1) SLAB-1 (Thk.=1.15m)
(1) Bottom Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 227.27 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.286 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 939.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.286
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00072
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 164.59 kN·m
- As = 2534.00 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 2534.00 / ( 1000 x 939.0 ) = 0.0027
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.19
- x = k∙d = 182.49 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 14622773504 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 73.96 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 938.54 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1135.69 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2534.00 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 1150 mm
- d = 939.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0027
- cmin = 200 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D22 mm
- Ms = 164.59 kN·m
- dc = 211.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 212.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 246.9 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 856.7 mm
- fs = 75.8 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.6 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00049
- ε2 = 0.00078
- εm = -0.00028
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(2) Top Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 331.00 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.325 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 1064.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.325
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00082
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 251.00 kN·m
- As = 2534.00 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 2534.00 / ( 1000 x 1064.0 ) = 0.0024
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.18
- x = k∙d = 195.53 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 19093305536 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 99.17 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 885.41 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 847.03 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2534.00 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 1150 mm
- d = 1064.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0024
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D22 mm
- Ms = 251.00 kN·m
- dc = 86.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.1 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 265.2 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 975.6 mm
- fs = 101.5 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.9 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00056
- ε2 = 0.00064
- εm = -0.00008
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(3) Bottom Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 222.81 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.294 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 917.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.294
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00074
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 161.42 kN·m
- As = 2534.00 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 2534.00 / ( 1000 x 917.0 ) = 0.0028
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.20
- x = k∙d = 180.11 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 13899613204 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 74.33 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 931.37 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1130.03 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2534.00 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 1150 mm
- d = 917.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0028
- cmin = 200 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D22 mm
- Ms = 161.42 kN·m
- dc = 211.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 212.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 243.5 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 835.8 mm
- fs = 76.2 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.6 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00051
- ε2 = 0.00080
- εm = -0.00029
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(4) Top Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 338.00 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.346 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 1042.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.346
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00087
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 262.00 kN·m
- As = 2534.00 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 2534.00 / ( 1000 x 1042.0 ) = 0.0024
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.19
- x = k∙d = 193.29 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 18261782333 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 105.77 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 818.49 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 794.20 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2534.00 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 1150 mm
- d = 1042.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0024
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D22 mm
- Ms = 262.00 kN·m
- dc = 86.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.1 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 262.0 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 954.7 mm
- fs = 108.3 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 2.1 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00062
- ε2 = 0.00066
- εm = -0.00005
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 24 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
2) WALL (Thk.=0.35m)
(1) Inner Re-bar Check (Hor.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 2.80 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.044 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 267.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.044
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00011
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 1.90 kN·m
- As = 1005.50 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1005.50 / ( 1000 x 267.0 ) = 0.0038
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.23
- x = k∙d = 60.12 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 446241599 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 7.65 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 13718.41 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 10978.35 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1005.50 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 350 mm
- d = 267.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0038
