AV PUBLIC SCHOOL

No-19, Sitaram Nagar , Velachery, Chennai-600042

Academic Year- 2019-2020

Topic: “To investigate the relation between the ratio of :

1. Input and output voltage, and

2. Number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self designed
transformer”

Name : Srivatsan .S

Class & Sec : XII – ‘C’

Roll no : 34

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Mrs. Date:

DAV Public School

No-19, Sitaram Nagar,

Velachery, Chennai-42.

Certificate

This is to certify that the project work :

“To investigate the relation between the ratio of :

1. Input and output voltage, and

2. Number of turns in the secondary coil and primary coil of a self designed
transformer”

was done under my supervision.

The project work was submitted by ‘Srivatsan S’ of class ‘XII-C’ as a part of the assessment in
AISSCE Physics practical examination. This is the original work done by the candidate during
the academic year-2019-2020

Signature of the supervisory in-charge Signature of the principal

Signature of the Subject Teacher-In charge Signature of the external examiner

School seal

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 INDEX:

SNO TOPIC PAGE NO

1 Introduction 4

2 Ideal transformer 5

3 6
Construction

4 7
Efficiency of the transformer

5 7
Step –down transformer

6 8
Step –up transformer

7 9-12
Experiment

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 INTRODUCTION:

A Transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C. voltages. A
transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit.

As such transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic, measurement and control
circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight only a few tens of grams where as in
high voltage power circuits, it may weight hundred of tones.

In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit to another circuit takes place without the
use of moving parts. A varying current in one coil of the transformer produces a
varying magnetic flux, which, in turn, induces a varying electromotive force across a second coil
wound around the same core. Electrical energy can be transferred between the two coils, without
a metallic connection between the two circuits. Faraday's law of induction discovered in 1831
described the induced voltage effect in any coil due to changing magnetic flux encircled by the
coil.

Since the invention of the first constant-potential transformer in 1885, transformers have become
essential for the transmission, distribution, and utilization of alternating current electric power.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a Step-up Transformer, and a transformer
which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a Step-down Transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low current circuits.

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Ideal Transformer

An ideal transformer is a theoretical linear transformer that is lossless and perfectly coupled.
Perfect coupling implies infinitely high core magnetic permeability and winding inductances and
zero net magnetomotive force (i.e. ipnp - isns = 0).

A varying current in the transformer's primary winding attempts to create a varying magnetic
flux in the transformer core, which is also encircled by the secondary winding. This varying flux
at the secondary winding induces a varying electromotive force (EMF, voltage) in the secondary
winding due to electromagnetic induction and the secondary current so produced creates a flux
equal and opposite to that produced by the primary winding, in accordance with Lenz's law.

The windings are wound around a core of infinitely high magnetic permeability so that all of the
magnetic flux passes through both the primary and secondary windings. With a voltage
source connected to the primary winding and a load connected to the secondary winding, the
transformer currents flow in the indicated directions and the core magnetomotive force cancels to
zero.

According to Faraday's law, since the same magnetic flux passes through both the primary and
secondary windings in an ideal transformer, a voltage is induced in each winding proportional to
its number of windings. The transformer winding voltage ratio is directly proportional to the
winding turns ratio.
The ideal transformer identity shown in eq. 5 is a reasonable approximation for the typical
commercial transformer, with voltage ratio and winding turns ratio both being inversely
proportional to the corresponding current ratio.
The load impedance referred to the primary circuit is equal to the turns ratio squared times the
secondary circuit load impedance.

Ideal transformer connected with source VP on primary and load impedance ZL on secondary, where 0 < ZL < ∞.

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 Ideal transformer and induction law

Construction

The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated with each other by insulated material
and wound on a common core. For operation at low frequency, we may have a soft iron. The soft
iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce
energy losses by eddy currents.The input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called
secondary

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Efficiency of the transformer

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input power. i.e.

η = output power / input power = EsIS /EPIP.

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power Losses ,

η= 1. But in actual practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer
is less than one.

