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Introduction to Biomimetics
• Biomimetics is the scientific method of
learning new principles and processes
based on systematic study, observation
and experimentation with live animals
and organisms.
• Biomimetics is a novel approach to
developing designs and products or to
solving human problems by taking
inspiration from nature.
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Introduction to Biomimetics
Because there are so many pillars so close together, they are held tightly
Biomimetics Application to the surface the gecko is walking on by a molecular force called the
Van der Waals force.
Introduction to Biomimetics
(In Civil Engineering and Architecture)
The Canton tower designed by Mark Hemel,
was inspired by the female hip joint.
He created a slim waist in the middle of the
tower just as a fair lady twists her waist while
looking behind.
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Introduction to Biomimetics
• How can we build materials, like biological systems do, at the
molecular level?
Molecular self-assembly refers to a system in which molecules organize
themselves according to their properties.
Introduction to Biomimetics
Challenges to Engineers and Scientist
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Introduction to Biomimetics
Specific Problem Areas where Biomimicry Can Be Involved:
• Energy efficient movement on water
• Energy efficient movement in rugged terrain
• Mechanical energy storage, short duration high impact energy
in/output -- long lasting low impact energy in/output
• Navigation
• Active lumination in darkness
• Detection of victims in catastrophes
• Prevention of personal attacks
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Biomimetics for
Engineering
Design
A biomimetics search
can be done using
different sources of
biological information
–specifically
biomolecular features.
Lecture Outline:
• The Biological Molecules (Biomolecules)
• Carbohydrates – structure and function
• Lipids – structure and function
• Proteins – structure and function
• Nucleic Acids – structure and function
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Carbohydrate Function
General functions:
• Immediate source of energy
• Storage form of energy
• Structural component of the cells
Other functions:
intermediates in the biosynthesis of other basic biochemical entities (fats
and proteins)
associated with other entities such as glycosides, vitamins and antibiotics)
participate in biological transport, cell-cell recognition, activation of growth
factors, modulation of the immune system
Carbohydrate Structures
Monosaccharides
- Basic unit of
Carbohydrates
- Consists of C, H, O with
1:2:1 ratio
- Generally polar
Oligosaccharides
- common structures are
disaccharides
Polysaccharides
- Polymers of
monosaccharides
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Carbohydrate Structures
• Characteristics:
• polymers (MW from 200,000)
• White and amorphous products (glassy)
• not sweet
• not reducing (do not give the typical aldose or ketose reactions)
• form colloidal solutions or suspensions
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Homopolysaccharide: Starch
• most common storage polysaccharide in plants
• composed of a-amylose and amylopectin structures
Homopolysaccharide: Glycogen
• Storage carbohydrates in muscle and liver
• present in cells as granules (high MW)
• contains both a(1,4) links and a(1,6) branches at every 8 to 12
glucose unit
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Homopolysaccharide: Cellulose
• Most abundant of all carbohydrates (woody plant tissues)
• Cotton flax: 97-99% cellulose
• Wood: ~ 50% cellulose
• Polymer of b-D-glucose attached by b(1,4) linkages
Homopolysaccharide: Cellulose
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Homopolysaccharide: Cellulose
Inter- and Intra-chain Hydrogen Bonding of Glucose in Cellulose
Homopolysaccharide: Cellulose
Products obtained from Cellulose
• Microcrystalline cellulose : used as binder-disintegrant in tablets
• Methylcellulose: suspending agent and bulk laxative
• Oxidized cellulose: hemostat
• Sodium carboxymethyl cellulose: laxative
• Cellulose acetate: rayon; photographic film; plastics
• Cellulose acetate phthalate: enteric coating
• Nitrocellulose: explosives; collodion (pyroxylin)
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Homopolysaccharide: Chitin
• Chitin is the second most abundant carbohydrate polymer
• Present in the cell wall of fungi and in the exoskeletons of
crustaceans, insects and spiders
• Chitin is used commercially in coatings
(extends the shelf life of fruits and meats)
Exoskeleton of Cicada.
Exoskeleton of butterfly.
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Homopolysaccharide: Chitin
Hierarchical structures of crustacean shells
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Heteropolysaccharide: Gum Tragacanth
• Gum tragacanth is a viscous, odorless, tasteless, water-soluble
mixture of polysaccharide obtained from sap
• Polysaccharide is composed of D-galactose, D-galacturonic acid, L-
fucose, D-xylose, L-arabinose
• widely used in the food and pharmaceutical industry
used as: suspending agents, gelling
agents, thickening agents,
emulsifiers, foam stabilizers,
crystallization inhibitors, adhesives,
binding agents
Astragalus gummifer
Applications to Biomimetics
• Chitosan has been used in many medical applications. It serves as
biomimetic material of anti-hemoglobin antibodies to create an
imprinted recognition surface of hemoglobin beads.
• Glycocalyx-mimetic peptoid that serve as biofouling surfaces
Hyun Ok Ham, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135 (35), pp 13015–13022
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Applications to Biomimetics
• Polysaccharide admixture (cement)
• Chitosan
• Xanthan Gum
• Welan gum (l-mannose, l-rhamnose, d-glucose, and d-glucuronic
acid)
• Succinoglucan
• Curdlan - industrial applications include adsorption of heavy
metals and admixture to concrete.