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 200 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 1.90 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 122.0 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 80.7 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 240.1 mm
- fs = 7.9 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 0.2 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00006
- ε2 = 0.00065
- εm = -0.00059
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(2) Outer Re-bar Check (Hor.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 3.23 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.050 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 267.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.050
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00013
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 2.41 kN·m
- As = 1005.50 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1005.50 / ( 1000 x 267.0 ) = 0.0038
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.23
- x = k∙d = 60.12 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 446241599 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 9.71 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 10775.67 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 8655.13 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1005.50 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 350 mm
- d = 267.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0038
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 200 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 2.41 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 122.0 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 80.7 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 240.1 mm
- fs = 10.0 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 0.2 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00007
- ε2 = 0.00065
- εm = -0.00057
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(3) Inner Re-bar Check (Ver.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 8.85 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.156 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 251.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.156
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00039
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 7.24 kN·m
- As = 1005.50 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1005.50 / ( 1000 x 251.0 ) = 0.0040
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.23
- x = k∙d = 58.05 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 390369333 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 31.08 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 3235.56 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 2702.42 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1005.50 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 350 mm
- d = 251.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0040
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 200 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 7.24 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 122.0 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 77.8 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 225.1 mm
- fs = 32.0 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 0.8 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00025
- ε2 = 0.00071
- εm = -0.00046
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(4) Outer Re-bar Check (Ver.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 9.71 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.171 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 251.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.171
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00043
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 7.16 kN·m
- As = 1005.50 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1005.50 / ( 1000 x 251.0 ) = 0.0040
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.23
- x = k∙d = 58.05 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 390369333 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 30.74 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 3273.81 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 2732.61 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1005.50 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 350 mm
- d = 251.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0040
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 200 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 7.16 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 122.0 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 77.8 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 225.1 mm
- fs = 31.6 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 0.8 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00025
- ε2 = 0.00071
- εm = -0.00046
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 24 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
Ⅳ. pH ADJUSTMENT POND
/COAGULATION POND / FLOCCULATION POND
1. GENERAL SKETCH
2. DESIGN DATA
Lv
4) Hydrostatic Pressure, F
H.W.L
3.000
Fv
(h)
Fh
5) Wind Load
Wind pressure P = qz G Cf
Velocity pressure qz = 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (N/m2) ; V in m/s
Basic Wind Speed V = 67.40 m/sec
Wind directionality factor Kd = 0.9
Exposure Category D
Velocity pressure exposure coefficients (Kz)
z < 4.6 m : 2.01 ( 4.6/zg)2/α
4.6 m < z < zg : 2.01 ( z/zg)2/α
Norminal height of the atmospheric boundary height (zg) = 213.36 m
3-sec gust spped power low exponent (α) = 11.5
Obtaining topographic factor Kzt = 1.00
Gust effect factor G = 0.85
Height qz
Kz Kzt Kd
(m) N/m2
0 ~ 5 1.05 1.0 0.9 2631.55
5.50 1.06 1.0 0.9 2656.62
10.00 1.18 1.0 0.9 2957.36
- Y Direction
Pw = qz x G x Cf
= 2.632 x 0.85 x 1.30 = 2.91 kN/m2
- X Direction
Pw = qz x G x Cf
= 2.632 x 0.85 x 1.30 = 2.91 kN/m2
where
qz : velocity pressure evaluated at height z above ground
G : gust-effect factor
Cf : force coeffi cient to be used in determinationof wind loads for other structures
Af : area of open buildings and other structures either normal to the wind direction
or projected on a plane normal to the wind direction
Pw
6) Seismic Load
H.W.L
3.000
(h)
EIW
EW = 7/8 × kh × γsw × h
= 7/8 × 0.12 × 9.80 × 3.00 = 3.09 kN/m2
- Seismic Load (Inertia force) shall be generated automatically by structural analysis program.
1) Notation
K=P/δ
3. STABILITY CHECK
4. MEMBER DESIGN
1) Desing Result
Summary of Rebar
Item Dir. Position
Rebar Arrange Req. As (mm2) Use As (mm2)
Bottom D16 @ 150 600 1340
Top Slab X
Top D16 @ 150 600 1340
Thk. Bottom D16 @ 150 600 1340
Y
300 Top D16 @ 150 600 1340
Bottom D20 @ 150 1600 2093
Bottom Slab X
Top D20 @ 150 1969 2093
Thk. Bottom D20 @ 150 1600 2093
Y
800 Top D20 @ 150 2050 2093
Inside D16 @ 150 600 1340
Wall Hor.
Outside D16 @ 150 600 1340
Thk. Inside D16 @ 150 657 1340
Ver.
