1. Basketball -is a sport, generally played by two teams of five players on a rectangular court.

The
objective is to shoot a ball through a hoop 18 inches (46 cm) in diameter and mounted at a height of 10
feet (3.048 m) to backboards at each end of the court.

2. History of Basketball

-In early December 1891, Canadian Dr. James Naismith, a physical education professor and instructor at
the International Young Men's Christian Association Training Schoo(YMCA) (today, Springfield College) in
Springfield, Massachusetts was trying to keep his gym class active on a rainy day. He sought a vigorous
indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New England
winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he
wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.0 m) elevated track. In contrast with
modern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its bottom, and balls had to be retrieved manually
after each "basket" or point scored; this proved inefficient, however, so the bottom of the basket was
removed, allowing the balls to be poked out with a long dowel each time.

-Basketball was originally played with a soccer ball. These round balls from "association football" were
made, at the time, with a set of laces to close off the hole needed for inserting the inflatable bladder
after the other sewn-together segments of the ball's cover had been flipped outside-in.

-The first balls made specifically for basketball were brown, and it was only in the late 1950s that Tony
Hinkle, searching for a ball that would be more visible to players and spectators alike, introduced the
orange ball that is now in common use.

-Basketball's early adherents were dispatched to YMCAs throughout the United States, and it quickly
spread through the USA and Canada. By 1895, it was well established at several women's high schools.

-the years before World War I, the Amateur Athletic Union and the Intercollegiate Athletic Association
of the United States (forerunner of the NCAA) vied for control over the rules for the game. The first pro
league, the National Basketball League, was formed in 1898 to protect players from exploitation and to
promote a less rough game. This league only lasted five years.

-Dr. James Naismith was instrumental in establishing college basketball. His colleague C.O. Beamis
fielded the first college basketball team just a year after the Springfield YMCA game at the suburban
Pittsburgh Geneva College.

-Teams abounded throughout the 1920s. There were hundreds of men's professional basketball teams
in towns and cities all over the United States, and little organization of the professional game.

-1946, the Basketball Association of America (BAA) was formed. The first game was played in Toronto,
Ontario, Canada between the Toronto Huskies and New York Knickerbockers on November 1, 1946.
Three seasons later, in 1949, the BAA merged with the National Basketball League to form the National
Basketball Association (NBA). By the 1950s, basketball had become a major college sport, thus paving
the way for a growth of interest in professional basketball. In 1959, a basketball hall of fame was
founded in Springfield, Massachusetts, site of the first game.
-FIBA (International Basketball Federation) was formed in 1932 by eight founding nations: Argentina,
Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Portugal, Romania and Switzerland. At this time, the organization
only oversaw amateur players. Its acronym, derived from the French Fédération Internationale de
Basket-ball Amateur, was thus "FIBA". Men's basketball was first included at the Berlin 1936 Summer
Olympics, although a demonstration tournament was held in 1904.

-In the Philippines, the Philippine Basketball Association's first game was played on April 9, 1975 at the
Araneta Coliseum in Cubao, Quezon City. Philippines. It was founded as a "rebellion" of several teams
from the now-defunct Manila Industrial and Commercial Athletic Association, which was tightly
controlled by the Basketball Association of the Philippines (now defunct), the then-FIBA recognized
national association. Nine teams from the MICAA participated in the league's first season that opened
on April 9, 1975. -Women's basketball began in 1892 at Smith College when Senda Berenson, a physical
education teacher, modified Naismith's rules for women. Shortly after she was hired at Smith, she went
to Naismith to learn more about the game.[26] Fascinated by the new sport and the values it could
teach, she organized the first women's collegiate basketball game on March 21, 1893, when her Smith
freshmen and sophomores played against one another.

3. Basic skills in basketball

a.Positions

-Point guard (often called the "1") : usually the fastest player on the team, organizes the team's offense
by controlling the ball and making sure that it gets to the right player at the right time.

-Shooting guard (the "2") : creates a high volume of shots on offense, mainly long-ranged; and guards
the opponent's best perimeter player on defense.

-Small forward (the "3") : often primarily responsible for scoring points via cuts to the basket and
dribble penetration; on defense seeks rebounds and steals, but sometimes plays more actively.

-Power forward (the "4"): plays offensively often with their back to the basket; on defense, plays under
the basket (in a zone defense) or against the opposing power forward (in man-to-man defense).

-Center (the "5"): uses height and size to score (on offense), to protect the basket closely (on defense),
or to rebound.

b. Skills

Shooting - is the act of attempting to score points by throwing the ball through the basket, methods
varying with players and situations.

Rebounding

Rebound (basketball) -The objective of rebounding is to successfully gain possession of the basketball
after a missed field goal or free throw, as it rebounds from the hoop or backboard. This plays a major
role in the game, as most possessions end when a team misses a shot.
Passing -A pass is a method of moving the ball between players. Most passes are accompanied by a step
forward to increase power and are followed through with the hands to ensure accuracy.

Dribbling - is the act of bouncing the ball continuously with one hand, and is a requirement for a player
to take steps with the ball. To dribble, a player pushes the ball down towards the ground with the
fingertips rather than patting it; this ensures greater control.

Blocking -A block is performed when, after a shot is attempted, a defender succeeds in altering the shot
by touching the ball.

4. Rules and Regulation in Basketball

-The rules of basketball can vary slightly depending on the level of play (for example professional rules
differ from college rules) or where the game is played (international rules are different from USA
professional rules). These rule differences, however, are usually just variations on the basic game of
basketball and the majority of the rules discussed below can be applied to most any game of basketball
played. The winner of a basketball game is the team with the most points. You get points by throwing
the basketball through the opponent's hoop or basket. In regular play a basket made from within the
three point line is worth 2 points and a basket shot from outside the three point line is worth three
points. When shooting a free throw, each free throw is worth 1 point.

Rules for the offense

The basketball team on offense is the team with the basketball. When a player has the basketball there
are certain rules they must follow:

1) The player must bounce, or dribble, the ball with one hand while moving both feet. If, at any time,
both hands touch the ball or the player stops dribbling, the player must only move one foot. The foot
that is stationary is called the pivot foot.

2) The basketball player can only take one turn at dribbling. In other words, once a player has stopped
dribbling they cannot start another dribble. A player who starts dribbling again is called for a double-
dribbling violation and looses the basketball to the other team. A player can only start another dribble
after another player from either team touches or gains control of the basketball. This is usually after a
shot or pass.

3) The ball must stay in bounds. If the offensive team looses the ball out of bounds the other team gets
control of the basketball.

4) The players hand must be on top of the ball while dribbling. If they touch the bottom of the basketball
while dribbling and continue to dribble this is called carrying the ball and the player will lose the ball to
the other team.
5) Once the offensive team crosses half court, they may not go back into the backcourt. This is called a
backcourt violation. If the defensive team knocks the ball into the backcourt, then the offensive team
can recover the ball legally.

Defensive Rules The team on defense is the team without the basketball.

1) The main rule for the defensive player is not to foul. A foul is described as gaining an unfair
advantage through physical contact. There is some interpretation that has to be made by the referee,
but, in general, the defensive player may not touch the offensive player in a way that causes the
offensive player to lose the ball or miss a shot.

Rules for everyone

1) Although the foul rule is described above as a defensive rule, it applies exactly the same to all players
on the court including offensive players.

2) Basketball players cannot kick the ball or hit it with their fist.

3) No player can touch the basketball while it is traveling downward towards the basket or if it is on the
rim. This is called goaltending. (touching the ball on the rim is legal in some games).