Applications to Biomimetics
Studies on chitosan as an admixture for cement-based materials:
Assessment of its viscosity enhancing effect and complexing ability for
heavy metals (M. Lasheras-Zubiate, I. Navarro-Blasco, J. M. Fernández and J. I. Alvarez, Journal of
Applied Polymer Science, 2010)
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Applications to Biomimetics
Welan gum: Microbial production, characterization, and
applications (Varinder Kaur, Manav B. Bera, Parmjit S. Panesar, Harish
Kumar, J.F. Kenned, Int. Journ. of Biological Macromolecule, 2014)
Lecture Outline:
• The Biological Molecules (Biomolecules)
• Carbohydrates – structure and function
• Lipids – structure and function
• Proteins – structure and function
• Nucleic Acids – structure and function
What properties do Lipids have that make them relevant in the innovation of
technology or in biomimetics?
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Lipid Function
General functions:
• Storage form of energy (triacylglycerols)
• Structural component of the cells
• Cell signaling
Other functions:
- form the basis of steroid hormones
- structure derivatives of fat-soluble
vitamins (isoprene-based lipids)
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Lipid Structure: Fatty Acids
Numerical Common Name Structure Melting temp.,
Symbol C
Solubility to water
- FAs have poor solubility in H2O
*the longer the FA chain and fewer double bonds, the lower its solubility in water.
Ex:
Arrange the ff. FAs accdg. to increasing solubility in water: 16:0; 20:0; 18:0; 16:19
Melting point
*unsaturated FAs have lower MP than saturated FAs.
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Physical Properties of Fatty Acids
% Fatty Acid
State at RT Saturated Unsaturated
25C C4-C12 C14 C16 C18 C16 + C18
Olive oil Liquid <2 <2 13 3 80
Butter Solid (soft) 11 10 26 11 40
Beef fat Solid (hard) <2 <2 29 21 46
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Essential Fatty Acids
• Not synthesized by the body
• Precursors for long chain FAs (>16C)
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Common Dietary Fatty Acids
• Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
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Lipid Class: Triacylglycerol (Structure & Function)
• Commercial use of TAGs – Saponification to produce soaps
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Lipid Class: Phospholipids (Structure & Function)
• Phospholipids are a class of lipids that are a major component of
all cell membranes as they can form lipid bilayers.
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Lipid Class: Phospholipids (Structure & Function)
• The Cell Membrane contains other biomolecules aside from
phospholipids
Applications to Biomimetics
• Biomimetic membranes may provide an alternative to current
Reverse osmosis and Nanofiltration membranes e.g. for industrial
separation and wastewater treatment.
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Applications to Biomimetics
• The lipid bilayers provide a matrix for biological interactions and
transduction.
The lipid bilayer closely mimics a cellular
membrane, creating an impermeable barrier
around the wire, yet this barrier can incorporate
membrane proteins.
Applications to Biomimetics
The Lotus Leaf Effect
• Lotus leaves have become an icon for
superhydrophobicity and self-cleaning
surfaces, and have led to the concept of
the ‘Lotus effect’.
e.g. Lotusan Paint
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References:
• J.E. Guerrero et al. (2012). Biomimetic spiroid winglets for lift and drag control, C.
R. Mecanique, 340, 67–80.
• Hawkes, E. and Cutkosky, et al. (2014) Human climbing with efficiently scaled
gecko-inspired dry adhesives, J.R.Soc. Interface 12: 20140675.
• Voet ,Voet and Pratt, Biochemistry 3rd ed. Wiley Publication (2008).
• Starr and Taggart, Biology: The Unity and Diversity of Life, 10th edition,
Wadsworth Group, Thomson Learning, Inc., California (2004).
• Ilnicka, A. and Lukaszewicz, J. Discussion remarks on the role of wood and chitin
constituents during carbonization, Frontiers in Materials, 2015.
• Sadat-Shojai, Mehdi. (2015). Calcium Phosphate–Reinforced Polyester
Nanocomposites for Bone Regeneration Applications. 1-34. 10.1201/b19314-2.
• Yosef Bar Cohen, Biomimetics – Biologically Inspired Technologies, CRC press,
2006.
References:
• Hyun Ok Ham, et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2013, 135 (35), pp 13015–13022
• Noy, A., Misra, N., Martinez,J. (2009) Lipid-coated nanowires enable small-scale
bioelectronics.
• Varinder Kaur, Manav B. Bera, Parmjit S. Panesar, Harish Kumar, J.F. Kenned,
Int. Journ. of Biological Macromolecule, 2014
• M. Lasheras-Zubiate, I. Navarro-Blasco, J. M. Fernández and J. I. Alvarez,
Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2010
• Torben Lenau, Biomimetics as a Design Methodology, Int’l Conf. on Engg Des.
Stanford Univ., 2009
• Ensikat, H. J., Ditsche-Kuru, P., Neinhuis, C., & Barthlott, W. (2011).
Superhydrophobicity in perfection: the outstanding properties of the lotus leaf.
Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, 2, 152–161.
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