300 Outside D16 @ 150 399 1340
Bottom D16 @ 150 697 1340
Middle Slab X
Top D16 @ 150 751 1340
Thk. Bottom D16 @ 150 407 1340
Y
300 Top D16 @ 150 704 1340
3) Wall (Thk.300)
(1) Bottom Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 24.55 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.579 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 217.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.579
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00147
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 17.31 kN·m
- As = 1340.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1340.67 / ( 1000 x 217.0 ) = 0.0062
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.28
- x = k∙d = 60.39 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 359034153 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 65.58 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1434.84 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1280.79 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1340.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 217.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0062
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 17.31 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 79.9 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 190.4 mm
- fs = 67.8 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 2.3 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00054
- ε2 = 0.00044
- εm = 0.00011
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(2) Top Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 15.21 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.359 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 217.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.359
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00090
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 10.58 kN·m
- As = 1340.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1340.67 / ( 1000 x 217.0 ) = 0.0062
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.28
- x = k∙d = 60.39 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 359034153 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 40.09 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 2466.82 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 2095.52 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1340.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 217.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0062
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 10.58 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 79.9 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 190.4 mm
- fs = 41.5 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.4 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00033
- ε2 = 0.00044
- εm = -0.00011
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(3) Bottom Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 16.87 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.464 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 201.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.464
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00117
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 11.99 kN·m
- As = 1340.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1340.67 / ( 1000 x 201.0 ) = 0.0067
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.29
- x = k∙d = 57.76 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 303168321 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 49.21 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1974.77 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1707.06 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1340.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 201.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0067
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 11.99 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 76.2 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 175.6 mm
- fs = 50.9 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.8 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00046
- ε2 = 0.00050
- εm = -0.00004
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(4) Top Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 28.11 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.773 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 201.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.773
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00196
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 20.22 kN·m
- As = 1340.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1340.67 / ( 1000 x 201.0 ) = 0.0067
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.29
- x = k∙d = 57.76 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 303168321 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 82.98 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1094.68 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1012.25 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1340.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 201.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0067
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 20.22 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 76.2 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 175.6 mm
- fs = 85.9 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 3.0 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00077
- ε2 = 0.00050
- εm = 0.00027
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 24 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
(1) Bottom Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 78.10 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.249 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 590.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.249
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00063
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 55.46 kN·m
- As = 2094.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 2094.67 / ( 1000 x 590.0 ) = 0.0036
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.22
- x = k∙d = 129.46 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 4582291509 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 48.42 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1697.57 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1734.93 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2094.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 800 mm
- d = 590.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0036
- cmin = 200 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D20 mm
- Ms = 55.46 kN·m
- dc = 210.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 213.0 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 174.0 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 532.0 mm
- fs = 49.8 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.2 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00037
- ε2 = 0.00075
- εm = -0.00038
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(2) Top Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 374.00 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.813 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 715.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.813
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00207
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 254.54 kN·m
- As = 2094.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 2094.67 / ( 1000 x 715.0 ) = 0.0029
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.20
- x = k∙d = 144.13 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 6927548597 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 182.20 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 396.48 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 461.04 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2094.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 800 mm
- d = 715.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0029
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D20 mm
- Ms = 254.54 kN·m
- dc = 85.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.4 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 194.6 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 650.1 mm
- fs = 186.9 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.0 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00109
- ε2 = 0.00056
- εm = 0.00053
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(3) Bottom Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 94.83 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.324 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 570.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.324
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00082
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 71.79 kN·m
- As = 2094.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 2094.67 / ( 1000 x 570.0 ) = 0.0037
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.22
- x = k∙d = 126.97 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 4253489008 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 64.95 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1138.17 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1293.30 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2094.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 800 mm
- d = 570.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0037
- cmin = 200 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D20 mm
- Ms = 71.79 kN·m
- dc = 210.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 213.0 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 170.5 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 513.2 mm
- fs = 66.8 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.6 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00053
- ε2 = 0.00079
- εm = -0.00026
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(4) Top Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 378.00 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.870 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 695.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.870
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00221
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 245.78 kN·m
- As = 2094.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 2094.67 / ( 1000 x 695.0 ) = 0.0030
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.20
- x = k∙d = 141.87 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 6518534626 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 181.16 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 399.84 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 463.69 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2094.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 800 mm
- d = 695.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0030
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D20 mm
- Ms = 245.78 kN·m
- dc = 85.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.4 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 191.4 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 631.2 mm
- fs = 185.9 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.1 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00112
- ε2 = 0.00059
- εm = 0.00054
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 24 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
3) WALL (Thk.=0.30m)
(1) Inner Re-bar Check (Hor.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 14.45 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.341 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 217.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.341
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00086
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 11.11 kN·m
- As = 1340.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1340.67 / ( 1000 x 217.0 ) = 0.0062