Step-down transformer

In a step-down transformer is one who secondary windings are fewer than the primary windings.
In other words, the transformer’s secondary voltage is less than the primary voltage. So, the
transformer is designed to convert high-voltage, low-current power into a low-voltage, high
current power and it is mainly used in domestic consumption.

A common case of step-down application is in the case of door bells. Normally, door bells use 16
volts, but most household power circuits carry 110-120 volts. Therefore, the doorbell’s step-
down transformer receives the 110 volts and reduces it to lower voltage before supplying it to the
doorbell.

Step-down transformers are mostly used to convert the 220 volts electricity to the 110 volts
required in most domestic equipment.

Step-down transformer

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Step-up transformer

A step-up transformer is the direct opposite of a step-down transformer. There are many turns on
the secondary winding than in the primary winding in the step-up transformers. Thus, the voltage
supplied in the secondary transformer is greater than the one supplied across the primary
winding.

Because of the principle of conservation of energy, the transformer converts low voltage, high-
current to high voltage-low current. In other words, the voltage has been stepped up.

You can find step-up transformers located near power plants that are designed to operate
megawatts of power. Apart from the power plants, step-up transformers can also be used for
local and smaller applications such as x-ray machine which requires about 50,000 volts to work.
Even a micro-wave oven requires a small step-up transformer to operate.

Tip: The type of metal winding used is one of the considerations used in determining the
efficiency of transformers. Copper coils are more efficient than many other coil metal choices
such as aluminum. However, copper windings tend to cost more, but you can expect to save the
initial cost over time as the efficiency of the material will save on electrical cost.

Step-up transformer

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Following is a experiment to investigate the features of the transformer.

Experiment

Aim: To investigate the relation between the ratio of :

1. Input and output voltage, and

2. Number of turns in the secondary and primary coil of a self designed transformer.

Materials required: An iron rod, copper wires of different guage(diameter), two a.c.voltmeters,
two a.c.ammeters.

Theory: the working of a transformer is based on mutual inductance phenomenon. Let an ideal
transformer in which the primary and secondary coil have negligible resistance and all the flux in
the core links both primary and secondary windings.

The induced emf in the primary coil,

εp = -Np dφ/dt
the induced emf in the secondary coil is,

εs = -Ns dφ/dt
where the φ is the magnetic flux linked with each turn of primary and secondary coil at a time t.
then,

εs/ εp = Ns/Np = K = Transformation ratio.

for an ideal transformation, there is no loss of energy, then,

Input power = Output power

IP εp = ISεs
IP/IS = εs/ εp = k

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Procedure:

1. Take thick iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of turns of
thin Cu wire on thick paper . This constitutes the primary coil of the transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller number of
turns of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the secondary coil. It is a step-down
transformer.

3. Connect P1P2 to a.c.mains (say220v) and measure the input voltage and current, using
a.c.voltmeter and ammeter respectively.

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current through S1S2.

5. Now connect the S1S2 to a.c main and again the measure voltage and current through
primary and secondary coil of a step-up transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self made transformer by changing the number of primary turns
in secondary coils.

Observations:

1. Least count of a.c.voltmeters =

2. Zero error voltmeters =
3. Range of voltmeters =
4. Least count of a.c.ammeters =
5. Zero error ammeter =
6. Range of ammeter =
7. Applied A.C.voltage =

S.n.o Number No of Voltage Current Voltage Current Loss of

of turns turns in in in P.coil in in power
in secondary primary (Is) secondary secondary
primary coil (Ns) coil (εp) coil (εs) coil
coil (NP)

1 2 5 8
3 4 6
7

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Conclusions

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the turn
ratio (NS/NP) w.r.t.input voltage.

2. The output current of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the turn
ratio (NS/NP) w.r.t.input current.

3. There is a loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

Precautions

1. Keep safe yourself from the high voltage

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage, the a.c.main supply should remain
constant.

Sources of error

1. Values of currents can be changed due to the heationg effect of current.

2. The eddy current can change the readings.

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