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.28
- x = k∙d = 60.39 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 359034153 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 42.09 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 2340.20 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1995.55 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1340.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 217.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0062
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 11.11 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 79.9 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 190.4 mm
- fs = 43.5 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.5 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00035
- ε2 = 0.00044
- εm = -0.00009
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(2) Outer Re-bar Check (Hor.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 18.53 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.437 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 217.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.437
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00110
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 13.49 kN·m
- As = 1340.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1340.67 / ( 1000 x 217.0 ) = 0.0062
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.28
- x = k∙d = 60.39 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 359034153 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 51.11 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1894.24 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1643.48 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1340.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 217.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0062
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 13.49 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 79.9 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 190.4 mm
- fs = 52.9 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.8 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00042
- ε2 = 0.00044
- εm = -0.00001
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(3) Inner Re-bar Check (Ver.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 34.96 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.961 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 201.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.961
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00245
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 27.18 kN·m
- As = 1340.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1340.67 / ( 1000 x 201.0 ) = 0.0067
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.29
- x = k∙d = 57.76 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 303168321 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 111.55 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 766.35 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 753.04 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1340.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 201.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0067
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 27.18 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 76.2 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 175.6 mm
- fs = 115.5 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.1 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00104
- ε2 = 0.00050
- εm = 0.00054
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(4) Outer Re-bar Check (Ver.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 21.38 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.588 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 201.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.588
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00149
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 15.35 kN·m
- As = 1340.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1340.67 / ( 1000 x 201.0 ) = 0.0067
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.29
- x = k∙d = 57.76 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 303168321 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 63.00 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1501.47 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1333.39 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1340.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 201.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0067
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 15.35 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 76.2 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 175.6 mm
- fs = 65.2 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 2.3 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00058
- ε2 = 0.00050
- εm = 0.00009
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 24 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
(1) Bottom Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 40.05 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.945 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 217.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.945
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00241
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 28.64 kN·m
- As = 1340.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1340.67 / ( 1000 x 217.0 ) = 0.0062
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.28
- x = k∙d = 60.39 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 359034153 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 108.51 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 793.04 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 774.11 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1340.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 217.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0062
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 28.64 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 79.9 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 190.4 mm
- fs = 112.2 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 3.8 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00090
- ε2 = 0.00044
- εm = 0.00046
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(2) Top Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 43.08 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.017 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 217.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.017
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00259
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 31.94 kN·m
- As = 1340.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1340.67 / ( 1000 x 217.0 ) = 0.0062
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.28
- x = k∙d = 60.39 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 359034153 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 121.01 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 691.73 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 694.13 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1340.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 217.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0062
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 31.94 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 79.9 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 190.4 mm
- fs = 125.2 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.2 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00100
- ε2 = 0.00044
- εm = 0.00057
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(3) Bottom Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 21.80 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.600 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 201.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.600
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00152
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 15.62 kN·m
- As = 1340.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1340.67 / ( 1000 x 201.0 ) = 0.0067
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.29
- x = k∙d = 57.76 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 303168321 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 64.11 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1472.27 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1310.35 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1340.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 201.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0067
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 15.62 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 76.2 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 175.6 mm
- fs = 66.4 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 2.3 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00060
- ε2 = 0.00050
- εm = 0.00010
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
(4) Top Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 45.56 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 1.253 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 201.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 1.253
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00321
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 32.94 kN·m
- As = 1340.67 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1340.67 / ( 1000 x 201.0 ) = 0.0067
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.29
- x = k∙d = 57.76 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 303168321 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 135.19 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 599.56 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 621.36 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1340.67 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 300 mm
- d = 201.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0067
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 32.94 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 76.2 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 175.6 mm
- fs = 139.9 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 4.9 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00125
- ε2 = 0.00050
- εm = 0.00076
→ Strain is positive. So, check for flexural crack width is required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 24 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
Ⅴ. SLUDGE THICKENER
1. GENERAL SKETCH
2. DESIGN DATA
4) Hydrostatic Pressure, F
H.W.L
3.4
(h)
~
Fv
3.015
Fh
5) Wind Load
Wind pressure P = qz G Cf
Velocity pressure qz = 0.613 Kz Kzt Kd V2 I (N/m2) ; V in m/s
Basic Wind Speed V = 67.40 m/sec
Wind directionality factor Kd = 0.9
Exposure Category D
Velocity pressure exposure coefficients (Kz)
z < 4.6 m : 2.01 ( 4.6/zg)2/α
4.6 m < z < zg : 2.01 ( z/zg)2/α
Norminal height of the atmospheric boundary height (zg) = 213.36 m
3-sec gust spped power low exponent (α) = 11.5
Obtaining topographic factor Kzt = 1.00
Gust effect factor G = 0.85
Height qz
Kz Kzt Kd
(m) N/m2
0 ~ 5 1.05 1.0 0.9 2631.55
5.50 1.06 1.0 0.9 2656.62
10.00 1.18 1.0 0.9 2957.36
- Y Direction
Pw = qz x G x Cf
= 2.632 x 0.85 x 1.30 = 2.91 kN/m2
- X Direction
Pw = qz x G x Cf
= 2.632 x 0.85 x 1.30 = 2.91 kN/m2
where
qz : velocity pressure evaluated at height z above ground
G : gust-effect factor
Cf : force coeffi cient to be used in determinationof wind loads for other structures
Af : area of open buildings and other structures either normal to the wind direction
or projected on a plane normal to the wind direction
Pw
6) Seismic Load
H.W.L
3.015
(h)
EIW
EW = 7/8 × kh × γsw × h
= 7/8 × 0.12 × 9.80 × 3.02 = 3.10 kN/m2
Ee = kh × w
= 0.12 × 13.30 = 1.60 kN
- Seismic Load (Inertia force) shall be generated automatically by structural analysis program.
1) Notation
K=P/δ
3. STABILITY CHECK
4. MEMBER DESIGN
1) Design Result
Summary of Rebar
Item Dir. Position
Rebar Arrange Req. As (mm2) Use As (mm2)
Bottom Slab Bottom D22 @ 150 2300 2533
X
Thk. Top D22 @ 150 2300 2533
1150 Bottom D22 @ 150 2300 2533
Y
~ 1935 Top D22 @ 150 2300 2533
Inside D16 @ 200 700 1005
Wall Hor.
Outside D16 @ 200 700 1005
Thk. Inside D16 @ 200 420 1005
Ver.
350 Outside D16 @ 200 420 1005
2) Wall (Thk.350)
1) SLAB-1 (Thk.=1.15m)
(1) Bottom Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 8.09 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.010 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 939.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.010
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00003
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 6.78 kN·m
- As = 2534.00 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 2534.00 / ( 1000 x 939.0 ) = 0.0027
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.19
- x = k∙d = 182.49 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 14622773504 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 3.05 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 34421.83 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 27569.87 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2534.00 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 1150 mm
- d = 939.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0027
- cmin = 200 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D22 mm
- Ms = 6.78 kN·m
- dc = 211.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 212.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 246.9 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 856.7 mm
- fs = 3.1 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 0.1 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00002
- ε2 = 0.00078
- εm = -0.00075
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(2) Top Re-bar Check (X-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 266.68 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.262 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 1064.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.262
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00066
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 212.03 kN·m
- As = 2534.00 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 2534.00 / ( 1000 x 1064.0 ) = 0.0024
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.18
- x = k∙d = 195.53 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 19093305536 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 83.77 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1082.61 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 1002.71 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2534.00 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 1150 mm
- d = 1064.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0024
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D22 mm
- Ms = 212.03 kN·m
- dc = 86.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.1 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 265.2 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 975.6 mm
- fs = 85.8 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.6 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00048
- ε2 = 0.00064
- εm = -0.00017
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(3) Bottom Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 8.09 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.011 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 917.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.011
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00003
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 6.78 kN·m
- As = 2534.00 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 2534.00 / ( 1000 x 917.0 ) = 0.0028
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.20
- x = k∙d = 180.11 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 13899613204 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 3.12 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 33578.54 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 26904.11 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2534.00 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 1150 mm
- d = 917.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0028
- cmin = 200 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D22 mm
- Ms = 6.78 kN·m
- dc = 211.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 212.9 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 243.5 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 835.8 mm
- fs = 3.2 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 0.1 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00002
- ε2 = 0.00080
- εm = -0.00078
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(4) Top Re-bar Check (Y-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 266.68 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.273 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 1042.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.273
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00069
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 212.03 kN·m
- As = 2534.00 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 2534.00 / ( 1000 x 1042.0 ) = 0.0024
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.19
- x = k∙d = 193.29 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 18261782333 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 85.59 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 1055.58 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 981.38 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 2534.00 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 1150 mm
- d = 1042.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0024
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 150 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D22 mm
- Ms = 212.03 kN·m
- dc = 86.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 103.1 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 262.0 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 954.7 mm
- fs = 87.6 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 1.7 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00050
- ε2 = 0.00066
- εm = -0.00017
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
2) WALL (Thk.=0.35m)
(1) Inner Re-bar Check (Hor.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 1.64 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.026 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 267.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.026
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00006
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 1.23 kN·m
- As = 1005.50 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1005.50 / ( 1000 x 267.0 ) = 0.0038
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.23
- x = k∙d = 60.12 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 446241599 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 4.95 N/mm2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 21293.18 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 16958.43 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1005.50 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 350 mm
- d = 267.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0038
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 200 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 1.23 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 122.0 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 80.7 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 240.1 mm
- fs = 5.1 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 0.1 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00004
- ε2 = 0.00065
- εm = -0.00061
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(2) Outer Re-bar Check (Hor.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 1.64 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.026 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 267.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.026
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00006
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 1.23 kN·m
- As = 1005.50 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1005.50 / ( 1000 x 267.0 ) = 0.0038
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.23
- x = k∙d = 60.12 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 446241599 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 4.95 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 21293.18 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 16958.43 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1005.50 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 350 mm
- d = 267.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0038
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 200 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 1.23 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 122.0 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 80.7 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 240.1 mm
- fs = 5.1 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 0.1 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00004
- ε2 = 0.00065
- εm = -0.00061
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(3) Inner Re-bar Check (Ver.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 7.65 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.135 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 251.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.135
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00034
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 5.80 kN·m
- As = 1005.50 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1005.50 / ( 1000 x 251.0 ) = 0.0040
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.23
- x = k∙d = 58.05 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 390369333 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 24.90 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 4085.42 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 3373.36 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1005.50 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 350 mm
- d = 251.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0040
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 200 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 5.80 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 122.0 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 77.8 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 225.1 mm
- fs = 25.6 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 0.7 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00020
- ε2 = 0.00071
- εm = -0.00051
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
(4) Outer Re-bar Check (Ver.-Direction) (By ACI 318M-14, Chapter 9 & Chapter 22)
a. Required As
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φf = 0.90
- Φv = 0.75
6
Mu 7.65 x 10
- Required Rn = = = 0.135 MPa
Φ x b x d² 0.90 x 1000 x 251.0 2
0.85 x f'c 2 x Rn
- ρreq`d = x ( 1 - 1 - )
fy 0.85 x f'c
0.85 x 30 2 x 0.135
= x ( 1 - 1 - ) = 0.00034
400 0.85 x 30
b. Crack Check
- Ms = 5.80 kN·m
- As = 1005.50 mm2
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- n = Es / Ec = 8.69
- ρ = As / bd = 1005.50 / ( 1000 x 251.0 ) = 0.0040
- k = - ρn + √{ 2ρn + (ρn) } 2
= 0.23
- x = k∙d = 58.05 mm
- Icr = b ∙ x3 / 3 + n As (d - x)2 = 390369333 mm4
- fs = n ∙ Ms / Icr ∙ (d - x) = 24.90 N/mm
2
- Rs1 = 380 (280 / fs) - 2.5 ∙ Cc (By ACI 318M-14, 24.3) = 4085.42 mm
- Rs2 = 300 (280 / fs) = 3373.36 mm
ρcrit = fct / fy
where, ρcrit : Minimum ratio of steel to the gross area of the concrete section
= 0.0064 (For steel grade 250 & concrete grade C35A)
= 0.0035 (For steel grade 460 & concrete grade C35A)
= 2/3 ρcrit (In design option 3)
fct : Direct tensile strength of the immature concrete
= 1.10 MPa (For concrete grade C35A)
fy : Specified characteristic strength of reinforcement
= 400 MPa
smax = ( fct / fb ) x ( Φ / 2ρ )
wmax = smax R α T
where, R : Restraint factor, being the restrained proportion of the theoretical linear thermal
or shrinkage movement
= 0.50 (For immature concrete with rigid end restraints)
α : Coefficient of thermal expansion of mature concrete
= 1.E-05
T : Fall in temperature between the hydration peak and ambient
3 acr εm
w =
1 + 2 ( acr - cmin ) / ( h - x )
where, acr : Distance from the point considered to the surface of the nearest longitudinal bar
2 2
= √ ( ( s / 2 ) + dc ) - db / 2
εm : Average strain at the level where the cracking is being considered (= ε 1 - ε2)
ε1 : Strain at the level considered (= (fs / Es) (h - x) / (d - x))
ε2 : Strain due to the stiffening effect of concrete between cracks
= bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ) (For a limiting design surface crack = 0.2 mm)
= 1.5 bt ( h - x ) ( a' - x ) / ( 3 Es As ( d - x ) ()For a limiting design surface crack = 0.1 mm)
cmin : Minimum cover to the tension steel
h : Overall depth of the member
2 0.5
x : Depth of the neutral axis (= (- ρ αe + ( 2ρ αe + (ρ αe) ) ) d)
bt : Width of the section at the centroid of the tension steel
a' : Distance from the compression face to the point at which the crack width is being
calculated (= h)
Es : Modulus of elasticity of the reinforcement
Ec : Modulus of elasticity of the concrete
(1/2 the instantaneous value when used to determine α e)
αe : Modular ratio (= Es / Ec)
As : Area of tension reinforcement
dc : Effective cover (= cmin + db / 2)
fc : Compressive stress in concrete (= fs As / (0.5 b x)
fs : Tensile stress in reinforcement (= Ms / (As z))
- fcu = 29 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Ec = 23025 MPa
- Es = 200000 MPa
- Used As = 1005.50 mm
2
- bt = 1000 mm
- h = 350 mm
- d = 251.0 mm
- ρ = 0.0040
- cmin = 75 mm
- Max. bar Spacing, s = 200 mm
- Used Bar Size, db = D16 mm
- Ms = 5.80 kN·m
- dc = 83.0 mm
* Calculations
- acr = 122.0 mm
- αe = 17.4
- x = 77.8 mm
- z (= d - ( x / 3 )) = 225.1 mm
- fs = 25.6 MPa
→ Stress in steel should be limited to 0.8 f y = 320.0 MPa > fs ∴ O.K
- fc = 0.7 MPa
→ Stress in concrete should be limited to 0.45 f cu = 13.0 MPa > fc ∴ O.K
- ε1 = 0.00020
- ε2 = 0.00071
- εm = -0.00051
→ Strain is negative. So, check for flexural crack width is not required.
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
- f'c = 30 MPa
- fy = 400 MPa
- Φ = 0.75
APPENDIX - A
INPUT DATA BY VENDOR (GENERAL ARRANGEMENT & LOADING DATA)
1. GENERAL ARRANGEMENT
APPENDIX - B
PILE REACTIONS & DISPLACEMENTS
(WWT POND)
Axial Direction Allowable Pile Capacity Pile Reactions by Midas Gen Program Remark
Compression 2200.00 kN 1739.31 kN O.K
Horizontal 150.00 kN 30.67 kN O.K
Uplift 510.00 kN 380.24 kN O.K
Axial Direction Allowable Pile Settlement Pile Settlement by Midas Gen Program Remark
Vertical 40.0 mm 5.01 mm O.K
Horizontal, X-Direction 15.0 mm 0.97 mm O.K
Horizontal, Y-Direction 15.0 mm 0.64 mm O.K
APPENDIX - C
PILE REACTIONS & DISPLACEMENTS
(CLARIFIER)
Axial Direction Allowable Pile Capacity Pile Reactions by Midas Gen Program Remark
Compression 2200.00 kN 1401.24 kN O.K
Horizontal 150.00 kN 51.50 kN O.K
Uplift 510.00 kN 0.00 kN O.K
Axial Direction Allowable Pile Settlement Pile Settlement by Midas Gen Program Remark
Vertical 40.0 mm 4.04 mm O.K
Horizontal, X-Direction 15.0 mm 1.63 mm O.K
Horizontal, Y-Direction 15.0 mm 1.63 mm O.K
APPENDIX - D
PILE REACTIONS & DISPLACEMENTS
(pH ADJUSTMENT POND
/COAGULATION POND / FLOCCULATION
POND)
Axial Direction Allowable Pile Capacity Pile Reactions by Midas Gen Program Remark
Compression 2200.00 kN 1185.65 kN O.K
Horizontal 150.00 kN 99.94 kN O.K
Uplift 510.00 kN 0.00 kN O.K
Axial Direction Allowable Pile Settlement Pile Settlement by Midas Gen Program Remark
Vertical 40.0 mm 3.42 mm O.K
Horizontal, X-Direction 15.0 mm 1.68 mm O.K
Horizontal, Y-Direction 15.0 mm 3.17 mm O.K
APPENDIX - E
PILE REACTIONS & DISPLACEMENTS
(SLUDGE THICKENER)
Axial Direction Allowable Pile Capacity Pile Reactions by Midas Gen Program Remark
Compression 2200.00 kN 610.01 kN O.K
Horizontal 150.00 kN 37.28 kN O.K
Uplift 510.00 kN 0.00 kN O.K
Axial Direction Allowable Pile Settlement Pile Settlement by Midas Gen Program Remark
Vertical 40.0 mm 1.76 mm O.K
Horizontal, X-Direction 15.0 mm 1.18 mm O.K
Horizontal, Y-Direction 15.0 mm 1.18 mm O.K